Hydraulics

For fluid at rest, the shear stress is 0

Weight (W)= mg = pgV

𝑙𝑏 𝐾𝑛
Unit weight of Water (𝛾𝑤 )= 62.4 𝑓𝑡 3 or 9.81 𝑚3

𝐾𝑔 𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔𝑠
Density of water (𝑝𝑤 ) = 1000 𝑚3 or 1.94 𝑓𝑡 3

𝐹𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎

Normal Stress (𝜎) = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎

𝐹tan 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎

Shear Stress (𝜏) = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎

1 𝑚3
Specific Volume (v) = 𝑝 𝑘𝑔

Specific Gravity (𝐺𝑠 )

Substance Sg Substance Sg
Water 1 Dense Oak Wood 0.93
Blood (@ 37 C) 1.06 Gold 19.3
Seawater Gasoline 1.025 Bones 1.7 - 2
Ethyl Alcohol 0.790 Ice (@ 0 C) 0.916
Mercury 13.6 Gasoline 0.68
Balsa Wood 0.17 Air 0.001204
𝑁
Surface Tension of a bubble (𝜎𝑠 ) 𝑚

2𝜎𝑠
∆𝑃𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑡 = 𝑅

Surface Tension of a Soap bubble

4𝜎𝑠
∆𝑃𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑡 = 𝑅

Capillary Action
 2𝜎𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠∅
Height of Capillary (h) = 𝑝𝑅𝑔

Compressibility (𝛽 )

∆𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 (𝑖𝑛 %) 1 ∆𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒

𝛽 = = 𝐸 ; where 𝐸𝐵 = 𝐵𝑢𝑙𝑘 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠 =
∆ 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐵 ∆𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒

Property Changes in Ideal Gas

𝑝𝑉1 𝑝𝑉2 𝑉1 𝑉
P = pRT = 𝑝𝑉1 = 𝑝𝑉2 = 𝑇2
𝑇1 𝑇2 𝑇1 2

Where:

P = absolute Pressure

R = Gas constant

T = Thermo- dynamic absolute temperature

T (k) = 𝐶 + 273.15

T(R) = F + 479.67

Pressure

- Is a scalar quantity. Not dependent on the direction. The pressure point or the magnitude

in a fluid is the same in all direction

P = F/A

1 bar = 100 000 Pa

1 atm = 101 325 Pa = 1.01325 bars

 𝑘𝑔𝑓 𝑁 𝑁
1 𝑐𝑚2 = 9.81 𝑐𝑚2 = 9.81 x 104 𝑚2
or Pa = 0.9679 atm

Absolute, Gauge Pressure, and Vacuum Pressure

𝑃𝑔𝑎𝑢𝑔𝑒 = 𝑃𝑎𝑏𝑠 − 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 𝑃𝑣𝑎𝑐 = 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 − 𝑃𝑎𝑏𝑠

Where:

𝑃𝑎𝑏𝑠 = actual pressure at a given point; if not mentioned what type of P, then it is abs pressure

𝑃𝑔𝑎𝑢𝑔𝑒 = can be + or -

𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 = often referred to as Barometric Pressure

Variation of Pressure with Depth

𝑃𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 = Pa + ∑ 𝛾ℎ

𝑃𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 (𝑔𝑎𝑢𝑔𝑒) = ∑ 𝛾ℎ

Pressure Head (H)

- Height of a column of a homogenous liquid of a unit weight

𝑃
H=𝛾

Pressure below layers of Different Liquids

- Convert it all the liquids into one

𝛾 𝐺𝑠 𝑝
- 𝛾𝐴 ℎ𝐴 = 𝛾𝐵 ℎ𝐵 → ℎ𝐵 = 𝛾𝐴 ℎ𝐴 = 𝐺𝑠𝐴 ℎ𝐴 = 𝑝𝐴 ℎ𝐴
𝐵 𝐵 𝐵

Notes:
- Barometer reads Atm

- When it says that the barometer reads 760 mm Hg it means that the height of mercury in

the barometer is 760mm then the pressure is =

9.81(13.6)(ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑦 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑖𝑠 0.76)

- Pag pataas ng manometer → minus 𝛾ℎ

- Sa open manometer, pag gauge pressure, 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 0 → kaya 0 = ∑ 𝛾ℎ

- For closed manometer, From Point A to Point B → 𝑃𝐴 + ∑ 𝛾ℎ = 𝑃𝐵 𝑃𝐴 + ∑ 𝛾ℎ = 𝑃𝐵 →

∆𝑃 = − ∑ 𝛾ℎ