“ Incident of Amazon rain forest “

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of

Diploma of Engineering
in
Computer Engineering
by
Rutuja Mitna
Anand Chauhan
Sanjana Pawar
Rasika Shivdikar

under the guidance

of

Mrs. Nividha raut

Department of Computer Engineering

2023-2024
 CERTIFICATE

VIVA COLLEGE OF DIPLOMA ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

VIRAR (W)
2023-24
This is to certify that the micro project entitled “INCIDENT OF AMAZON RAIN
FOREST” has been submitted by Group Members under the guidance of Mrs.
Nividha raut in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of Diploma of
Engineering in Computer Engineering from Maharashtra State Board of Technical
Education.

“INCIDENT OF AMAZON RAIN FOREST”

GROUP MEMBERS

65.Rutuja mitna
66.Anand chuahan
67.Sanjana pawar
68.Rasika shivdikar

Project Guide H.O.D

Mrs. Nividha raut Prof. Nikhil Asolkar
 INDEX

Sr. No. Name of the topic Page no.

PART –A PLAN

1 Brief Introduction 1-3

2 Aim of the Micro-Project 4
3 Action plan 5
4 Resource required 6

PART –B OUTCOMES

1 Brief Description 7-13

2 Aim of Micro-Project 14
3 Course Outcomes Integrated 15
4 Actual Procedure Followed 16
5 Actual Resources Used 16
6 Outputs of the Micro-Projects 18
7 Skill Developed/ learning out of this Micro-Project 19
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PART-A PLAN
1.0 Brief Introduction

Amazon Rainforest fire: Amazon rainforest, the world's largest rain forest is at the risk of
getting burned out completely.

The rainforest, which contributes almost 20 percent of the earth’s oxygen, has been burning for over
16 days resulting in a major loss of trees and biodiversity.

It will get completely burned out if it is not put out soon.

Amazon rainforest fire impact can already be seen in different regions in South America including
the Atlantic coast and Sao Paulo, Brazil’s largest city.

Sao Paulo plunged into sudden darkness around 3 pm on Monday. A dark, smoky cover seemed to
envelop the city and the rain that poured down smelled like smoke. Sao Paulo is located about thousands of
kilometers away from the burning fire.

 Amazon Rainforest Fire Cause

Though forest fires are common in the Amazon during this period, as it is a dry season in the southern
Amazon, the year 2019 has seen an unprecedented rise in the number of the fires and their intensity.

The worrisome fact is that the burning has increased at a time when there is a huge decrease in the rates
of deforestation in Brazilian Amazon.

According to environmentalists, 99 percent of the forest fires are a result of human actions, either on
purpose or by accident. Farmers and ranchers use fire generally to clear the land for further utilisation.
This year's fires also fit perfectly into the established seasonal agricultural pattern.

This time is the most suitable to burn because the vegetation is dry. Farmers generally wait for the
dry season to start burning and clearing areas so that their cattle can graze, However, peak of the dry
season is yet to come in September.

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2.0 AIM of Micro-Project

Aim of this project is:

 The aim of the project is the Amazon rainforest has been facing various ongoing challenges, including
deforestation, wildfires, illegal logging, and threats to indigenous communities and biodiversity.

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3.0 Action plane

____________________________________________________

Sr. Details of Activity Planned Planned Name of Responsible Team

No Start Finish Members
Date Date
1 Project selection Rutuja Mitna,Anand Chauhan,
Sanjana Pawar,Rasika Shivdikar

2 Identifying project outcomes Rutuja MitnaAnand Chauhan,

Sanjana Pawar,Rasika Shivdikar

3 Identifying resources required Rutuja Mitna,Anand Chauhan,

Sanjana Pawar,Rasika Shivdikar

4 implementation Rutuja mitna,Anand Chauhan,

Sanjana Pawar,Rasika Shivdikar

5 Final outcome Rutuja Mitna,Anand Chauhan,

Sanjana Pawar,Rasika Shivdikar

6 Documentation Rutuja Mitna,Anand Chauhan,

Sanjana Pawar,Rasika Shivdikar

7 Seminar and viva-vose Rutuja Mitna,Anand Chauhan,

Sanjana Pawar,Rasika Shivdikar

8 Final submission of Rutuja mitna,Anand Chauhan,

Microproject Sanjana Pawar,Rasika Shivdikar,

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4.0 Resources Required

1.Personnel

2.Equipment
3.Technology

4.Supplies
5.Funding
6.Infrastructure

7.Community Support
8.Legislation and Enforcement
9.Education and Awareness

10.International Cooperation

11.Research and Monitoring

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PART-B OUTCOME
1.0 Brief Description

