Julian Jaramillo , Sari Aulestia
SAMPLING Advantages
 Quota  This method allows researchers to
quickly identify and recruit
participants who meet the desired
criteria
 Quota sampling is particularly
useful when researchers want to
compare groups or explore
differences between specific
segments of the population.
 Random  Random sampling helps ensure
that each member of the
population has an equal chance of
being selected for the sample. This
increases the likelihood of
obtaining a representative sample
that accurately reflects the
characteristics of the entire
population.
 Random sampling enables
researchers to make valid
statistical inferences about the
population based on the
characteristics observed in the
sample. The principles of
probability theory can be applied
to estimate population parameters
and measure the precision of the
estimates.
 Stratified  Improved representativeness:
Stratified sampling allows
researchers to divide the
population into homogeneous
subgroups called strata based on
relevant characteristics
 Efficient resource allocation:
Stratified sampling can be more
efficient in terms of resource
allocation compared to simple
random sampling. By focusing
resources on specific strata,
researchers can optimize the
sample size and data collection
efforts, reducing costs and time
requirements.
Dis andvantages
 Quotas may lead to reverse
discrimination or unfair
treatment
 In some cases, quotas may result
in a compromise on the quality
or standards of individuals
selected.
 Time-consuming and costly:
Implementing random sampling
methods can be time-consuming
and resource-intensive. It may
involve creating a sampling
frame, generating random
numbers, and contacting
potential participants.
 Inefficiency in capturing specific
characteristics: Random
sampling may not efficiently
capture specific subgroups or
rare characteristics within the
population. It relies on chance to
include individuals with specific
traits, and in some cases, a
larger sample size may be
required to ensure an adequate
representation of such
characteristics.
 Increased complexity: Stratified
sampling requires a priori
knowledge of the population and
the characteristics used for
stratification. Determining
appropriate strata and their
proportions can be challenging
and may require extensive
research or expert knowledge.
 Reduced flexibility: Stratified
sampling requires researchers to
define and commit to the strata
before selecting the sample. This
reduces flexibility in adjusting
the sample composition if
unforeseen circumstances or

 Cluster  Preserves natural grouping:
Cluster sampling allows for the
preservation of natural grouping
or clusters within the population.
This can be useful when the
clusters themselves are of interest
or when they mirror important
characteristics of the population.
 Cost-effective: Cluster sampling
can be more cost-effective
compared to other sampling
methods, especially when dealing
with large and geographically
dispersed populations. By selecting
clusters (groups) rather than
individuals, it reduces the logistical
and resource requirements for
data collection.
 Snowballing  Access to hidden populations:
Snowball sampling is particularly
useful for accessing and studying
hard-to-reach or hidden
populations. These populations
may include marginalized or
stigmatized groups that are
difficult to identify or locate
through traditional sampling
methods. Snowball sampling
allows researchers to tap into
existing social networks and gain
access to these populations.
 Rapid recruitment: Snowball
sampling allows for rapid
recruitment of participants. As
initial participants refer others, the
sample can grow quickly,
accelerating the data collection
process. This can be advantageous
when time constraints are a
consideration.
 Convenienc
data patterns emerge during the
research process.
 Increased sampling error: Cluster
sampling is susceptible to
increased sampling error if there
is significant variation between
clusters. If the selected clusters
differ substantially from one
another, the overall sample may
not adequately represent the
population, leading to biased or
less accurate results.
 Potential loss of diversity: Cluster
sampling may result in the loss
of individual-level diversity
within each selected cluster. By
selecting clusters as a whole, the
unique characteristics and
diversity of individuals within
clusters may not be fully
captured, potentially limiting the
generalizability of findings.
 Lack of control: Snowball
sampling relies heavily on the
social networks and connections
of participants. Researchers have
limited control over the selection
process, as it largely depends on
participants' willingness and
ability to refer others. This lack
of control may introduce biases
and compromise the validity of
the sampling method.
 Limited population coverage:
Snowball sampling may not be
suitable for studying populations
that lack strong social networks
or where the desired participants
are not connected through
existing networks. This restricts
the application of snowball
sampling to certain population
contexts.
 Difficulty in generalizing findings:
e sampling  Initial exploratory research:
Convenience sampling can be
valuable in exploratory research or
in situations where generating
initial insights or hypotheses is the
primary goal. It allows researchers
to quickly gather preliminary data
and observations that can guide
further research or hypothesis
development.
 Non-representativeness:
 Ease and convenience:
Convenience sampling is a
straightforward and convenient
method of sampling. It involves
selecting participants based on
their availability, accessibility, or
willingness to participate.
Researchers can quickly and easily
recruit participants without the
need for complex procedures or
extensive resources.
Due to the non-random nature of
convenience sampling, findings
from convenience samples may
not be applicable or
generalizable to the broader
population. This limits the ability
to draw robust conclusions or
make inferences about the larger
target population.
Convenience sampling often
leads to a non-representative
sample, as participants are
selected based on convenience
rather than random or
systematic methods. The sample
may not accurately reflect the
broader population or specific
subgroups of interest, leading to
limited generalizability of
findings.