The smallest structure that performs all vital

physiological functions Chapter 3 p. 30

Class Agreement:
• Mutual respect-no bullying
• Attentive listening-allow
people to be heard
• Right to pass
• Appreciations- No put downs
• Our personal experience is
valid-not just universal
• Let’s seek more to
understand than judge
• Work together-group work
requires everyone’s
participation
• Respectful of electronic
devices in classroom
Homework
 Herlihy “The human Body in Health and illness
textbook- read Chapter 3 p. 30-47
 Look up terms in Mosby’s/Medical Dictionary

Copyright 2022 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

ENDS IN VIEW
1. Describe a typical cell
2. Discuss the role of the nucleus and the cytoplasm
3. Discuss the structure of the cell membrane
4. Discuss the function of the cell membrane and the movement of
substance across the membrane
5. Differentiate between mitosis and meiosis
6. Identify disorders of cellular growth
7. Identify the effects of aging on the cell
PRETEST: Question 1
Which of the following is a true statement regarding cell
structure?
a) Most ATP is produced in the nucleus.
b) The genetic code is stored in the Golgi apparatus.
c) The rough endoplasmic reticulum contains
ribosomes and is concerned with protein synthesis.
d) More than one of the above is true.
Pretest: Question 2
Cells divide to produce two genetically identical cells
a) Only within sex cells
b) By the process of mitosis
c) By the process of meiosis
d) Only within stem cells
PRETEST: Question 3
Most body potassium(K+) is located intracellularly.
Through what transport mechanism would additional
K+ move from the extracellualr compartment to the
intracellular compartment
a) Osmosis
b) Active transport pump
c) Facilitated diffusion
d) Filtration
PRETEST: Question 4
A noncancerous tumour can be described as
a) Poorly differentiated
b) Metastatic
c) Necrotic
d) Benign neoplasm
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rABKB5aS2Zg
Basic Structure of the Cell
 The cell is the structural and functional unit of all
living matter.
 Cells are basic units of living matter. Cell structures
reflect their specialized functions

Copyright 2022 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

A Typical Cell
 Cell Activity
Cell membrane
reserved.
Copyright 2022 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights

 Cell membrane
 Encases cell
 Regulates what enters and leaves the cell
 Semipermeable
Structures Inside the Cell
 Table 3-1 p 32
 The nucleus is the control center of the cell; it stores the
genetic information.
 The nuclear membrane regulates what enters or leaves the
cell.
 Nucleus
 Controls the workings of the entire cell
 Is surrounded by double-layered nuclear membrane
 Found inside the nucleus
 Nucleoplasm: Gel-like substance
 Nucleolus: Involved in synthesis of ribosomes
 Chromatin: Threadlike structure that contains genes
Inside the Cell, cont’d
 Cytoplasm: A gel-like substance found inside the cell
but outside the nucleus
 Composed of:
 Cytosol (gel-like)
 Organelles (“little organs”)

Copyright 2022 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Cytoplasmic Organelles
 Mitochondria
 Slipper-shaped power plants of cell
 Two layers
 Smooth outer layer
 Folds (cristae) in inner layer
Cytoplasmic Organelles, cont’d
 Mitochondria - the work house – tiny slipper shaped
organelles located in the cytoplasm (jell like substance
inside the cell but outside the nucleus)
 The more mitochondria the more cell metabolic
activity – liver is very active

Copyright 2022 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Cytoplasmic Organelles, cont’d
 Ribosomes
 Sites of protein synthesis
 Fixed and free
 Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
 Network of membranes in cytosol
 Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER): Fixed ribosomes
on surface
 Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER): No ribosomes;
site of lipid and steroid synthesis
Cytoplasmic Organelles, cont’d
 Golgi apparatus
 Puts finishing touches on protein after synthesis on RER
 Packages protein in Golgi membrane
Cytoplasmic Organelles, cont’d
 Lysosomes
 Break down waste for “housekeeping” within the cell
 Cytoskeleton
 Composed of microfilaments and microtubules
 Provides for intracellular shape and support
 Centrioles
 Are rod-shaped structures
 Help separate chromosomes during mitosis
Copyright 2022 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
On the Cell Membrane
 Microvilli
 Help move water across cell membrane
 Cilia
 Short, hairlike projections
 Wavelike motions move substances across cell’s surface
 Flagella
 Whiplike: thicker, longer, and fewer in number
than cilia
 Enable sperm to swim
Copyright 2022 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=URUJD5NEXC8
Movement Across the Cell
Membrane
 Permeable – means free passage
 Selective means to pick and choose
 The cell membrane chooses what substances will move
in and out of the cell
 Some substances move more readily through the cell
membrane
 Pores in cell membrane are different sizes

