Basic Cell Structure

Cells
Basic building blocks of
life
Understanding of cell
morphology is critical to
the study of biotechnology
 Cell
Smallest living unit of an
organism
Grow, reproduce, use
energy, adapt, respond to
their environment
 Cell
Many cannot be seen with
the naked eye
A cell may be an entire
organism or it may be one of
billions of cells that make up
the organism
 Nucleus
Relatively large structure
with a cell
Directs cell activities
Some simple single celled
organisms lack a nucleus
 Nucleus
Prokaryotes – have no
nucleus
Eukaryotes – have a
nucleus
 Prokaryotes
Single celled organism
Kingdom Monera
Lacks a cell nucleus
Internal structure is less
organized than other cells
 Prokaryotes
Genetic info needed is
within the cell
Two most common – blue
green bacteria and true
bacteria
Blue green bacteria
Have ability to produce
their own food like plants
Most bacteria get their
food from other sources
 Prokaryotes
Less complex than
eukaryotes
Still have many of the
basic internal
characteristics
Common prokaryote
structures
Cytoplasm
Chromosomal material
Cell membrane and wall
Ribosomes
Some have flagellum for
mobility
 Eukaryotes
Typically are highly
organized
Infinite number of shapes
and purposes
 Eukaryotes
Human body has at least
85 different cell types
All eukaryotes have a
number of structures in
common
Common structures
Organelles – smaller parts
of the cell with specific
funtions
Cell membrane – acts as
a gatekeeper
 Cell membrane
Controls what enters and
leaves the cell
Plants, algae and bacteria
typically have a tough outer
structure known as a cell
wall
 Cell wall
Provides additional structure
and protects the cell from
pressure caused by
movement of water
Animal cells do not have
walls
 Cytoplasm
Organelles are surrounded
by a jelly like substance
Primary component is water
 Nucleus
Largest and most identifiable
part of the cell
 Other organelles
Ribosomes
Mitochondria
Golgi bodies
Endoplasmic reticulum
 Other organelles
Lysosomes
Vacuoles
Chloroplasts in plants
 Nucleus
Brain of the cell
Site of much of the
manipulation done in
biotechnology
 Nucleus
Controls activity of the cell
Round or oval structure
Typically found in the middle
of the cell
Appears darker than
surrounding material
 Nucleus
Surrounded by a membrane
that controls passage of
materials in and out of the
area
 Nucleus
Contains DNA
DNA is located on
chromosomes
Most organisms are diploid –
have two chromosomes for
each trait
 Diploid
Humans – 23 pair
Goldfish – 90 chrms, 45 pair
 Cytoplasmic
Organelles
Organelles are required for
proper cell function
Ribosome – make proteins for
cellular use and communication
May be attached to
endoplasmic reticulum
 Endoplasmic
reticulum
Layered membraneous
Make and transport proteins
 Vacuole
Large organelle, without
specific shape
Store waste or raw materials
used in synthesis of proteins
 Golgi Bodies
Golgi apparatus
Similar to endo. Ret.
Look like a thick elastic band
that has been folded several
times
 Golgi Bodies
Adds modifications to
unfinished proteins
Makes lysosomes
 Lysosome
Small round
Store enzymes that break
down food into chemical
compounds
Destroy cell organelles and
the cell itself
 Mitochondria
Energy factories
Rod shaped
Change food into molecules
that can be used for energy
 Mitochondria
Contain DNA
Can replicate themselves
 Chloroplast
Found in plants and some
other organisms
Contain chlorophyll
 Cellular processes
Respiration
Osmosis
Diffusion
Photosynthesis
 Respiration
Cells break down
carbohydrates and other
molecules to produce energy
Oxidation of glucose is one
of most common forms
 Respiration
Breaking down of sugar into
water, carbon dioxide, and
energy
Energy is used to do the
work of the cell
Osmosis & Diffusion
Transport of raw materials,
wastes, and synthesized
materials out of the cell
 Diffusion
Movement of molecules,
especially gases and liquids
from areas of high
concentration to areas of low
concentration
 Osmosis
Specific type of diffusion
Movement of water through
a membrane from areas of
high concentration to areas
of low concentration
 Equilibrium
Diffusion and osmosis
happen to enable a cell to
reach equilibrium
Cellular reproduction
Three ways
Fission
Mitosis
Meiosis
 Fission
Prokaryotes
Cell grows larger and makes a
second copy of its DNA
At some point the cell
membrane divides the cell by
the growth of a transverse
septum
 Fission
Two new cells are formed as
the division grows inward from
either side of the cell
Two cells now called “daughter
cells”
Sometimes known as “binary
fission”
 Mitosis
Eukaryotes
Requires 6 stages
Interphase, prophase,
metaphase, anaphase,
telophase, cytokinesis
 Mitosis
Creates cells that are
identical to the original cell.
Have the entire compliment
of chromosomes existing in
pairs - diploid
 Meiosis
Division of sex cells
Stages of Meiosis I:
Interphase I, prophase I,
metaphase I, anaphase I,
telophase I, cytokinesis I
 Meiosis
Meiosis II
Interphase II, prophase II,
metaphase II, anaphase II,
telophase II, cytokinesis II
 Meiosis
Each cell receives one
chromosome from each pair
randomly
Resulting cells have half the
normal number of
Chromosomes - haploid