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 fifth edition

WORLDS TOGETHER,
WORLDS APART
Volume C: 1750 to Present

Robert Tignor • Jeremy Adelman • Stephen Aron • Stephen Kotkin

Suzanne Marchand • Gyan Prakash • Michael Tsin

n
W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
New York • London
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Permission to use copyrighted material is included on page C–1.

The Library of Congress has cataloged the one-volume edition as follows:

Names: Tignor, Robert L., author.

Title: Worlds together, worlds apart : a history of the world from the
beginnings of humankind to the present / Robert Tignor . . . [and eleven
others].
Description: Fifth edition. | New York : W. W. Norton & Company, [2018] |
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2017032085 | ISBN 9780393624786 (hardcover)
Subject: LCSH: World history—Textbooks. | World
history—Examinations—Study guides. | Advanced placement programs
(Education)—Examinations—Study guides
Classification: LCC D21 .T53 2018 | DDC 909—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017032085

ISBN this edition: 978-0-393-62488-5 (pbk.)

W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., 500 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10110-0017
wwnorton.com

W. W. Norton & Company Ltd., 15 Carlisle Street, London W1D 3BS

1234567890
CONTENTS IN BRIEF

Chapter 15 Reordering the World, 1750–1850 554

Chapter 16 Alternative Visions of the Nineteenth Century 594

Chapter 17 Nations and Empires, 1850–1914 628

Chapter 18 An Unsettled World, 1890–1914 668

Chapter 19 Of Masses and Visions of the Modern, 1910–1939 706

Chapter 20 The Three-World Order, 1940–1975 748

Chapter 21 Globalization, 1970–2000 788

Epilogue 2001–The Present 828

ix
CONTENTS

Preface
Our Guiding Principles xxviii
Our Major Themes xxix
Overview of Volume One xxx
Overview of Volume Two xxxiii
Media & Print Ancillaries xxxv
For Students xxxv
For Instructors xxxvi
Acknowledgments xxxvi
About the Authors xl
The Geography of the Ancient and Modern Worlds xlii

Chapter 15
REORDERING THE WORLD,
1750–1850 554
Revolutionary Transformations and New
Languages of Freedom 556

Political Reorderings 556

The North American War of Independence, 1776–1783 557
The French Revolution, 1789–1799 562
The Napoleonic Era, 1799–1815 565
Revolution in Saint Domingue (Haiti) 566
Revolutions in Spanish and Portuguese America 569

xi
xii | Contents

Change and Trade in Africa 572

Abolition of the Slave Trade 572
New Trade with Africa 573

Economic Reorderings 574

Regional and Global Origins of Industrialization 574
The Industrial Revolution and the British Surge 576
Working and Living 578

Persistence and Change in Afro-Eurasia 581

Revamping the Russian Monarchy 581
Reforming Egypt and the Ottoman Empire 582
Colonial Reordering in India 585
The Continuing Qing Empire 587

Conclusion 591
Tracing the Global Storylines 592
Key Terms 593
Study Questions 593

Chapter 16
ALTERNATIVE VISIONS OF THE
NINETEENTH CENTURY 594
Reactions to Social and Political Change 596

Prophecy and Revitalization in the Islamic

World and Africa 596
Islamic Revitalization 597
Charismatic Military Men in Non-Islamic Africa 601

Prophecy and Rebellion in China 603

The Dream of Hong Xiuquan 604
The Rebellion 605

Socialists and Radicals in Europe 607

Restoration and Resistance 608
Radical Visions 609
 Contents | xiii

Insurgencies against Colonizing and Centralizing States 612

Native American Prophets 612
The Caste War of the Yucatán 617
The Rebellion of 1857 in India 619

Conclusion 625
Tracing the Global Storylines 626
Key Terms 627
Study Questions 627

Chapter 17
NATIONS AND EMPIRES,
1850–1914 628
Consolidating Nations and Constructing Empires 630
Building Nationalism 630
Expanding the Empires 630

