PHYSICS FOR

INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY
ASSIGNMENT 2.2
SYNOPSIS
Introduction​
Magnetic Recording
Magneto Optical Recording
Conclusion
Physics for Information Technology 3

INTRODUCTION
Magnetic recording, method of preserving sounds,
pictures, and data in the form of electrical signals through
the selective magnetization of portions of a magnetic
material. The principle of magnetic recording was first
demonstrated by the Danish engineer Valdemar Poulsen
in 1900, when he introduced a machine called the
telegraphone that recorded speech magnetically on steel
wire.
MAGNETIC
RECORDING
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WHAT IS IT ?
MAGNETIC TAPE PROVIDES A COMPACT, ECONOMICAL MEANS OF PRESERVING AND
REPRODUCING VARIED FORMS OF INFORMATION. RECORDINGS ON TAPE CAN BE
PLAYED BACK IMMEDIATELY AND ARE EASILY ERASED, PERMITTING THE TAPE TO BE
REUSED MANY TIMES WITHOUT A LOSS IN QUALITY OF RECORDING. FOR THESE
REASONS, TAPE IS THE MOST WIDELY USED OF THE VARIOUS MAGNETIC
RECORDING MEDIUMS. IT CONSISTS OF A NARROW PLASTIC RIBBON COATED WITH
FINE PARTICLES OF IRON OXIDE OR OTHER READILY MAGNETIZABLE MATERIAL. IN
RECORDING ON TAPE, AN ELECTRICAL SIGNAL PASSES THROUGH A RECORDING
HEAD AS THE TAPE IS DRAWN PAST, LEAVING A MAGNETIC IMPRINT ON THE TAPE’S
SURFACE. WHEN THE RECORDED TAPE IS DRAWN PAST THE PLAYBACK OR
REPRODUCING HEAD, A SIGNAL IS INDUCED THAT IS THE EQUIVALENT OF THE
RECORDED SIGNAL. THIS SIGNAL IS AMPLIFIED TO THE INTENSITY APPROPRIATE TO
THE OUTPUT EQUIPMENT.
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The basic concept of magnetic recording is

simple, you energize an electromagnet so it
HOW
effects the recording medium. IT WORKS
The medium ?
is made of a magnetic material like iron
oxide or iron-cobalt and it polarizes the
metallic grains in one direction or the other
(this can be up or down or side to side).

The magnetic medium is engineered from special combinations of

materials so that it can easily 'pick up' the polarity given by the 'write
head', but does not easily lose the polarity after the fact. All
magnetic material eventually migrates back to a chaotic formation as
other magnetic fields in close proximity (like layers of tape on top of
each other) affect each other. A tape or hard disk made of a good
material will hold data for many years and can be read later on.
Developing better tapes means finding better materials and 7

methods of deposition on substrates. Engineers must

understand magnetic permeability, and the abilities of a
material to record at higher frequencies. Eddy currents in the
material must be controlled. Tapes can be designed with
different characteristics. For some applications you want ability
for a tape to hold polarities over the long term and not be easily
effected by stray magnetic fields. For other applications you
want the tape to record data easily, not requiring a very strong
magnetic force.
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HYSTERESIS LOOP
 9

WIRE RECORDERS - THE 1940S-50S WERE THE GOLDEN AGE OF WIRE RECORDERS,
THEY WERE A BULKY CONSUMER AUDIO RECORDER. THE RECORDER HAD BEEN
FIRST DEVISED AROUND 1900 AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO WAX CYLINDER RECORDERS.
THE IDEA WAS TO RECORD ONTO A STEEL WIRE. DURING THE LATE 40S AND EARLY
50S ENGINEERS DEVELOPED MUCH HIGHER QUALITY RECORDING WITH WIRE,
HOWEVER IT WAS TO BE REPLACED BY HI-FI (HIGH-FIDELITY) TAPES.

