Origin of the solar system Lecture 2

The currently accepted theory for the origin of

the solar system involves:
A- A huge nebula condensing under its
gravitation attraction then contracting.
B- As a cloud gradually contracted it flatted and
began rotating counter clock wise.
C- About 90% of its mass concentrated in the
central part of the cloud.
D- As the rotating and concentration of
materials continued sun formed called a
solar nebula.

E- The turbulence in this solar nebula formed

localized eddies where gas and solid particles
condensed and causes to produce planetary
bodies.

F- As the sun contracted and began a visibly

shine, the planet completed their formation.
Origin of the solar system
Formation of the earth sphere:

At 4600 million years before present, the

separation of the earth from the solar system
began. It was subjected to gradual cooling
due to the rotation of the earth around it self.
It was mostly composed of :
silicon, iron, magnesium, oxygen, Aluminum
and smaller amounts of all the other
chemical elements.
 Its constituents were arranged in sphere or
zones. The heavy materials arranged in the
core, were as the lighter materials arranged
consequently in the upper part.

The main division of the earth sphere are:

• 1- Atmosphere: It is the outer zones of the
earth , it composed of original gases that
developed around the earth during gradual
cooling with gases that developed by volcano
and hot springs, and gases that evaporated
from the hydrosphere
It is composed of:

1- Nitrogen 78%
2- Oxygen 20.96%
3- Argon 0.093%
4- Co2 0.03%
5- Hydrogen 0.01%
2- Hydrosphere: It includes both surface and sub
surface of water.
3- Lithosphere: It is the solid crust of the earth
which includes the surface of the earth
(continental).
4- Centrospheres: It divided in to two parts:
a- Mantle.
b- Core.
 Structure of earth interior

Our knowledge about the structure of the

interior of the earth comes from studying how
different types of seismic waves, created by
earthquakes, travel through the earth.

Earth is composed of multiple layers, which

can be defined either by composition or by
mechanical properties.
 Seismic waves
* An earthquake occurs when rocks in a fault
zone suddenly slip past each other, releasing
stress that has built up over time.

* The slippage releases seismic energy

dissipated through two kinds of waves
S-waves and P-waves. The compression waves
are P-waves, and the ripple waves are S-wave.
*Though both kinds of waves refract, or reflect,
when they cross a boundary into a different
material,
*These two types of waves behave differently
depending on the composition of the material
they are passing through.
*One of the biggest differences is that S-waves
cannot travel through liquids whereas P-waves
can.