Xii Study Material Chemistry

केन्द्रीय विद्यालय संगठन
बेंगलरु
ु संभाग
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA SANGATHAN

BENGALURU REGION
विषय संिर्धन कायधशाला – रसायन विज्ञान

SUBJECT ENRICHMENT WORKSHOP – CHEMISTRY
सत्र/ SESSION – 2023-24
कक्षा XII की अध्ययन सामग्री का संकलन
Chief Patron
SHRI. DHARMENDRA PATLE
Deputy Commissioner, KVS RO Bengaluru
Patron
Smt. HEMA K
Assistant Commissioner, KVS RO Bengaluru
Associate Course Director

SHRI. ANAND PRAKASH SEMWAL
Principal, Kendriya Vidyalaya BEML Nagar
Venue
PM Shri Kendriya Vidyalaya Hebbal
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA SANGATHAN
BENGALURU REGION
CHEMISTRY
CLASS- XII
2023-24
INDEX
S.No. Topic Page No.
1 Assertion-Reason questions 1
2 Case based questions 13
3 Revision worksheets 33
4 Quick revision materials 61
5 Organic Chemistry Conversions 68
6 PPT Links 69
ASSERTION-REASON QUESTIONS
CHAPTER: SOLUTIONS
Read the Assertion and Reason statements and choose the appropriate option from below:
A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
B) Both A and R are true and R is not the correct explanation of A
C) A is true but R is false
D) A is false but R is true
(D) 1. Assertion: Colligative properties depend on the nature of the solute, not its chemical identity.
Reason: Colligative properties are related to the number of solute particles in the solution.
(A) 2. Assertion: Henry's law is not applicable to solutions with high solute concentrations.
Reason: Henry's law assumes the solute concentration is low, and the solution behaves ideally.
(A) 3. Assertion: The boiling point of a solution is always higher than the boiling point of the pure
solvent.
Reason: Boiling point elevation is a colligative property, and it depends on the concentration
of solute particles in the solution.
(C) 4. Assertion: Adding more non-volatile solute to a solution will increase its osmotic pressure.
Reason: Osmotic pressure is directly proportional to the molality of the solute.
(D) 5. Assertion: Solutions with positive deviations from Raoult's law exhibit ideal behavior.
Reason: In such solutions, the interactions between the solute and solvent are weaker than
between solute-solute and solvent-solvent.
(B) 6. Assertion : Azeotropic mixtures are formed only by non-ideal solutions and they may have
boiling points either greater than both the components or less than both the components.
Reason : The composition of the vapour phase is same as that of the liquid phase of an
azeotropic mixture.
(D) 7. Assertion : When methyl alcohol is added to water, boiling point of water increases.
Reason : When a NON volatile solute is added to a volatile solvent elevation in boiling point is
observed.
(A) 8. Assertion : Molarity of a solution in liquid state changes with temperature.
Reason : The volume of a solution changes with change in temperature.
9. Assertion : If a liquid solute more volatile than the solvent is added to the solvent, the vapour
pressure of the solution may increase i.e., ps > po.
Reason : In the presence of a more volatile liquid solute, only the solute will form the vapours
and solvent will not.
10. Assertion : When a solution is separated from the pure solvent by a semi- permeable
membrane, the solvent molecules pass through it from pure solvent side to the solution side
Reason : Diffusion of solvent occurs from a region of high concentration solution to a region of
low concentration solution.
ANSWERS:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
D A A C D B D A C D
1
CHAPTER: ELECTROCHEMISTRY
a) Both assertion and reason are correct and reason is the correct explanation of the assertion
b) Both assertion and reason are correct and reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion
c) Assertion is correct but reason is incorrect
d) Assertion is wrong Reason is correct.
1 Assertion: The electrode potential of SHE is zero

Reason: In SHE HCl 1M and H2 gas at one bar pressure is taken
2 Assertion: H+ ion cannot oxidize copper
Reason: Reduction potential of Cu2+/ Cu is greater than H+/H2
3 Assertion: The reduction potential of F-/F is highest among all electrodes
Reason: Fluorine is the strongest oxidising agent
4 Assertion: Electronic conduction decreases with temperature
Reason: The flow of electrons hindered on increasing the temperature
5 Assertion: conductivity decreases with increasing dilution
Reason: No of ions increases per unit volume increases with dilution.
6 Assertion: Electrolytic conduction increases with temperature
Reason: On increasing the temperature mobility of ion increases
7 Assertion: Molar conductivity of electrolytes decreases with dilution
Reason: For weak electrolytes degree of dissociation increases with dilution.
8 Assertion: It is difficult to measure the conductivity of ionic solutions
Reason: Electrolytes conduct electricity and undergoes chemical change.
9 Assertion: Molar conductivity of strong electrolytes increases with dilution
Reason: On dilution inter ionic interaction increases.
10 Assertion: Molar conductivity of acetic acid increases sharply with dilution
Reason: Degree of dissociation of acetic acid decreases with dilution
11 Assertion: An external potential of 1.1V is passed through Daniel cell, no current flow through
it.
Reason: Standard emf of galvanic cell is 1.1 volt.
12 Assertion: Out of Li and K Potassium is the strongest reducing agent
Reason: Reduction potential of K is greater than that of Li.
13 Assertion: Electrolytic conduction of electrolytes depends on size of ions
Reason: Larger the size of ion lesser will be the mobility of ions.
14 Assertion: Limiting molar conductivity of weak electrolytes can be obtained graphically
Reason: Limiting molar conductivity of weak electrolytes increases with dilution.
15 Assertion: Electrolysis of aqueous NaCl produces Oxygen at the anode
Reason: Oxidation potential of Oxygen is lower than chlorine.
ANSWERS: 1) b 2) a 3) b 4) a 5) c 6) a 7) d 8) a 9) c 10) c 11) b 12) d 13) a 14) b 15) d
2
CHAPTER: CHEMICAL KINETICS

