Geology of Petroleum Systems

Introduction

In this presentation report, we'll delve into the basic elements that contribute to the creation and
accumulation of these valuable resources. From the shaping of sedimentary basins to the role of
source rocks, reservoirs, traps, and seals, we aim to provide a straightforward overview of the
geology that underpins the world of petroleum. As we navigate through the fundamentals, you'll
gain insights into the essential components that make petroleum exploration a critical aspect of
the energy industry. Join us on this exploration as we uncover the foundational aspects of
Petroleum Systems.

Sedimentary Basins

Sedimentary basins, crafted through geological forces like tectonic activity, subsidence, and
erosion, provide a canvas for hydrocarbon evolution. Tectonic forces create depressions in the
Earth's crust, enabling sediment accumulation. Subsidence, induced by either tectonic forces or
lithospheric cooling, deepens and enlarges these basins.

Types of Sedimentary Basins

1. Rift Basins: Formed at divergent plate boundaries, where the Earth's crust stretches,
creating a space for sediment accumulation.
2. Foreland Basins: Develop adjacent to mountain ranges due to lithospheric flexure in
response to mountain weight.
3. Intracontinental Basins: Located within continents, often resulting from subsidence or
tectonic activity within a plate.
4. Passive Margin Basins: Along continent-ocean edges, forming gradually as sediments
accumulate on the continental shelf and slope.
Source Rocks

Key Characteristics:

• Organic-rich: Contains abundant organic material derived from marine or terrestrial

sources.
• Fine-grained: Typically, shale, creating an ideal environment for organic matter
preservation.

Formation Process

1. Accumulation of Organic Material:

• Deposition of organic-rich material in ancient seas, lakes, or swamps.
• Preservation of organic matter in anoxic conditions to prevent decay.
2. Kerogen Changing Process:
• Burial of sediment over millions of years.
• Compaction and transformation of organic material into kerogen.
• Increase in temperature and pressure.
• Conversion of kerogen into hydrocarbons through processes like catagenesis.

Migration Pathways

1. Primary Migration:
• Initial hydrocarbon movement from source rock to reservoir rock.
• Controlled by pore (capillary) pressure.
2. Secondary Migration:
• Further hydrocarbon movement within reservoir rock towards potential traps or
the surface.
• Controlled by buoyancy pressure.
3. Tertiary Migration:
• Continued hydrocarbon movement within traps or toward the surface.

Reservoir Rocks

Crucial natural containers for hydrocarbons, reservoir rocks store and facilitate oil and gas
movement underground.
Characteristics of Reservoir Rocks

1. Porosity: Percentage of open spaces determining hydrocarbon storage capacity.

2. Permeability: Ability to transmit fluids, influencing oil and gas flow.
3. Saturation: Proportion of pore space filled with hydrocarbons.

Types of Reservoir Rocks: Sandstone, limestone, and dolomite.

Traps

1. Structural Traps:
• Formed by tectonic forces deforming the Earth's crust.
• Examples: anticlines, fault traps, and salt domes.
2. Stratigraphic Traps:
• Result from variations in rock types and sedimentary layers.
• Common types: pinch-outs, reefs, and unconformity traps.
3. Combination Traps:
• Occur when structural and stratigraphic elements contribute to hydrocarbon
accumulation.

Salt dome
Seals

Impermeable rock formations or barriers that cap and contain hydrocarbons in a reservoir.

Types of Seals

• Cap Rock Seals: Horizontal or inclined seals preventing upward hydrocarbon migration.
• Fault Seals: Along fault lines, where impermeable and permeable rocks create barriers.
• Stratigraphic Seals: Lateral seals formed by lithological, porosity, or permeability
changes.

Conclusion

Understanding the geology of petroleum systems is vital for successful hydrocarbon exploration.
Technological advancements, including seismic imaging and well logging, enhance our
comprehension of source rocks, reservoirs, traps, and seals. This knowledge is crucial for
informed decision-making in locating and extracting valuable hydrocarbon resources.

In the dynamic energy landscape, comprehending petroleum geology facilitates responsible

resource utilization and environmental care in the pursuit of sustainable energy options. Success
in the petroleum industry hinges on the intricate synergy of geological elements, innovation, and
a commitment to environmental stewardship.