Copyright 2022 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Types of Movement

 Two types of movement of water and dissolved

substances
 Passive transport – no energy required – drop a ball
 Active transport – requires energy – push object up hill
Transport Mechanisms
 Passive mechanisms
 Diffusion
 Facilitated diffusion
 Osmosis
 Filtration
 Active mechanisms
 Active transport pumps
 Endocytosis
 Exocytosis
Passive transport: Diffusion
Passive Transport: Diffusion
 Diffusion – most common transport mechanism -
causes a substance to move from an area of greater
concentration to an area of lesser concentration. e.g.
dye
 Equilibrium: Point at which concentration is equal and
no further net diffusion occurs

Copyright 2022 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Passive Transport: Facilitated
Diffusion
 A helper molecule
within the membrane
assists with the
movement of
substances from
higher to lower
concentration

Copyright 2022 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All

rights reserved.
Passive Transport Mechanisms
 Osmosis is a special case of
diffusion using a semi
permeable membrane.
 Osmosis involves the diffusion
of water from an area with
more water to an area of less
water.
 Edema – accumulation of
water in tissue
 Ability of a solution to affect
the volume and pressure
within a cell
 Isotonic solution
 Hypotonic solution
 Hypertonic solutions
 5.47 min.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SrON0nEEWmo
Passive Transport: Filtration
 Movement of water
and dissolved
substances from an
area of higher pressure
to an area of lower
pressure
 Water and dissolved
substances are pushed
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rights reserved.
Active Transport: Pumps
 Active transport pumps
 Move substance from area of lower concentration to
area of higher concentration
 Require input of energy (ATP) -adenosine triphosphate
– energy storing and energy-transferring molecule
found in all cells
Copyright 2022 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kfy92hdaAH0
Active Transport: Endocytosis
 Ingestion of substances by the cell membrane
 Phagocytosis
 Pinocytosis
Active Transport: Exocytosis
 Secretion of cellular products out of the cell
Cell Division (Cell Reproduction)
 Two types of cell division – mitosis and
meiosis
 Meiosis occurs only in sex cells
 Mitosis is involved in bodily growth and
repair
 Mitosis is the splitting of one mother cell
into two identical daughter cells.
Copyright 2022 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Mitosis
 Mitosis assures us that the division of one
cell produces two identical cells.
 Differentiate – one cell begins to specialize
 Most cell growth is orderly
 At times cell growth becomes uncontrolled
and disorganized
Copyright 2022 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Cell Division Copyright 2022 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

 Cell Cycle- the sequence of events

that a cell goes through from one
mitotic division to the next
 Two phases of cell cycle:
 Interphase
 First gap phase (G1)
 Phase (S)
 Second gap phase (G2)
 Mitosis
Cell Division
 For the cell to divide – chromosomes must
first double then the cell moves through
four phases of mitosis
 The cell spends most of its time in
interphase during which it grows and
carries on special activities
 Interphase is also known as resting phase
Copyright 2022 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Cell Division
 Following interphase the cells begin
the process of mitosis
 There are four other phases of mitosis
(prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and
telophase.)
Copyright 2022 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Mitosis (M Phase)
 Four phases: Prophase, metaphase, anaphase,
telophase
 Chromosomes line up and split into two identical
sets (chromatids)
 Ends with cytokinesis: Cell membrane pinches to
create two identical cells
 6.10 min.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C6hn3sA0ip0
Order, Disorder and Death
 Most cell growth is orderly
 Cells normally reproduce at the proper
rate
 If cells growth becomes uncontrolled
and disorganized – some area of the
body is affected – blood, tumor etc.
Copyright 2022 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Disorders of Cellular Growth
 Abnormal cell growth creates tumors called neoplams
 Benign (noncancerous)
 Malignant (cancerous)
 Cells extend and invade surrounding tissue
 Apoptosis leads to cell death
 Helps rid the body of old, unnecessary, and unhealthy
cells

Copyright 2022 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Disorders of Cellular Growth
 Define the following terms
 Cancer –
 Metastasis –
 Necrosis –
 Atrophy –

Copyright 2022 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

QUIZ
Questions?