A 1. Assertion: Increasing the pressure of reactants can increase the rate of a reaction.
Reason:Higher pressure can increase the frequency of collisions between reactant molecules.
D 2. Assertion:A reaction with a negative ΔG will always proceed at a fast rate.
Reason:The rate of a reaction depends not only on thermodynamics (ΔG) but also on kinetics.
A 3. Assertion: In rate laws the exponents for concentration do not necessarily match the
stoichiometric coefficients.
Reason: It is the mechanism and not the balanced chemical equation for the overall change
that governs the reaction rate
D
4. Assertion: The presence of a catalyst increases the activation energy of a reaction.
Reason: Catalysts provide an alternative reaction pathway with a lower activation energy.
B 5. Assertion: The Arrhenius equation explains the temperature dependence of rate of a reaction
Reason: Plots of log k vs1/t are linear and the energy of activation is obtained from such plots.
D 6. Assertion: The order and molecularity of a reaction are always the same.
Reason: Order is determined experimentally whereas molecularity by a balanced elementary
reaction.
B 7. Assertion: Average rate and instantaneous rate of a reaction have the same unit.
Reason: Average rate becomes an instantaneous rate when the time interval is too small.
8. Assertion: Hydrolysis of methyl ethanoate is a pseudo-first-order reaction.
A
Reason: Water is present in large excess and therefore its concentration remained constant
throughout the reaction.
D 9. Assertion: Activation complex for the forward reaction will have lower energy than that for the
backward reaction in an exothermic reaction.
Reason: Reactants have greater energy than products for an exothermic reaction.
D 10. Assertion: The unit of the rate constant is independent of the order of the reaction.
Reason: The power of concentration terms in the rate equation keeps changing with change in
order.
ANSWERS:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
A D A D B D B A D D
3
CHAPTER: THE d- AND f-BLOCK ELEMENTS
I. Read the Assertion and Reason statements and choose the appropriate option from below:

1. Assertion (A) : Magnetic moment of [Fe(H2O)6]SO4 is given by √4(4+2) BM

Reason(R): In the above complex Iron ion has four unpaired electrons
2. Assertion (A) : The “spin-only” magnetic moment [in units of Bohr magneton, ] of Ni2+ in
aqueous solution would be (atomic number Ni = 28) 2.84BM
Reason(R) : The metal ion has 2 unpaired electrons.
3. Assertion(A) : Magnetic moment of Ni+2 ions can be very close to that of Ti+2 ions
Reason(R) : both metal ions have equal no. of unpaired electrons.
4. Assertion (A) : When a solution of potassium chromate is treated with an excess of dilute nitric
acid chromate undergo oxidation
Reason (R): Dichromate ions are produced in above process
5. Assertion (A) : Zn2+ is diamagnetic
Reason(R): Two electrons are lost from 4s orbital to form Zn2+
6. Assertion (A):-Ce+4 is used as an oxidising agent in volumetric analysis
Reason(R):- Ce+4 has the tendency to attain +3 oxidation state
7. Assertion (A) :- Sm3+, Dy3+ have same colour (yellow)
Reason(R):-Both ions are having same number of unpaired electrons
8. Assertion (A):-La3+,Lu3+ ions are colourless
Reason(R):-They do not contain unpaired electrons
9. Assertion (A):-The spin only magnetic moment of Sc+3 is 1.73BM
Reason(R):-: The spin only magnetic moment (in BM) of an ion is equal to
10. Assertion (A):-: Cu+ is diamagnetic
Reason(R): Ions with d10 configuration are diamagnetic
11. Assertion (A): Transition elements form alloys easily
Reason(R): Transition elements have high melting points
12. Assertion (A) : Transition elements form alloys very easily.
Reason(R): They exhibit variable oxidation states.
13. Assertion (A): Outermost electronic configuration of Pt is 5d96s1
Reason(R): Pt in its ion attains pseudo inert gas configuration
14. Assertion (A): Elements of second and third transition series have nearly same atomic radii
Reason(R): Lanthanide contraction is observed in the elements from atomic number 58 to 71
15. Assertion (A): Zn, Cd, Hg have lowest melting points in their respective periods
Reason(R): Zn, Cd and Hg have unpaired d-elections for bonding.
4
II. Read the Assertion and Reason statements and choose the appropriate option from below:
(i) Both assertion and reason are true, and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.
(ii) Both assertion and reason are true but the reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
(iii) Assertion is not true but the reason is true.
(iv) Both assertion and reason are false.
1. Assertion: Transition metals show variable valence.

Reason: Due to a large energy difference between the ns2 and (n-1)d electrons.
2. Assertion: In transition elements, the ns orbital is filled up first and (n-1)d afterwards. During
ionization, ns electrons are lost prior to (n-1)d electrons.
Reason: The effective nuclear charge felt by (n-1)d electrons is higher as compared to that by
ns electrons.
3. Assertion: It is not possible to obtain anhydrous ZnCl2 by heating ZnCI2.2H2O.
Reason: ZnCI2.2H2O. undergoes hydrolysis to produce Zn(OH)2 and HCI.
4. Assertion: The aqueous solution of FeCI3 is basic in nature
Reason: FeCI3 hydrolyses in water.
5. Assertion: The addition of ammonium chloride to a solution containing ferric and magnesium
ions is essential for selective precipitation of ferric hydroxide by aqueous ammonia.
Reason: The function of ammonium chloride is to suppress the Ionization of NH 4OH and thus
check the precipitation of Mg(OH)2.
6. Assertion: Fe2+ is paramagnetic.
Reason: Fe2+ contains four unpaired electrons
7. Assertion: Promethium is a man-made element.
Reason: It is radioactive and has been prepared by artificial means
8. Assertion: Actinoids form relatively less stable complexes as compared to lanthanoids.
Reason: Actinoids can utilise their 5f orbitals along with 6d orbitals in bonding but lanthanoids
do not use their 4f orbital for bonding.
9. Assertion: There is a continuous decrease in the size of lanthanoids.
Reason: Lanthanoids shows lanthanoid contraction.
10. Assertion: Cu2+ iodide is not known.
Reason: Cu2+ oxidises I– to iodine.
ANSWERS:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
iv i i iii i i i iii i i
5
CHAPTER: COORDINATION COMPOUNDS
(a) Assertion and reason are true, and reason is correct explanation of assertion.
(b) Assertion and reason both are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
(c) Assertion is true, reason is false.
(d) Assertion is false, reason is true.
1. Assertion: Linkage isomerism arises in coordination compounds containing ambidentate ligand.

Reason: Ambidentate ligand has two different donor atoms.
Assertion and reason both are true, reason is correct explanation of assertion.
Linkage Isomerism Linkage isomerism arises in a coordination compound containing
ambidentate ligand. It arises due to difference in mode of attachment of ligand to central metal
atom/ion.
2. Assertion: [Fe (CN)6]3- ion shows magnetic moment corresponding to two unpaired electrons.
Reason: It has d2sp3 type hybridization.
Assertion is false, reason is true.
Fe contains ONE unpaired electron
3. Assertion: [Fe(CN)6]3– is weakly paramagnetic while [Fe(CN)6]4– is diamagnetic.
Reason: [Fe(CN)6]3– has +3 oxidation state while [Fe(CN)6]4– has +2 oxidation state.
Assertion and reason both are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
Fe has 1 unpaired electron in [Fe(CN)6]3–, whereas NO unpaired electron in [Fe(CN)6]4–. Both
undergo d2sp3 hybridisation.
4. Assertion: [Cr(H2O)6]Cl2 and [Fe(H2O)6]Cl2 are reducing in nature.