The 2019 Amazon rainforest wildfires season saw a year-to-year surge in fires
occurring in the Amazon rainforest and Amazon biome within Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay, and Peru during that
year's Amazonian tropical dry season.
Fires normally occur around the dry season as slash-and-burn methods are used to clear the forest to make
way for agriculture, livestock, logging, and mining, leading to deforestation of the Amazon rainforest.
Such activity is generally illegal within these nations, but enforcement of environmental protection can be
lax. The increased rates of fire counts in 2019 led to international concern about the fate of the Amazon
rainforest, which is the world's largest terrestrial carbon dioxide sink and plays a significant role in mitigating
global warming.
The increasing rates were first reported by Brazil's National Institute for Space Research (Instituto
Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, INPE) in June and July 2019 through satellite monitoring systems, but
international attention was drawn to the situation by August 2019 when NASA corroborated INPE's findings.
smoke from the fires, visible from satellite imagery, darkened the city of São Paulo despite being thousands
of kilometers from the Amazon. As of August 29, 2019, INPE reported more than 80,000 fires across all of
Brazil, a 77% year-to-year increase for the same tracking period, with more than 40,000 in the Brazil's Legal
Amazon (Amazônia Legal or BLA), which contains 60% of the Amazon.
Similar year-to-year increases in fires were subsequently reported in Bolivia, Paraguay and Peru, with the
2019 fire counts within each nation of over 19,000, 11,000 and 6,700, respectively, as of August 29, 2019.
It is estimated that over 906 thousand hectares (2.24×106 acres; 9,060 km2; 3,500 sq mi) of forest within
the Amazon biome has been lost to fires in 2019.[4] In addition to the impact on global climate, the fires created
environmental concerns from the excess carbon dioxide (CO2) and carbon monoxide (CO) within the fires'
emissions, potential impacts on the biodiversity of the Amazon, and threats to indigenous tribes that live within
the forest.
Ecologists estimated that the dieback from the Amazon rainforest due to the fires could cost Brazil US$957
billion to US$3.5 trillion over a 30-year period.
The increased rate of fires in Brazil has raised the most concerns as international leaders, particularly French
president Emmanuel Macron, and environmental non-government organizations (ENGOs) attributed these
to Brazilian president Jair Bolsonaro's pro-business policies that had weakened environmental protections and
have encouraged deforestation of the Amazon after he took office in January 2019.
Bolsonaro initially remained ambivalent and rejected international calls to take action, asserting that the
criticism was sensationalist.
Following increased pressure at the 45th G7 summit and a threat to reject the pending European Union–
Mercosur free trade agreement,
Bolsonaro dispatched over 44,000 Brazilian troops and allocated funds to fight the fires, and later signed a
decree to prevent such fires for a sixty-day period.

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Other Amazonian countries have been affected by the wildfires in higher or lesser degree. The number of
hectares of Bolivian rainforest affected by the wildfires were roughly equal to those of Brazil, being the area of
Bolivia only about one-eighth of Brazil's. Bolivian president Evo Morales was similarly blamed for past policies
that encouraged deforestation, Morales has also taken proactive measures to fight the fires and seek aid from other
countries. At the G7 summit, Macron negotiated with the other nations to allocate US$22 million for emergency
aid to the Amazonian countries affected by the fires.
Deforestation

2019 Amazon rainforest wildfires

Statistics
Total fires >40,000

Cost >$900 billion (2019 USD)

Date(s) January-October 2019

Burned area 906,000 hectares (2,240,000 acres;9,060 km

Cause Slash-and -burn approach to deforest land for agriculture and effects
of climate change and global warming due to unusually longer dry
season and above average temperatures worldwide throughout 2019

Land use Agriculture development

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Amazon Rainforest fires in 2020

After intense fires in the Amazon captured global attention in 2019, fires again raged throughout the
region in 2020. According to an analysis of satellite data from NASA’s Amazon dashboard, the 2020 fire season
was actually more severe by some key measures.
The Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) sensors on the Suomi NPP and NOAA-20
satellites can detect thermal anomalies, or hot spots, caused by fires. In 2020, both VIIRS sensors combined
detected about 1.4 million anomalies in the southern Amazon, compared to 1.1 million in 2019.
“Fire activity was up significantly in 2020. All types of fires contributed to the increase, including
deforestation fires and understory fires, the most environmentally destructive types,” said Douglas Morton, chief
of the Biospheric Sciences Laboratory at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center.
“In the southern Brazilian Amazon, deforestation fire activity increased by 23 percent from 2019 to 2020,
and active fire detections from understory fires were 60 percent higher than in 2019.”
Morton and colleagues have developed a new tool that groups and sorts fires into four types: deforestation
(red in the map at the top of the page), understory forest fire (green), savanna-grassland (blue), and small clearing-
agricultural (purple). Download a full-resolution view of the map here. The tool uses characteristics like the
duration, intensity, and movement of fire anomalies to group and identify individual fire events.
A single fire event can include dozens or even hundreds of connected thermal anomalies spread out over
days or weeks.