Expansion and Nation Building in the Americas 631

The United States 631
Canada 634
Latin America 635

Consolidation of Nation-States in Europe 637

Defining “The Nation” 637
Unification in Germany and Italy 638
Nation Building and Ethnic Conflict in the Austro-Hungarian Empire 640
Domestic Discontents in France and Britain 640

Industry, Science, and Technology 642

New Materials, Technologies, and Business Practices 642
Integration of the World Economy 643

Imperialism and the Origins of Anticolonial Nationalism 644

India and the Imperial Model 646
Dutch Colonial Rule in Indonesia 647
xiv | Contents

Colonizing Africa 648

The American Empire 655
Imperialism and Culture 656

Pressures of Expansion in Japan, Russia, and China 658

Japan’s Transformation and Expansion 658
Russian Transformation and Expansion 659
China under Pressure 664

Conclusion 665
Tracing the Global Storylines 666
Key Terms 667
Study Questions 667

Chapter 18
AN UNSETTLED WORLD,
1890–1914 668
Progress, Upheaval, and Movement 670
Peoples in Motion 670

Discontent with Imperialism 675

Unrest in Africa 675
The Boxer Uprising in China 678

Worldwide Insecurities 681

Imperial Rivalries at Home 681
The “Woman Question” 682
Social Conflict in a New Key 686

Cultural Modernism 688

Popular Culture Comes of Age 689
Modernism in European Culture 689
Cultural Modernism in China 691

Rethinking Race and Reimagining Nations 692

Nation and Race in North America and Europe 692
Race-Mixing and the Problem of Nationhood in Latin America 694
 Contents | xv

Sun Yat-sen and the Making of a Chinese Nation 696

Nationalism and Invented Traditions in India 698
The Pan Movements 700

Conclusion 703
Tracing the Global Storylines 704
Key Terms 705
Study Questions 705

Chapter 19
OF MASSES AND VISIONS OF THE
MODERN, 1910–1939 706
The Quest for the Modern 708

The Great War 708

Battle Fronts, Stalemate, and Carnage 709
Legacies of Mobilization 711
Empire and War 711
The Russian Revolution 715
The Fall of the Central Powers 716
The Peace Settlement and the Impact of the War 716
Broken Promises and Political Turmoil 716

Mass Society: Culture, Production, and Consumption 719

Mass Culture 719
Mass Production and Mass Consumption 720

Mass Politics: Competing Visions for Building Modern

States 722
Liberal Democracy under Pressure 723
Authoritarianism and Mass Mobilization 726
The Hybrid Nature of Latin American Corporatism 734
Anticolonial Visions of Modern Life 735
xvi | Contents

Conclusion 745
Tracing the Global Storylines 746
Key Terms 747
Study Questions 747

Chapter 20
THE THREE-WORLD ORDER,
1940–1975 748
Competing Blocs 750

World War II and Its Aftermath 750

The War in Europe 751
The Pacific War 754

The Beginning of the Cold War 757

Rebuilding Europe 757
War in the Nuclear Age: The Korean War 758

Decolonization 760
The Chinese Revolution 760
Negotiated Independence in India and Africa 763
Violent and Incomplete Decolonizations 768

Three Worlds 772

The First World 773
The Second World 774
The Third World 776

Tensions within the Three Worlds 781

Tensions in the First World 781
Tensions in the Second World 784
Tensions in the Third World 785

Conclusion 785
Tracing the Global Storylines 786
Key Terms 787
Study Questions 787
 Contents | xvii

Chapter 21
GLOBALIZATION, 1970–2000 788
Global Integration 790

Removing Obstacles to Globalization 790

Ending the Cold War 790
Africa and the End of White Rule 793

Unleashing Globalization 796

Finance and Trade 797
Migration 798
Global Culture 802
Communications 805

Characteristics of the New Global Order 806

The Demography of Globalization 807
Production and Consumption in the Global Economy 814

Citizenship in the Global World 817

Supranational Organizations 817
Violence 818
Religious Foundations of Politics 820
Acceptance of and Resistance to Democracy 821