Reason: Unpaired electrons are present in their d-orbitals.
Assertion and reason both are true but reason is not the correct explanation
of assertion.
Reducing nature refers to the tendency of the metal to reduce another atom. The unpaired
electrons get paired up by reduction thus gaining electrons. The electron get ionised easily to from a
more stable half-filled or fully filled electronic configuration.
Cr2+ → Cr3+ (t2g3) Fe2+ → Fe3+ (d5)
5. Assertion : The (crystal field stabilization energy (CFSE) for octahedral [CoCl6]4– is
18,000 cm–1 whereas CFSE for tetrahedral [CoCl4]2– will be 8,000 cm–1
4
Reason : CFSE of tetrahedral field is (9) of octahedral field.
Assertion and reason both are true a n d reason is the correct explanation of
assertion.
6
6. Assertion: If the ligands are removed from coordination compounds, the colour of the
complex becomes colourless.
Reason: On removing the ligands, the d - d transitions are not possible as the d – orbitals
become degenerate.
Both Assertion and reason are true and reason is correct explanation of assertion.
In presence of ligands, splitting of d-orbitals into two sets are possible and hence d-d
transition occurs.
7. Assertion: 1 mol of [CrCl2(H2O)4]Cl give 1mol of AgCl on treating with AgNO3.

Reason: Cl- ions satisfying secondary valancies will not be precipitated.
Secondary valencies are kept inside the square bracket and are non-ionisable
8. Assertion: CoCl3·3NH3 is not conducting while CoCl3·5NH3 is conducting in nature.

Reason: The complex of CoCl3·3NH3 is [CoCl3(NH3)3] which are non-ionisable while that of
CoCl3·5NH3 is [CoCl(NH3)5]Cl2 which are ionisable.
Only primary valencies which are kept outside the square bracket are ionisable
9. Assertion: Tetracyanonickelate (II) ion is a tetrahedral complex.
Reason : Cyano ligand is a strong ligand.
Assertion is false, reason is true.

In Tetracyanonickelate (II) ion, Ni(II) undergo dsp2 hybridisation an have square planar
geometry
10. Assertion : According to crystal field theory, during complex formation, the d - orbitals
split and form two sets of orbitals t2g & eg
Reason: Splitting of d - orbitals occurs only in case of strong field ligands.
Assertion is true, reason is false.

Splitting of orbitals takes place for both weak and strong field ligands. It happens because of electron
repulsion due to the approach of ligands to metal.
11. Assertion: Potassiumferrocyanide is diamagnetic whereas Potassium ferricyanide

is paramagnetic
Reason: Crystal field splitting in ferrocyanide ion is greater than that of ferricyanide ion.
Assertion is true but Reason is false

K4[Fe(CN)6] and K3[Fe(CN)6] both are low spin complex due to strong ligand field but due to
presence of 1 unpaired electron ion in K3[Fe(CN)6], it is paramagnetic. Crystal field splitting in
ferrocyanide is less than ferricyanide ion because higher the oxidation state of metal, greater
the crystal field splitting. Hence, the reason is false.
12. Assertion: [Fe(CN)6]3- ion shows magnetic moment corresponding to two unpaired electrons.
7
Reason: Because it has d2sp3 type hybridisation.
Assertion and reason both are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
The assertion [Fe(CN)6]3- ion shows magnetic moment corresponding to two unpaired electrons is
false as it contains only one unpaired electron only (Fe3+). d2sp3 hybridisation , which cannot be
regarded as ay true reason for its weak paramagnetic behaviour.
13. Assertion: [Ti(H2O)6]3+ is coloured while [Sc(H2O)]3+ is colourless.
Reason: d-d transition is not possible in [Sc(H2O)]3+.
Assertion and reason are true, and reason is correct explanation of assertion.
Due to the presence of one electron in 3d subshell in (Ti(H2O)6)3+ complex d-d transition takes
place by the absorption of visible light. Hence, the complex appeared to be coloured . On the
otherhand, [Sc(H2O)6]3+ does not possess any unpaired electron. Hence, d-d transition is not
possible.
14. Assertion : Complexes of MX6 and MX5L type (X and L are unidentate) do not show geometrical
isomerism.
Reason : Geometrical isomerism is not shown by complexes of coordination number 6.
Assertion is correct but reason is not the correct
In Complexes of coordination number 6, If the ligands present in complexes are Bidentate. Then
they will show geometrical isomerism. So, reason is incorrect.
15. Assertion: The complex [Co(NH3)4Cl2]Cl gives precipitate corresponding to 1 mol of

AgCl with AgNO3 solution.
Reason: It ionises as [Co(NH3)4Cl2]+ + Cl-
Assertion and reason are true, and reason is correct explanation of assertion.
16. Assertion(A) : [Ni(CO)4] has square planar geometry while [Ni(CN)4] 4- has tetrahedral
geometry
Reason(R): Geometry of any complex depends upon the nature of ligands attached.
Assertion(A) is false, Reason is true.
[Ni(CN)4]2− is square planar because CN- is a strong field ligand. In the presence of this ligand,
electrons pair up in 3d orbitals and it is undergoing dsp2 hybridization. So it is in square planar
geometry while [Ni(CO)4] undergoes sp3 hybridization and so it has a tetrahedral geometry.
17. Assertion(A) : [FeF6]3- is a low spin complex.
Reason(R): Low spin complexes have lesser number of unpaired electrons
Assertion(A) is false, Reason is true.
[FeF6]3- is a high spin complex due to Fe3+ has 5 unpaired electrons.
18. Assertion(A) : Low spin tetrahedral complexes are not formed.
Reason(R): For tetrahedral complexes, CFSE is lower than pairing energy.
Assertion(A) and Reason both are true, Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
19. Assertion(A) : [Co(NH3)Br]SO4 gives white precipitate with barium chloride.
Reason(R): The complex dissociates in the solution to give Br– and SO42- .
Assertion(A) is true, Reason is false.
8
CHAPTER: ALCOHOLS, PHENOLS AND ETHERS
In the following questions a statement of assertion followed by a statement of reason is given.
Choose the correct answer out of the following choices.
(i) Assertion and reason both are correct and reason is correct explanation of assertion.
(ii) Assertion and reason both are wrong statements.
(iii) Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement.
(iv) Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement.
(v) Both assertion and reason are correct statements but reason is not correct explanation of
assertion.
Q.1 Assertion: Alcohols and Phenols are soluble in water.