Deforestation

In 2020, deforestation fires were concentrated in rural areas in Brazil along transportation corridors in the
rainforest, primarily in the states of Pará, Amazonas, and Rondônia. Deforestation fires also burned in other
Amazon countries, but on a smaller scale.
Small-clearing fires are typically set within forests by subsistence farmers within forests. They were widespread
along rivers in several South American countries, but the environmental impacts are modest. Understory fires
occur when other fire types escape and burn through leaf litter and woody debris on the floor of rainforests.

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Savanna fires burned widely in areas with thinner, shrubbier woodlands and grasslands, such as the cerrado of
eastern Brazil and the Moxos plains of northern Bolivia. While savanna vegetation grows back quickly after
fires, deforestation and understory forest fires cause damage that can persist for decades.

In the map above, fires in the region were classified as either understory forest or savanna fires based on
the density of tree cover.

Impact of Amazon rainforest in 2020

 In 2019 Brazil's protections of the Amazon rainforest were slashed, resulting in a severe loss of trees.

 According to Brazil's National Institute for Space Research (INPE), deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon
rose more than 50% in the first three months of 2020 compared to the same three-month period in 2019.

 In 2020, a 17 percent rise was noted in the Amazon wildfires, marking the worst start to the fire season in a
decade.

 The first 10 days of August 2020 witnessed 10,136 fires.

 Satellites in September recorded 32,017 hotspots in the world's largest rainforest, a 61% rise from the same
month in 2019.[

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Amazon Rainforest fires in 2021

The number of forest fires in the Brazilian Amazon so far this year has surpassed that recorded for all of
2021, according to official figures released Monday that triggered new alarm for the world's biggest rainforest.

Satellite monitoring has detected 75,592 fires from January 1 to September 18 this year, already higher than the
75,090 detected last year, according to the Brazilian space agency, INPE.

The latest grim news from the rainforest will likely add to pressure on President Jair Bolsonaro, who is fighting
to win reelection next month and faces international criticism over a surge in destruction in the Amazon on his
watch.

Experts blame Bolsonaro for easing environmental protections which had protected the Amazon and allowed
loggers and ranchers to illegally clear more land since he took office in 2019.

Bolsonaro's office and the Environment Ministry did not immediately respond to the new report.

Widespread forest fires are an indication that Brazil is not curbing greenhouse gas emissions. Nearly half of
the country’s carbon pollution comes from land conversion or deforestation. The Amazon rainforest is an
important carbon absorber for the planet, but burning timber releases that carbon into the atmosphere.

Since the far-right agribusiness ally took office in January 2019, average annual deforestation in the Brazilian
Amazon has increased by 75% compared to the previous decade.

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Amazon Rain forest in 2022

a historic day of Amazon burning was detected by satellite monitoring. On 22 August, 3,358 fires were
detected in the Brazilian Amazon, according to the Brazilian space agency, INPE. This was the highest number of
fires recorded for any 24-hour period since 2007.

That alarming day of fire was no anomaly, but simply another day in a tragic trend of destruction in the
Amazon rainforest since Jair Bolsonaro became president of Brazil in 2019. Just in the month of August 2022,
there were 33,116 illegal fire hotspots registered in the Amazon, the highest level in 12 years.

The world must do more than watch in horror as the world’s largest intact forest is being pushed toward a climate
tipping point. Despite its greenwashing claims, the anti-environment agenda of Bolsonaro’s government has
catalyzed historic burning and deforestation by emboldening land grabbers and dismantling the agencies
responsible for environmental protection.

he undeniable and devastating surge in fires and deforestation in the Amazon is a result of the Bolsonaro
administration’s anti-environmental agenda. One of the ways in which the Bolsonaro government has made it
easier for illegal land grabbers to break environmental law is by taking money away from agencies responsible for
enforcement.

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Effect of Amazon rainforest :

1. The Amazon rainforest is shrinking. The fires in the Amazon are growing.

2. 33,116 illegal fire hotspots registered in the Amazon, the highest level in 12 years.