Conclusion 825
Tracing the Global Storylines 826
Key Terms 827
Study Questions 827

Epilogue
2001–THE PRESENT 828
Global Challenges 830
War on Terror 830
Crisis and Inequality in the Global Economy 831
Climate Change 832
xviii | Contents

The United States, the European Union, and Japan 834

The United States 834
A Changing Western Europe 834
Demographic Issues 835
Anti-Immigrant Sentiments 840

Russia, China, and India 841

Economic Globalization and Political Effects 841
Internal Divisions, External Rivalries 844

The Middle East, Africa, and Latin America 844

The Arab Spring 844
Islamic Militancy 851
The Iranian Nuclear Deal 854
Poverty, Disease, Genocide 854
Deepening Inequalities 856

Populist Politics and Authoritarian Regimes 857

Conclusion—Globalization and Its Discontents 859

Further R eadings R-1

Glossary G-1
Credits C-1
I ndex I-1
 Contents | xix

CURRENT TRENDS IN WORLD HISTORY

Two Case Studies in Greed and Environmental Degradation 568

Islam: An Enduring Alternative in Algeria 598
Africa’s Newest Hunters and Gatherers: Greed, Environmental
Degradation, and Resistance 652
Adapting to the Environment: Russian Peasants Take
on the Steppe 694
Population Movements: Filling Up the Empty Spaces and Spreading
Capitalism 724
Soviet Ecocide 778
Urbanization as a Global Phenomenon: Transforming
Bombay to Mumbai 804

xix
ANALYZING GLOBAL DEVELOPMENTS

Town and Countryside, Core and Periphery in the Nineteenth

Century 580
Alternative Movements in Asia and Africa 620
Imperialism and the African Trade Revolution 655
Migration and the Origin of Border Control Policies 674
Measuring Casualties in World War I 714
World War II Casualties 754
Globalization: One World or Many? 808

xxi
PRIMARY SOURCES

Chapter 15 A Pan-German Leader Rails against the Rising Power of the

Declaring Independence 561
Mary Wollstonecraft on the Rights of Women 564
Frederick Douglass Asks, “What to the Slave Is the
Fourth of July?” 573
An Egyptian Intellectual’s Reaction to the French Occupation
of Egypt 583
James Mill on Indian Tradition 588
Chapter 16
A Female Muslim Voice in Africa 602
The Taiping on the Principles of the Heavenly Nature
“Bourgeoisie and Proletariat”: From The Communist
Manifesto 613
Tenskwatawa’s Vision 616
The Azamgarh Proclamation 624
Slavs and the Jews in the Austro-Hungarian Empire 702
Chapter 19
Bruce Barton’s Gospel of Mass Production 721
Cult of the Dynamic Leader 731
Facing Mount Kenya 737
India and Self-Government 739
Caste and Nation in India 740
Chapter 20
606 Mao Zedong on “New Democracy” 764
Nehru on Building a Modern Nation 766
Senghor’s View of Political Independence 769
Betty Friedan on “The Problem That Has No Name” 783

Chapter 21
Chapter 17
Tidal Pull of the West: East Germany Disappears 794
Manifest Destiny 633 Education and Inequality: Why Gender Matters 812
What Is a Nation? 639 Indigenous People in Mexico Speak Out 823
On the Origin of Species 645
The Dual Mandate in British Tropical Africa 647
Two Faces of Empire 663

Chapter 18
A Chinese Feminist Condemns Injustices to Women 684
Industrialization and Women’s Freedom in Egypt 685
A Muslim Philosopher Describes Why Islam Has Become
Weak 701