Reason: Alcohols and Phenols are able to form hydrogen bonds with water.
Q.2 Assertion: Alcohols react both as nucleophiles and electrophiles.
Reason: The bond between O–H is broken when alcohols react as electrophiles and the bond
between C–O is broken when they react as nucleophiles.
Q.3 Assertion: Phenols react with aqueous sodium hydroxide to form sodium phenoxides.
Reason: Phenols are Bronsted acids so they can donate a proton to a stronger base.
Q.4 Assertion: t-Butyl alcohol is stronger acid than n- butyl alcohol.
Reason: Methyl group increases electron density on oxygen tending to decrease the polarity of
O-H bond.
Q.5 Assertion: pKa of o-nitrophenol is 7.2 while that of o-cresol is 10.2.
Reason: The hydroxyl group, in phenol is directly attached to the sp2 hybridised carbon of
benzene ring which acts as an electron withdrawing group.
Q.6 Assertion: Acetylation of salicylic acid produces aspirin.
Reason: Aspirin possesses analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties.
Q.7 Assertion: Tertiary alcohols produce turbidity immediately with Lucas reagent.
Reason: Tertiary alcohols form the halides easily which are immiscible with Lucas reagent and
produce turbidity in solution
Q.8 Assertion: Alcohols undergo dehydration to form alkenes on treating with a protic acid
Reason: The relative ease of dehydration of alcohols follows the order:30 > 20 > 10
Q.9 Assertion: o-nitrophenol and p-nitrophenol isomers cannot be separated by steam distillation.
Reason: p-Nitrophenol is steam volatile due to intramolecular hydrogen bonding while
o-nitrophenol is less volatile due to intermolecular hydrogen bonding which causes the
association of molecules.
Q.10 Assertion: Bromination of phenol requires presence of Lewis acid such as FeBr 3.
Reason: –OH group attached to the benzene ring has highly activating effect.
ANSWERS :
Q.1 Q.2 Q.3 Q.4 Q.5 Q.6 Q.7 Q.8 Q.9 Q.10
i iii i iv v v i v ii iv
9
CHAPTER: ALDEHYDES, KETONES AND CARBOXYLIC ACIDS
In the following questions, a statement of assertion followed by statement of a reason is given.
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A

(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false but R is true.
1. Assertion (A): Acetone and Acetaldehyde are functional isomers .

Reason (R): Both give iodoform test .
2. Assertion (A): Benzaldehyde undergoes Aldol condensation.
Reason (R): It does not have α- hydrogen .
3. Assertion (A): All aldehydes turn Schiff’s reagent pink.
Reason (R): Ketones do not react with Schiff’s reagent
4. Assertion (A): Formic acid answers Tollen’s test.
Reason (R): Formic acid reduces Tollen’s reagent.
5. Assertion (A): Acetaldehyde cyanohydrin is optically active.
Reason (R): It has chiral carbon atom.
6. Assertion (A): Propanone is more reactive towards nucleophilic addition as compared to
Propanal.
Reason (R): Propanone gives 2,4-DNP test.
7. Assertion (A): Benzaldehyde is less reactive than Ethanal towards nucleophilic addition
reactions.
Reason (R): Ethanal is more sterically hindered.
8. Assertion (A): The boiling points of aldehydes and ketones are higher than hydrocarbons of
comparable molar masses.
Reason (R): The boiling points of aldehydes and ketones are lower than the alcohols of similar
molar masses.
9. Assertion (A): All aldehydes do not take part in aldol condensation .
Reason (R): In aldol condensation, carbanion is generated by abstraction of α- H atom by the
base.
10. Assertion (A): Acetophenone and Benzaldehyde can be distinguished by Iodoform test.
Reason (R): Acetophenone answers Iodoform test , Benzaldehyde does not .
ANSWERS
1. (d ) 2. ( d) 3. ( b) 4. ( a ) 5. ( a ) 6. ( d ) 7. ( c ) 8. ( b ) 9. ( b ) 10. ( a)
10
CHAPTER: AMINES
Select the most appropriate answer from the options given below:
(A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
(B) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(C) A is true but R is false.
(D) A is false but R is true.
1. Assertion: Nitration of aniline can be conveniently done by protecting the amino group by
acetylation.
Reason: Acetylation increases the electron-density in the benzene ring.
2. Assertion: Aromatic 1°amines cannot be prepared by Gabriel phthalimide synthesis.
Reason: Aryl halides undergo nucleophilic substitution with anion formed by phthalimide.
3. Assertion: Acetanilide is less basic than aniline.

Reason: Acetylation of aniline results in decrease of electron density on nitrogen.
4. Assertion: Only a small amount of HCl is required in the reduction of nitro compounds with
iron scrap and HCl in the presence of steam.
Reason : FeCl2 formed gets hydrolysed to release HCl during the reaction.
5. Assertion: Aniline does not undergo Friedel-Crafts reaction.
Reason: –NH2 group of aniline reacts with AlCl3 (Lewis acid) to give acid-base reaction.
6. Assertion: Amines have a higher boiling point than the corresponding alcohols
Reason: Alcohols possesses intermolecular H-bonding.
7. Assertion: Nitration of aniline at a low temperature gives 47% m-nitroaniline.
Reason: In acidic medium, NH2 group is converted into –NH3+ group which is m-directing.
8. Assertion: Secondary amines have higher boiling points than their respective tertiary isomers.
Reason: H-bonding is present in tertiary amines.
9. Assertion: Ammonolysis can be used to prepare pure primary amines.
Reason: Ammonolysis of haloalkanes lead to multiple ammonium salts.
10. Assertion: In Hoffmann bromamide reaction, the amine formed has one carbon less
than the parent 10 amides.
Reason: N−methyl acetamide undergoes Hoffmann bromamide reaction.
11. Assertion: Primary aliphatic amines react with HNO 2 to give unstable diazonium salts.
Reason: Primary aromatic amines react with HNO2 to form diazonium salts which are stable
even above 300 K.
ANSWERS:
1. C 2. C 3. A 4. A 5. A 6. D 7. A 8. C 9. D 10. B 11. C
11
CHAPTER: BIOMOLECULES