MAGNETIC STRIPS - YOU CAN FIND THESE ON CREDIT AND ID CARDS. THIS IS
BASICALLY LIKE A MAGNETIC TAPE EXCEPT THAT IT IS SHORT AND CONTAINS
REPEATING ALPHANUMERIC CODES. SWIPE THE CARD IN A MSR (MAGNETIC STRIP
READER) AND IT SHOULD PICK UP THE CODE EVEN IF PARTS OF THE RECORDING
HAVE BEEN DAMAGED BY OTHER MAGNETIC FIELDS. SOME MAGNETIC STRIPS CAN
BE ERASED BY PLACING A MOBILE PHONE IN THE SAME POCKET. OTHER MAGNETIC
STRIP TECHNOLOGIES USE MATERIALS WHICH ARE NOT EASILY EFFECTED BY
OTHER MAGNETIC FIELDS.
MAGNETO OPTIC
RECORDING
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WHAT IS IT ?
Magneto-optical recording is a method of storing and
retrieving data using a laser and a magnet. The drive laser
heats the magnetic surface to a high enough temperature,
allowing the polarization of the disk to be modified with a
magnet for more precisely written data. When data needs to be
read from the disk a laser of less intensity is used.
R
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Cd1-xMnxTe waveguide optical

isolator
The conventional bulk-type optical isolator consists of a 45-degree
Faraday rotator placed between two polarizers [Fig.1]. The angle
between axes of entrance polarizer and exit polarizer is 45 degrees.
In forward direction the polarization of light is 45 degree rotated by
the Faraday rotator to be along the axis of the exit polarizer.
Therefore, the light can pass through the isolator in forward direction.
In backward direction, the direction of polarization rotation is opposite
to that in forward direction due the non-reciprocal nature of the
magneto-optical effect. At the entrance polarizer, the polarization is
90 degrees to the polarizer axis and the light is fully blocked.
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Experimental set-up to evaluate

magneto-optical TE-TM waveguide
mode conversion.

Design of free-space optical isolator. The Faraday rotator is placed between entrance
polarizer (left side) and exit polarizer (right side). Upper diagrams show polarization in
forward direction. Lower diagrams show polarization in backward direction.
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Structure of a (Cd,Mn)Te waveguide with

(Cd,Mn)Te/(Cd,Zn)Te QW. The
waveguiding light intensity distribution is
shown in the right side. (Debnath et al,
2007)

Spatially modulated light streak from waveguide TE mode for CdMnTe waveguide with QW (a), (b) and
waveguide without QW (c), (d) at λ = 760 nm (a), (c) and λ = 785 nm (b), (d) under magnetic field of
5.5 kG. (Debnath et al, 2007)
Spin-photon memory
15

Photonics devices benefit from unique non-reciprocal properties of magneto-optical materials. If the
material is ferromagnetic, the data can be stored in this material by means of two directions of residual
magnetization. An ability to memorize data is another unique property of magneto-optical materials and it
can be used for new designs of high-speed optical memory. Zayets & Ando (2009) proposed a new type of
high-speed optical memory. Non-volatile data storage and high-speed operation are major advantages of
this memory.The memory consists of micro-sized memory cells integrated on a semiconductor wafer. A bit
of data is stored by each cell. Each cell consists of semiconductor-made photo detector and nanomagnet
made of a ferromagnetic metal. The nanomagnet has two stable magnetization directions. The data is
stored as a magnetized direction in the nanomagnet. For the data recording, the magnetization direction
must be reversed by optical pulse. The circularly-polarized optical pulse is absorbed in the semiconductor
detector creating spin-polarized electrons. Under applied voltage these spin polarized electrons are
injected from the detector into the nanomagnet. The spin transfer torque is a consequence of the transfer
of spin angular momentum from a spin-polarized current to the magnetic moment of a nanomagent. If the
torque is sufficient, the magnetization turns and the data is memorized. Due to the optical selection rule,
the spin-polarized electrons can be created only by the circular polarized optical pulse The linear polarized
light excites equal amount of electrons of both up and down spins, therefore there is no net spin
polarization, the current injected into nanomagnet is not spin polarized and there is no spin torque.
 16

Design of spin-photon
memory. Zayets&Ando (2009).

The scheme for the integration of

memory cells. Pulse diagrams explains
the method for the high speed
recording. Zayets & Ando (2009).
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CONCLUSION

THE APPLICATIONS OF MAGNETIC RECORDING AND

MAGNETO OPTIC RECORDING IS WIDE AND DEVELOPING
WITH TIME. MAKING USE OF IT AFTER UNDERSTANDING ITD
PRINCIPLES AND MECHANISM WILL HELP US DISCOVER
MANY MORE USES...
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THANK YOU...
DONE BY

• VARSHIGA M K
• 71772218155
• B. TECH IT
• PHYSICS FOR INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
•