xxiii
xxiii
Another random document with
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in confusion the robot said, "Ozymandias decipher the language
somehow. Seem to be a sort of guide."
"Why—he's parroting fragments from our conversation yesterday,"
Marshall said.
"I don't think he's parroting," I said. "The words form coherent
concepts. He's talking to us!"
"Built by the ancients to provide information to passersby,"
Ozymandias said.
"Ozymandias!" Leopold said. "Do you speak English?"
The response was a clicking noise, followed moments later by,
"Ozymandias understand. Not have words enough. Talk more."
The five of us trembled with common excitement. It was apparent
now what had happened, and the happening was nothing short of
incredible. Ozymandias had listened patiently to everything we had
said the night before; then, after we had gone, it had applied its
million-year-old mind to the problem of organizing our sounds into
sense, and somehow had succeeded. Now it was merely a matter of
feeding vocabulary to the creature and letting it assimilate the new
words. We had a walking and talking Rosetta Stone!
Two hours flew by so rapidly we hardly noticed their passing. We
tossed words at Ozymandias as fast as we could, defining them
when possible to aid him in relating them to the others already
engraved on his mind.
By the end of that time he could hold a passable conversation with
us. He ripped his legs free of the sand that had bound them for
centuries—and, serving the function for which he had been built
millennia ago, he took us on a guided tour of the civilization that had
been and had built him.
Ozymandias was a fabulous storehouse of archaeological data. We
could mine him for years.
His people, he told us, had called themselves the Thaiquens (or so it
sounded)—they had lived and thrived for three hundred thousand
years, and in the declining days of their history had built him, as an
indestructible guide to their indestructible cities. But the cities had
crumbled, and Ozymandias alone remained—bearing with him
memories of what had been.
"This was the city of Durab. In its day it held eight million people.
Where I stand now was the Temple of Decamon, sixteen hundred
feet of your measurement high. It faced the Street of the Winds—"
"The Eleventh Dynasty was begun by the accession to the Presidium
of Chonnigar IV, in the eighteen thousandth year of the city. It was in
the reign of this dynasty that the neighboring planets first were
reached—"
"The Library of Durab was on this spot. It boasted fourteen million
volumes. None exist today. Long after the builders had gone, I spent
time reading the books of the Library and they are memorized within
me—"
"The Plague struck down nine thousand a day for more than a year,
in that time—"
It went on and on, a cyclopean newsreel, growing in detail as
Ozymandias absorbed our comments and added new words to his
vocabulary. We followed the robot as it wheeled its way through the
desert, our recorders gobbling in each word, our minds numbed and
dazed by the magnitude of our find. In this single robot lay waiting to
be tapped the totality of a culture that had lasted three hundred
thousand years! We could mine Ozymandias the rest of our lives,
and still not exhaust the fund of data implanted in his all-
encompassing mind.
When, finally, we ripped ourselves away and, leaving Ozymandias in
the desert, returned to the base, we were full to bursting. Never in
the history of our science had such a find been vouchsafed: a
complete record, accessible and translated for us.
We agreed to conceal our find from Mattern once again. But, like
small boys newly given a toy of great value, we found it hard to hide
our feelings. Although we said nothing explicit, our overexcited
manner certainly must have hinted to Mattern that we had not had as
fruitless a day as we had claimed.
That, and Leopold's refusal to tell him exactly where we had been
working during the day, must have aroused Mattern's suspicions. In
any event, during the night as we lay in bed I heard the sound of
halftracks rumbling off into the desert; and the following morning,
when we entered the mess-hall for breakfast, Mattern and his men,
unshaven and untidy, turned to look at us with peculiar vindictive
gleams in their eyes.