(a) Assertion (A) and Reason (R) both are correct statements, and Reason (R) is correct
explanation for Assertion (A)
(b) Assertion (A) and Reason (R) both are correct statements but Reason (R) is not correct
explanation for Assertion (A)
(c) Assertion (A) is correct statement, but Reason (R) is wrong statement
(d) Assertion (A) is wrong statement, but Reason (R) is correct statement
Sl.
Question
No.
1. Assertion (A) : D (+) – Glucose is dextrorotatory in nature.
Reason (R) : ‘D’ represents its dextrorotatory nature.
2. Assertion (A): α- amino acids exist as dipolar ions or zwitter ions
Reason (R): α- amino acids are the building blocks of protein
3. Assertion (A): Vitamin D can be stored in our body
Reason (R): Vitamin D is a fat soluble vitamin
4. Assertion (A): All naturally occurring α-amino acids are optically active.
Reason (R): Most naturally occurring amino acids have L-configuration
5. Assertion (A): Glucose doesn’t answer Schiff’s test
Reason (R): Aldehyde group in glucose is not free and involved in hemiacetal formation
6. Assertion (A): Non-essential amino acids are not necessary for protien synthesis
Reason (R): Non-essential amino acids are produced in human body
7. Assertion (A): A solution of sucrose in water is dextrorotary but on hydrolysis in
presence of little hydrochloric acid, it becomes levorotatory
Reason (R): Sucrose on hydrolysis gives equimolar mixture of dextrorotary
glucose (+52.5𝑜 ) and levorotatory fructose (−92.4𝑜 ).
8. Assertion (A): Glucose is a reducing sugar
Reason (R): All monosaccharides whether aldose or ketose are reducing sugars
9. Assertion (A): Vitamin C must be supplied regularly in diet
Reason (R): Vitamin C is water soluble and readily excreted in urine
10. Assertion (A): Polysaccharides are called non-sugars
Reason (R): Polysaccharides on hydrolysis yield large number of monosaccharide units
ANSWERS
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
c b a d a d a b a b
12
CLASS XII- CHEMISTRY
CASE BASED QUESTIONS
CHAPTER: SOLUTIONS
1. Read the passage carefully and answer the questions that follow:
The Van't Hoff factor, named after the Dutch chemist Jacobus Henricus Van't Hoff, is a crucial parameter
in colligative properties of solutions. In the context of class 12 chemistry, it is particularly relevant to
understand the behavior of solute particles in a solution, especially when dealing with ionic
compounds.
The Van't Hoff factor (i) is defined as the ratio of the moles of particles produced in a solution
to the moles of solute dissolved. For non-ionic solutes, such as glucose, the Van't Hoff factor is typically
1, as one mole of solute yields one mole of particles. However, for ionic compounds that dissociate in
solution, the Van't Hoff factor is greater than 1.
In this case, one mole of NaCl dissociates into two moles of ions. Therefore, the Van't Hoff factor
for NaCl is 2. This factor becomes crucial in colligative properties calculations, such as osmotic pressure
and freezing point depression.
Road salt lowers the freezing point of water via a process called freezing point depression. The freezing point
of the water is lowered once the salt is added, so it the salt makes it more difficult for water to freeze.
a) When roads are salted in winter, sodium chloride is commonly used. Discuss how the Van't Hoff
factor contributes to the effectiveness of salt in preventing the freezing of road ice.
b) In a 0.1 M solution of acetic acid (CH3COOH), the Van't Hoff factor is less than 1. Explain why this is
the case.
c)The value of van't Hoff factor for 0.1M Ba(NO3)2 solution is 2.74. Calculate its degree of dissociation.
OR
c) Determine the amount of CaCl2 (i = 2.47) dissolved in 2.5 litre of water such that its osmotic
pressure is 0.75 atm at 27°C. T = (27+273) K = 300K
Henna is investigating the melting point of different salt solutions. She makes a salt solution using 10
mL of water with a known mass of NaCl salt. She puts the salt solution into a freezer and leaves it to
freeze. She takes the frozen salt solution out of the freezer and measures the temperature when the
frozen salt solution melts. She repeats each experiment.
a. One temperature in the second set of results does not fit the pattern. Which temperature is that?
Justify your answer. 3rd reading for 0.5 g there has to be an increase in depression of freezing point and therefore decrease in freezing
point so also decrease in melting point when amount of salt is increased but the trend is not followed on this case
b. Why did Henna collect two sets of results? two sets of reading help to avoid error in data collection and give more objective data.
13
c. In place of NaCl, if Henna had used glucose, what would have been the melting point of the
solution with 0.6 g glucose in it?
OR
What is the predicted melting point if 1.2 g of salt is added to 10 mL of water? Justify your answer.
0.3 g depression is 1.9 oC
CHAPTER: ELECTROCHEMISTRY 0.6 g depression is 3.8 oC
1.2 g depression will be 3.8 x2 = 7.6 oC
1 Read the given passage and answer the questions 1 to 5 that follow:
"Car battery is the most important type of secondary cell having a lead anode and a grid of Lead
packed with PbO2 as cathode. It is also called lead storage battery. It contains 40% solution of
sulphuric acid (Density = 1.294 gmL-1 ) as electrolyte. The battery holds 3.5 L of the acid. During the
discharge of the battery, the density of H2SO4 falls to 1.139 gmL-1 (20% H2SO4 by mass)"
1. Write the reaction taking place at the cathode when the battery is in use.
2. How much electricity in terms of Faraday is required to carry out the reduction of one mole of
PbO2
3. What is the molarity of sulphuric acid before discharge?
4. Why is lead storage battery considered a secondary cell?
5. Write the products of electrolysis when dilute sulphuric acid is electrolysed using platinum
electrodes.
Answers
1. Cathode reaction is PbO₂ + SO2 + 4H+ + 2e- → 2PbSO4 + 2H₂O
2. 2F
3. Molarity = (% ×10 ×d) ÷ (Molarity of H2SO4) = (40 x 10 x 1.294) ÷ 98 = 5.28 mol L-1
4. It can be recharged again and again.
5. H2 at cathode and O2 at anode.
2 Read the passage given below and answer the following questions:
The potential difference between the two electrodes of a galvanic cell is called the cell potential and
is measured in volts. The cell potential is the difference between the electrode potentials (reduction
potentials) of the cathode and anode. It is called the cell electromotive force (emf) of the cell when
no current is drawn through the cell. It is now an accepted convention that we keep the anode on
the left and the cathode on the right while representing the galvanic cell. A galvanic cell is generally
represented by putting a vertical line between metal and electrolyte solution and putting a double
vertical line between the two electrolytes connected by a salt bridge. In a galvanic cell, the following
cell reaction occurs: Zn(s) + 2Ag+ (aq) → Zn2+(aq) + 2Ag(s) E ° cell = +1.56 V
(i) What is the direction of the flow of electrons?

(a) First from silver to zinc, then the direction reverses (b) Silver to zinc
(c) First from zinc to silver, then the direction reverses (d) Zinc to silver
(ii) How will concentration of Zn2+ ions and Ag+ ions be affected when the cell functions?
(a) Concentration of both Zn and Ag+ ions increase
(b) Concentration of Zn2+increases and Ag+ ions decrease
(c) Concentration of Zn2+ decreases and Ag+ ions increase
(d) Concentration of both Zn2+ and Ag+ ions decrease
14
(iii) Name the cell which is generally used in inverters?
(a) Mercury cell (b) Leclanche cell (c) Lead storage battery (d) Lithium-ion battery
(iv) Which cell used in hearing aids?
(a) Mercury cell (b) Leclanche cell (c) Dry cell (d) Nickel Cadmium cell
(v) The standard electrode potential for Daniell cell is 1.1V. Calculate the standard Gibbs energy
for the reaction: Zn(s) + Cu2+ (aq) → Zn2+ (aq) + Cu(s).
(a) 215.36 kJ mol-1 (b) -212. 27 kJ mol-1 (c) 210.56 kJ mol-1 (d) -218 kJ mol-1
Answers (i) d (ii) b (iii) c (iv) a (v) b

