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Classification of Bones
▪ The adult skeleton has 206 bones
▪ Two basic types of osseous (bone) tissue
1. Compact bone
▪ Dense, smooth, and homogeneous
2. Spongy bone
▪ Small needlelike pieces of bone
▪ Many open spaces
Classification of Bone
▪ Bones are classified on the basis of shape into four groups
o Long
o Flat
o Short
o Irregular
Classification of Bones
▪ Flat bones
o Thin, flattened, and usually curved
o Two thin layers of compact bone sandwich a layer of spongy bone between
them
o Examples:
▪ Most bones of the skull
▪ Ribs
▪ Sternum
Classification of Bones
▪ Short bones
o Generally cube-shaped
o Contain mostly spongy bone with an outer layer of compact bone
o Sesamoid bones are a type of short bone that form within tendons (patella)
o Examples:
▪ Carpals (wrist bones)
▪ Tarsals (ankle bones)
Classification of Bones
▪ Irregular bones
o Irregular shape
o Do not fit into other bone classification categories
o Examples:
▪ Vertebrae
▪ Hip bones
Structure of Bone
▪ Long bone anatomy (continued)
o Epiphysis (ends)
▪ Composed mostly of spongy bone enclosed by thin layer of compact
bone
o Articular cartilage
▪ Covers the external surface of the epiphyses
▪ Made of hyaline cartilage
▪ Decreases friction at joint surfaces
Structure of Bone
▪ Long bone anatomy (continued)
o Epiphyseal line
▪ Remnant of the epiphyseal plate
▪ Seen in adult bones
o Epiphyseal plate
▪ Flat plate of hyaline cartilage seen in young, growing bone
▪ Causes lengthwise growth of a long bone
Structure of Bone
▪ Long bone anatomy (continued)
o Endosteum
▪ Lines the inner surface of the shaft
▪ Made of connective tissue
o Medullary cavity
▪ Cavity inside the shaft
▪ Contains yellow marrow (mostly fat) in adults
▪ Contains red marrow for blood cell formation in infants until age 6 or 7
Structure of Bone
▪ Microscopic anatomy of spongy bone
o Composed of small, needlelike pieces of bone called trabeculae and open
spaces
o Open spaces are filled by marrow, blood vessels, and nerves
Structure of Bone
▪ Microscopic anatomy of compact bone
o Osteocytes
▪ Mature bone cells situated in bone matrix
o Lacunae
▪ Cavities in bone matrix that house osteocytes
o Lamellae
▪ Concentric circles of lacunae situated around the central (Haversian)
canal
Structure of Bone
▪ Microscopic anatomy of compact bone (continued)
o Central (Haversian) canal
▪ Opening in the center of an osteon (Haversian system)
▪ Runs lengthwise through bone
▪ Carries blood vessels and nerves
o Osteon (Haversian system)
▪ A unit of bone containing central canal and matrix rings
▪ Structural and functional unit of compact bone
Structure of Bone
▪ Bone is relatively lightweight and resists tension and other forces
▪ Organic parts (collagen fibers) of the bone make bone flexible and have great tensile
strength
▪ Calcium salts deposited in the bone make bone hard to resist compression
Bone Fractures
▪ Fracture: break in a bone
▪ Types of bone fractures
o Closed (simple) fracture is a break that does not penetrate the skin
o Open (compound) fracture is a broken bone that penetrates through the skin
Bone Fractures
▪ Bone fractures are treated by reduction and immobilization
o Closed reduction: bones are manually coaxed into position by physician’s
hands
o Open reduction: bones are secured with pins or wires during surgery
▪ Healing time is 6–8 weeks
Bone Fractures
▪ Repair of bone fractures involves four major events
o Hematoma (blood-filled swelling, or bruise) is formed
o Fibrocartilage callus forms
▪ Cartilage matrix, bony matrix, collagen fibers splint the broken bone
o Bony callus replaces the fibrocartilage callus
▪ Osteoblasts and osteoclasts migrate in
o Bone remodeling occurs in response to mechanical stresses
Skull
▪ Two sets of bones form the skull
1. Cranium bones enclose the brain
2. Facial bones
▪ Hold eyes in anterior position
▪ Allow facial muscles to express feelings
▪ Bones are joined by sutures
▪ Only the mandible is attached by a freely movable joint
Skull
▪ 8 cranial bones protect the brain
1 Frontal bone
2 Occipital bone
3 Ethmoid bone
4 Sphenoid bone
5, 6 Parietal bones (pair)
7, 8 Temporal bones (pair)
Skull
▪ 14 facial bones
1, 2 Maxillae (pair)
3, 4 Palatine bones (pair)
5, 6 Lacrimal bones (pair)
7, 8 Zygomatic bones (pair)
9, 10 Nasal bones (pair)
11 Vomer bone
12, 13 Inferior nasal conchae (pair)
14 Mandible
Skull
▪ Paranasal sinuses
o Hollow portions of bones surrounding the nasal cavity
o Functions of paranasal sinuses
▪ Lighten the skull
▪ Amplify sounds made as we speak
Appendicular Skeleton
▪ Composed of 126 bones
o Limbs (appendages)
o Pectoral girdle
o Pelvic girdle
Joints
▪ Joints are articulations
o Occur where two or more bones meet
▪ Functions of joints
o Hold bones together securely
o Allow for mobility
▪ Two ways joints are classified
o Functionally
o Structurally
Joints
▪ Structural joint classifications
o Fibrous joints
▪ Generally immovable
o Cartilaginous joints
▪ Immovable or slightly movable
o Synovial joints
▪ Freely movable
Joints
▪ Fibrous joints
o Bones are united by fibrous tissue
o Types
▪ Sutures
▪ Immobile
▪ Syndesmoses
▪ Allow more movement than sutures but still immobile
▪ Found on the distal ends of tibia and fibula
▪ Gomphoses
▪ Immobile
▪ Found where the teeth meet the facial bones
Joints
▪ Cartilaginous joints
o Bones are connected by fibrocartilage
o Types
▪ Synchrondrosis
▪ Immobile
▪ Found in epiphyseal plates of growing long bones
▪ Symphysis
▪ Slightly movable
▪ Found in the pubic symphysis, intervertebral joints
Joints
▪ Synovial joints (continued)
o Bursae—flattened fibrous sacs
▪ Lined with synovial membranes
▪ Filled with synovial fluid
▪ Not actually part of the joint
o Tendon sheath
▪ Elongated bursa that wraps around a tendon
Joints
▪ Types of synovial joints based on shape
o Plane joint
o Hinge joint
o Pivot joint
o Condylar joint
o Saddle joint
o Ball-and-socket joint
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