3. In Amazon rainforest between january and december 2022 deforestation reached 10,573 square kilometers.

4. Fire can prevent the regrowth of as much as 82% of the natural area.

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Amazon rainforest in 2023

In 2023, environmentalists and experts are on heightened alert, as the fire conditions may be aggravated by
the El Nino weather pattern, which is expected to strengthen in October.

Deforestation in Brazil's Amazon dropped 43% in the first seven months of the year, according
to preliminary government data, boosting President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva's credibility as a regional voice for
conservation.

t's important (to keep control) because in the last four years large areas were deforested," Batista said. "So there is
a lot of organic material in the soil that can dry out and favor fires."

Lula took office in January promising to end deforestation by 2030 after destruction surged under his
predecessor Jair Bolsonaro, who slashed environmental protection efforts during his 2019-2022 presidency.

Why are people starting fires in the Amazon on purpose?

 Many of those starting fires are illegal land grabbers emboldened by the anti-environment policies of
Bolsonaro’s government.

 They are burning forests to clear land for other uses, such as cattle ranching, growing animal feed, or illegal
logging.

 They are intertwined threats to the lives and livelihoods of Indigenous Peoples and traditional communities in
the Amazon, to the biodiversity of the forest, and to the global climate

 The widespread forest burnings associated with deforestation are carried out by those who put short-term
profits over people and the planet. .

 the fires generating global headlines in the Amazon are often ignited by those people who do not care about
the long-term health of the ecosystem or the communities who live there.

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Is it even legal to start fires in the Amazon?

his is against the law! Even if one has a vegetation clearing permit (i.e., an authorization for deforestation), the
use of fire is not allowed by Brazilian law for that purpose.

Moreover, these are illegal fires being started in the Amazon to clear land that is often stolen either from the
Brazilian public or from Indigenous Peoples are traditional communities. This illegally seized and illegally burned
forest is often cleared to create more cattle pasture and animal feed for the global meat industry.

Of course, laws against burning are only impactful if they’re enforced.

How has the Bolsonaro government made it easier to get away with illegal burning and land
grabbing?

The undeniable and devastating surge in fires and deforestation in the Amazon is a result of the Bolsonaro
administration’s anti-environmental agenda. One of the ways in which the Bolsonaro government has made it
easier for illegal land grabbers to break environmental law is by taking money away from agencies responsible for
enforcement.
In 2021, the Brazilian government budget for the environment was the lowest in 21 years, as shown in a report by
the Brazilian Climate Observatory.

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Impact of global climate :

 the Amazon has already had approximately 17% of its total area deforested, according to Brazil’s National
Institute for Space Research (INPE).
 Scientists have warned that further deforestation could push the Amazon rainforest beyond a tipping point
where the moisture and carbon balance of much of the Amazon biome would become broken.
 this tipping point would be reached when 20% to 25% of the forested area is lost to deforestation.

Causes:
the main cause of conflict in the Amazon rainforest

1. Native Amazonians, rubber tappers, and ranchers all want the settlers to leave the rainfores
2. drought, and the expansion of industrial agriculture.
3. Forests cleared for cattle or crops are cut and then deliberately set on fire once the felled trees are dry enough
to burn.

Threats: Deforestation and Fragmentation, over-exploitation, invasive species and climate change

Save Amazon rain forest:

1. Reduce your paper and wood consumption. ...
2.Reduce your oil consumption. ...
3. Hold businesses accountable. ...
4.Invest in rainforest communities. ...
5.Support the grassroots. .
6.Support Rainforest Action Network and Amazon Watch.

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2.0 AIM of Micro-Projec

Aim of this project is:

 The aim of the project is the Amazon rainforest has been facing various ongoing challenges, including
deforestation, wildfires, illegal logging, and threats to indigenous communities and biodiversity.

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3.0 Course Outcomes (CO)

1.Understanding Amazon Rainforest Ecology and Importance.

2.Incident Preparedness and Response.
3.Resource Management and Allocation.
4.Technological Tools for Monitoring.
5.Sustainability and Conservation.

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5.0 Resources Used

1.Personnel

2.Equipment
3.Technology

4.Supplies
5.Funding
6.Infrastructure

7.Community Support
8.Legislation and Enforcement

9.Education and Awareness

10.International Cooperation

11.Research and Monitoring

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6.0 Outputs of Micro-Projects

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7.0 Skill Developed

We learnt that to assess resource needs in dynamic situations, such as wildfires or deforestation, and make informed
decisions on resource allocation.

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