3 Read the passage given below and answer the following questions 1-4 .
The standard electrode potentials are very important and we can extract a lot of useful information
from them. If the standard electrode potential of an electrode is greater than zero then its reduced
form is more stable compared to hydrogen gas. Similarly, if the standard electrode potential is
negative then hydrogen gas is more stable than the reduced form of the species. It can be seen that
the standard electrode potential for fluorine is the highest in the Table indicating that fluorine gas
(F2) has the maximum tendency to get reduced to fluoride (F-) and therefore fluorine gas is the
strongest oxidizing agent and fluoride ion is the weaker reducing agent. Lithium has the lowest
electrode potential indicating that lithium metal is the most powerful reducing agent in an aqueous
solution.
1. A negative E0 means that

(A) the redox couple is a stronger reducing agent.
(B) the redox couple is a stronger oxidizing agent.
(C) the redox couple is a weak reducing agent.
(D) the reaction is spontaneous in the forward direction.
2. Standard Electrode Potential is _________
(A) the reduction potential of a molecule under specific and standard conditions.
(B) extensive property.
(C) measured by calorimeter.
(D) oxidation potential.
3. The standard hydrogen electrode can be represented as
(A) Pt (s) / Pt+2 (aq) / H2 (g) / H+ (aq.)
(B) Pt (s) / H2 (g, 1 bar) / H+ (aq, 1M)
(C) Pt (s) / H2 (g, 2 bar) / H+ (aq, 1M)
(D) Pt (s) / H2 (g, 4 bar) / H+ (aq, 2M)
4. E0 Mg +2/Mg = -2.36 V, E0 Ag + /Ag = 0.80 V. The E0 cell is _______
2.36 + 0.80 = 3.16
(A) -3.16 V
(B) -1.56 V
(C) 2.3 V
(D) 3.16
ANSWERS:1. a, 2. A, 3. B, 4. D
4 Read the passage given below and answer the following questions 1-4.
A Galvanic cell is made up of two electrodes anode and cathode, i.e., two half cells. One of these
electrodes must have a higher electrode potential (higher tendency to lose electrons) than the other
electrode. As a result of this potential difference, the electrons flow from an electrode at a higher
15
potential to the electrode at a lower potential. There is a difference between electromotive force
and potential difference.
1. In a Galvanic cell, the potential difference and emf are respectively measured by
(A) Ammeter and calorimeter (B) Ammeter and Voltmeter
(C) Voltmeter and potentiometer (D)Potentiometer and Voltmeter
2. In a galvanic cell
(A) the flow of electron is from anode (negative zinc electrode) towards cathode (positive copper
electrode)
(B) the flow of electron is from cathode (positive copper electrode) towards anode (negative zinc
electrode)
(C) the electric current flows from anode to cathode.
(D)the electrons are transferred from the oxidizing agent to the reducing agent.
3. In a Galvanic cell
(A)According to IUPAC convention, electrode potentials are expressed as standard oxidation
potential.
(B) standard electrode potential can be measured experimentally.
(C) Oxidation potential is the tendency to release electrons.
(D) the electrode potential values represent the standard reduction potential &standard oxidation
potential will have the same values but with opposite sign
4. Which of the following is not true about the electrode potential?
(A) Electrode potential depends on the nature of the metal.
(B) Electrode potential is an extensive property.
(C) Electrode potential depends on the concentration of the ions in solution.
(D) Electrode potential depends on the temperature.
ANSWERS: 1. C, 2. A, 3. D, 4. B
5 Read the passage given below and answer the following questions nos. 1 to 5:
Kohlrausch law of independent migration of ions states that limiting molar conductivity of an
electrolyte can be represented as the sum of the individual contributions of the anion and cation of
the electrolyte.
1)Assertion: At infinite dilution ions contribute independently towards value of molar conductivity
of an electrolyte.
Reason: At infinite dilution the interionic attractions become non -existent and the ions can move
freely.
(A) Both Assertion and reason are true and reason is correct explanation of assertion.
(B) Assertion and reason both are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
(C) Assertion is true, reason is false.
(D) Assertion is false, reason is true.
2)Assertion: Limiting molar conductivity of weak electrolytes, like water, can be found by using
Kohlrausch’s law.
Reason: Kohlrausch’s law is applicable to electrolytic solutions at infinite dilution.
16
3) Which of the following solutions has the least value of molar conductivity?
(a) 0.01M Na2SO4 solution. (b) 0.01M HCl solution
(c) 0.01M CH3COOH solution (d)0.01M NaCl solution
4) Assertion: The conductivity of an electrolyte cannot be measured accurately at infinite dilution.
Reason: At infinite dilution the concentration of ions in solution is very low.
5) The value of limiting molar conductivities of Ba(OH)2 , BaCl2 and NH4Cl are 523.28, 280.0 and
129.8 S cm-1mol-1 respectively. The value of limiting molar conductivity of NH4OH will be
(A) 502.88 (B) 373.68 (C) 251.44 (D) 226.96
1. A, 2. A, 3. C, 4. A, 5. C
CHAPTER: CHEMICAL KINETICS
1. The data for the reaction, A+B → C, was observed to find the order of the reaction,
a) Write unit of k for the following reaction.

b) calculate k for the following reaction.
c) write rate law for the following reaction
Or
c) Distinguish between order and molecularity.
The Arrhenius equation, developed by Swedish chemist Svante Arrhenius, is a fundamental equation in
chemical kinetics that relates the rate constant (k) of a reaction to temperature (T) and the activation
energy (Ea). The equation is given by:
k = A e−Ea/RT
Here, A is the pre-exponential factor or frequency factor, Ea is the activation energy, R is the ideal gas
constant, and T is the absolute temperature.
The Arrhenius equation helps explain the temperature dependence of reaction rates. As temperature
increases, the exponential term e−Ea/RT becomes smaller, leading to a higher rate constant and,
17
consequently, a faster reaction. Conversely, lower temperatures result in a decrease in the rate constant
and a slower reaction.
In summary, the Arrhenius equation provides valuable insights into the relationship between
temperature and reaction rates, aiding in the understanding and prediction of chemical reactions under
different temperature conditions.
a) Calculate the activation energy for a reaction if the rate constant is known at two different
temperatures.
b) Define Ea.
c) Calculate the activation energy of a reaction if the slope of its ln k vs 1/T plot is -3166 K.
Or
c) The activation energy for the reaction 2 HI(g) → H2 + I2 (g) is 209.5 kJ mol–1 at 581K. Calculate the
fraction of molecules of reactants having energy equal to or greater than activation energy?
CHAPTER: THE d- AND f-BLOCK ELEMENTS
1. Read the passage carefully and answer the following questions.
1.Standard reduction electrode potential of Zn2+/Zn is – 0.76 V. This means