Mattern said, "Good morning, gentlemen. We've been waiting for

some time for you to arise."
"It's no later than usual, is it?" Leopold asked.
"Not at all. But my men and I have been up all night. We—ah—did a
bit of archaeological prospecting while you slept." The Colonel
leaned forward, fingering his rumpled lapels, and said, "Dr. Leopold,
for what reason did you choose to conceal from me the fact that you
had discovered an object of extreme strategic importance?"
"What do you mean?" Leopold demanded—with a quiver taking the
authority out of his voice.
"I mean," said Mattern quietly, "the robot you named Ozymandias.
Just why did you decide not to tell me about it?"
"I had every intention of doing so before our departure," Leopold
said.
Mattern shrugged. "Be that as it may. You concealed the existence of
your find. But your manner last night led us to investigate the area—
and since the detectors showed a metal object some twenty miles to
the west, we headed that way. Ozymandias was quite surprised to
learn that there were other Earthmen here."
There was a moment of crackling silence. Then Leopold said, "I'll
have to ask you not to meddle with that robot, Colonel Mattern. I
apologize for having neglected to tell you of it—I didn't think you
were quite so interested in our work—but now I must insist you and
your men keep away from it."
"Oh?" Mattern said crisply. "Why?"
"Because it's an archaeological treasure-trove, Colonel. I can't begin
to stress its value to us. Your men might perform some casual
experiment with it and short circuit its memory channels, or
something like that. And so I'll have to invoke the rights of the
archaeological group of this expedition. I'll have to declare
Ozymandias part of our preserve, and off bounds for you."
Mattern's voice suddenly hardened. "Sorry, Dr. Leopold. You can't
invoke that now."
"Why not?"
"Because Ozymandias is part of our preserve. And off bounds for
you, Doctor."
I thought Leopold would have an apoplectic fit right there in the
mess-hall. He stiffened and went white and strode awkwardly across
the room toward Mattern. He choked out a question, inaudible to me.
Mattern replied, "Security, Doctor. Ozymandias is of military use.
Accordingly we've brought him to the ship and placed him in sealed
quarters, under top-level wraps. With the power entrusted to me for
such emergencies, I'm declaring this expedition ended. We return to
Earth at once with Ozymandias."
Leopold's eyes bugged. He looked at us for support, but we said
nothing. Finally, incredulously, he said, "He's—of military use?"
"Of course. He's a storehouse of data on the ancient Thaiquen
weapons. We've already learned things from him that are
unbelievable in their scope. Why do you think this planet is bare of
life, Dr. Leopold? Not even a blade of grass? A million years won't do
that. But a superweapon will. The Thaiquens developed that
weapon. And others, too. Weapons that can make your hair curl.
And Ozymandias knows every detail of them. Do you think we can
waste time letting you people fool with that robot, when he's loaded
with military information that can make America totally impregnable?
Sorry, Doctor. Ozymandias is your find, but he belongs to us. And
we're taking him back to Earth."
Again the room was silent. Leopold looked at me, at Webster, at
Marshall, at Gerhardt. There was nothing that could be said.
This was basically a militaristic mission. Sure, a few anthropologists
had been tacked onto the crew, but fundamentally it was Mattern's
men and not Leopold's who were important. We weren't out here so
much to increase the fund of general knowledge as to find new
weapons and new sources of strategic materials for possible use
against the Other Hemisphere.
And new weapons had been found. New, undreamed-of weapons,
product of a science that had endured for three hundred thousand
years. All locked up in Ozymandias' imperishable skull.
In a harsh voice Leopold said, "Very well, Colonel. I can't stop you, I
suppose."
He turned and shuffled out without touching his food, a broken,
beaten, suddenly very old man.
I felt sick.
Mattern had insisted the planet was useless and that stopping here
was a waste of time; Leopold had disagreed, and Leopold had
turned out to be right. We had found something of great value.
We had found a machine that could spew forth new and awesome
recipes for death. We held in our hands the sum and essence of the
Thaiquen science—the science that had culminated in magnificent
weapons, weapons so superb they had succeeded in destroying all
life on this world. And now we had access to those weapons. Dead
by their own hand, the Thaiquens had thoughtfully left us a heritage
of death.
Grayfaced, I rose from the table and went to my cabin. I wasn't
hungry now.
"We'll be blasting off in an hour," Mattern said behind me as I left.
"Get your things in order."
I hardly heard him. I was thinking of the deadly cargo we carried, the
robot so eager to disgorge its fund of data. I was thinking what would
happen when our scientists back on Earth began learning from
Ozymandias.
The works of the Thaiquens now were ours. I thought of the poet's
lines: "Look on my works, ye mighty—and despair."
*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK OZYMANDIAS
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