(a) ZnO cannot be reduced to Zn by H2 under standard conditions
(b) Zn cannot liberate H2 with concentrated acids
(c) Zn is generally the anode in an electrochemical cell
(d) Zn is generally the cathode in an electrochemical cell.
2. E° values for the couples Cr3+/Cr2+ and Mn3+/Mn2+ are –0.41 and +1.51 volts respectively. These
values suggest that
(a) Cr2+ acts as a reducing agent whereas Mn3+ acts as an oxidizing agent
(b) Cr2+ is more stable than Cr3+ state
(c) Mn3+ is more stable than Mn2+
(d) Cr2+ acts as an oxidizing agent whereas Mn3+ acts as a reducing agent.
3. The reduction potential values of M, N and O are +2.46, –1.13 and –3.13 V respectively. Which of
the following order is correct regarding their reducing property?
(a) O > N > M (b) O > M > N (c) M > N > O (d) M > O > N
4. Which of the following statements are true?
(i) Mn2+ compounds are more stable than Fe2+ towards oxidation to +3 state.
(ii) Titanium and copper both in the first series of transition metals exhibits +1 oxidation state most
frequently.
(iii) Cu+ ion is stable in aqueous solutions.
(iv) The E° value for the Mn3+/Mn2+ couple is much more positive than that for Cr3+/Cr2+ or Fe3+/Fe2+.
18
(a) (ii) and (iii) (b) (i) and (iv) (c) (i) and (iii) (d) (ii) and (iv)
OR
The stability of Cu2+(aq) rather than Cu+(aq) is due to
(a) more negative Δhyd H° of Cu2+ (aq) (b) less negative Δhyd H° of Cu2+ (aq)
(c) more positive Δhyd H° of Cu2+ (aq) (d) less positive Δhyd H° of Cu2+ (aq)
The following questions are multiple choice questions. Choose the most appropriate answer:
1. The atomic numbers of three lanthanide elements X, Y and Z are 65, 68 and 70 respectively, their
Ln3+ electronic configuration is
(a) 4f 8, 4f 11, 4f 13 (b) 4f 11, 4f 8, 4f 13 (c) 4f 0, 4f 2, 4f 11 (d) 4f 3, 4f 7, 4f 9
2. Lanthanide contraction is observed in
(a) Gd (b) At (c) Xe (d) Te
3. Which of the following is not the configuration of lanthanoid?
(a) [Xe]4f 106s2 (b) [Xe]4f 15d16s2
(c) [Xe]4d145d106s2 (d) [Xe]4f 75d16s2
OR
Name a member of the lanthanoid series which is well known to exhibit +4 oxidation state.
(a) Cerium (Z = 58) (b) Europium (Z = 63)
(c) Lanthanum (Z = 57) (d) Gadolinium (Z = 64)
4. Identify the incorrect statement among the following.
(a) Lanthanoid contraction is the accumulation of successive shrinkages.
(b) The different radii of Zr and Hf due to consequence of the lanthanoid contraction.
(c) Shielding power of 4f electrons is quite weak.
(d) There is a decrease in the radii of the atoms or ions as one proceeds from La to Lu.
19
The following questions are multiple choice questions. Choose the most appropriate answer :
1. Which oxide of vanadium is most likely to be basic and ionic ?
(a) VO (b) V2O3 (c) VO2 (d) V2O5
2. Vanadyl ion is
(a) VO2+ (b) VO2+ (c) V2O+ (d) VO43–
OR
Which of the following statements is false?
(a) With fluorine vanadium can form VF5.
(b) With chlorine vanadium can form VCl5.
(c) Vanadium exhibits highest oxidation state in oxohalides VOCl3, VOBr3 and fluoride VF5.
(d) With iodine vanadium cannot form VI5 due to oxidising power of V5+ and reducing nature of I– (b)
3. The oxidation state of vanadium in V2O5 is
(a) +5/2 (b) +7 (c) +5 (d) +6
4. Identify the oxidising agent in the following reaction. V2O5 + 5Ca→ 2V + 5CaO
(a) V2O5 (b) Ca (c) V (d) None of these
ANSWERS
1. (1-a, 2-a, 3-a, 4-b or 4-a)
2. ( 1-a, 2-a, 3-c or 3-a , 4-b )
3. (1-a, 2-a or 2-b, 3-c, 4-a)
CHAPTER: COORDINATION COMPOUNDS
Complex compounds play an important role in our daily life. These compounds contain central metal
and ligands. Ligands can be negatively charged or neutral molecules. Ligands can be differentiated on
the basis that it has how many donar sites which is simple called as denticity. It can be monodentate,
didentate, polydentate, ambidentate ligands. Polydentate ligands are more stable than monodentate
ligands. Complex compounds find extensive use in our daily life. EDTAis used to treat lead poisoning.
Cis-platin is an anticancer agent. Complex compounds are named according to IUPAC system.
Answer the following questions on the basis of this passage:-

(a) What is the oxidation state of Cu in [Cu(NH3)4]Cl2?
(b) One mole of CoCl3.4NH3 gives 1 mole of AgCl when treated with excess of AgNO3. Write formula
and IUPAC name of resulting compound?
(c) What is the magnetic property and shape of [Co(NH3)6]3+?
Answers:
(a) +2
(b) [CoCl2(NH3)4]Cl & Tetraamminedichloridocobalt(III)chloride
(c) Diamagnetic, octahedral
2. Transition metals form complex compounds. Chlorophyll, haemoglobin and vitamin B12
are coordination compounds of Mg, Fe and Co respectively. Stability of complex depends on strength
of ligand. Chelating ligands make the complex more stable. Counter ions are present outside the
coordination sphere which is ionisable but the species inside the coordination sphere is non-
20
ionisable. Complex compounds also find applications in electroplating, textile dyeing and medicinal
chemistry.
(a) What is the coordination number of Fe in [Fe(C2O4)3]3-?

(b) What is chelate effect?
(c) A complex compound can be used for estimating the hardness of water. Name the ligand which
is present in this complex and what is the denticity of this ligand?
Answers:
(a) 6
(b) The stabilisation due to chelation by bidentate and polydentate ligands is called chealting
ligands.
(c) EDTA denticity- hexadentate
3. The colour in the coordination compounds can be readily explained in terms of the crystal
field theory. Consider, for example, the complex [Ti(H2O)6]3+, which is violet in colour. This is
an octahedral complex where the single electron (Ti 3+ is a 3d1 system) in the metal d orbital
is in the t2g level in the ground state of the complex. The next higher state available for the electron is
the empty eg level. If light corresponding to the energy of blue-green region is absorbed
by the complex, it would excite the electron from t2g level to the eg level (t2g1 eg0 →
t2g0eg1 ). Consequently, the complex appears violet in colour . The crystal field theory attributes
the colour of the coordination compounds to d-d transition of the electron.
1. The compound which is not coloured is

(a) K4[Fe(CN)6 ] (b) K3[Fe(CN)6 ] (c) Na2[CdCl4] (d) Na2 [CuCl4]
2. [Sc(H2O)6]3+ ion is :
(a) colourless and diamagnetic (b) coloured and octahedral
(c) colourless and paramagnetic (d) coloured and paramagnetic
3. The colour of the coordination compounds depends on the crystal field splitting. What will be the
correct order of absorption of wavelength of light in the visible region, for the complexes, [Co(NH3)6
]3+ ,[Co(CN)6 ]3- ,[Co(H2O)6 ]3+
(a) [Co(NH3)6 ]3+ > [Co(CN)6 ]3- > [Co(H2O)6 ]3+
(b) [Co(NH3 )6 ]3+ > [Co(H2O)6 ]3+> [Co(CN)6 ]3-
(c) [Co(H2O)6 ]3+ > [Co(NH3 )6 ]3+ > [Co(CN)6 ]3-
(d) [Co(CN)6 ]3- >[Co(NH3)6 ]3+> [Co(H2 O)6 ]3+
Answers:
1.a
2.d
3.c (The order of ligand field strength is CN- > NH3 > H2O. Stronger the ligand, greater is the crystal
field splitting, greater is the energy absorbed and smaller is the wavelength absorbed.)
4. Both double salts as well as complexes are formed by the combination of two or more
stable compounds in stoichiometric ratio. However, they differ in the fact that double salts such
as carnallite, KCl.MgCl2.6H2O, Mohr’s salt, FeSO4.(NH4)2SO4.6H2O, potash
alum, KAl(SO4)2.12H2O, etc. dissociate into simple ions completely when dissolved in
21
water. However, complex ions such as [Fe(CN)6]4– of K4Fe(CN)6, do not dissociate into Fe2+
and CN– ions.
1. The number of ions formed on dissolving one molecule of FeSO4.(NH4)2SO4.6H2O in water is:
a) 4 b) 5 c) 3 d) 6 [B]
2. The solution of K4[Fe(CN)6] in water will
a) give a test K+ b) give a test Fe2+ [A]
c) give a test of CN– d) None of the above.
5.. In 1893, Werner was the first to propose correct structures for coordination compounds containing
complex ions, in which a central transition metal atom is surrounded by neutral or anionic ligands. The
first systematic attempt at explaining the formation, reactions, structure and bonding of a coordination
compound was made by A. Werner. His theory postulated the use of two types of linkages (primary and
secondary) by a metal atom/ion in a coordination compound. In the modern language of chemistry
these linkages are recognised as the ionisable (ionic) and non-ionisable (covalent) bonds, respectively.
Using the property of isomerism, Werner predicted the geometrical shapes of a large number of
coordination entities.
1. Primary and secondary valency of Pt in [Pt(en)2Cl2] are [D]

(a) 4, 4 (b) 4, 6 (c) 6, 4 (d) 2, 6
2. The solution of the complex [Cu (NH3)4]SO4 in water will
(a) give the tests of Cu2+ ion (b) give the tests of NH3
(c) give the tests of SO42- ions
(d) not give the tests of any of the above [C]
3. According to Werner’s theory of coordination compounds
(a) Primary valency is ionisable [A]
(b) Secondary valency is ionisable
(c) Primary and secondary valencies are ionisable
(d) Neither primary nor secondary valency is ionisable
4. The correct order of the stoichiometries of AgCl formed when AgNO3 in excess is treated
with complexes: CoCl3.6NH3, CoCl3.5NH3, CoCl3.4NH3 respectively is
[B]
(a) 3AgCl, AgCl, 2AgCl (b) 3AgCl, 2AgCl, AgCl
(c) 2AgCl, 3AgCl, AgCl (d) AgCl, 3AgCl, 2AgCl
6. It is well known that transition metals form complexes. In modern terminology,

these complexes are called coordination compounds. These compounds are present in
biological system also like chlorophyll and hemoglobin. Some non-transition metals also forms
complexes like vitamin B12. Though complexes are formed from two or more simple salts, yet
they differ from double salts in a number of ways especially in their dissociation. In
coordination compounds, a number of neutral or cationic species are linked to central atom
by coordinate bonds. Such species are called ligands. Ligands may be monodentate or
bidentate or polydentate. Bidentate and polydentate ligands generally form chelates. Some
unidentate ligands may have more than one co-ordinating atom, these are called ambidentate
ligands.
22
1. Which is not a coordination compound ? [B]
(a) Chlorophyll (b) Starch (c) Hemoglobin (d) Vitamin B12
2. The correct statement about ambidentate ligands [D]
(a) Ambidentate ligands are bidentate ligands.
(b) Ambidentate ligands form chelate.
(c) Ethane-1,2-diamine is an ambidentate ligand.
(d) Thiocynate ligand is an ambidentate ligand.
3. The denticity of EDTA is
(a) 4 (b) 6 (c) 2 (d) 3 [B]
4. The number of ions produced in water by dissociation of CoCl3.6NH3
(a) 5 (b) 4 (c) 11 (d) 6 [B]
5. The correct statement about complex compounds is
(a) They are formed by combination of two or more stable compounds in stoichiometric
ratio.
(b) They dissociate completely into simple ions when dissolved in water.
(c) Mohr’s salt is an example of complex salt.
(d) Both (a) and (b). [B]
7. Complex compounds play an important role in our daily life. Werner’s theory of complex
compounds says every metal atom or ion has primary valency (oxidation state) which is satisfied
by negatively charged ions, ionizable where secondary valency (coordination number) is non-
ionizable, satisfied by ligands (+ve, –ve, neutral) but having lone pair. Primary valency is non-
directional, secondary valency is directional. Complex compounds are name according to IUPAC
system. Valence bond theory helps in determining shapes of complexes based on hybridization,
magnetic properties, outer or inner orbital complex. Complex show ionization, linkage, solvate
and coordination isomerism also called structural isomerism. Some of them also show
stereoisomerism i.e., geometrical and optical isomerism. Ambidentate ligand are essential to
show linkage isomerism.
Polydentate ligands form more stable complexes then unidentate ligands. There are called
chelating agents. EDTA is used to treat lead poisoning, cis-platin as anticancer agents. Vitamin
B12 is complex of cobalt. Haemoglobin, oxygen carrier is complex of Fe2+ and chlorophyll
essential for photosynthesis is complex of Mg2+.
(i) What is the oxidation state of Ni in [Ni (CO)4]?
(ii) Out cis [Pt(en)2Cl2]2+ and trans [Pt(en)2Cl2]2+ which one shows optical isomerism?
(Ans: cis-isomer of [Pt(en)2Cl2]2+ is optically active.)
(iii) One mole of CrCl3. 6H2O reacts with excess of AgNO3 to yield 2 moles of AgCl. Write formula
of complex. Write IUPAC name also.
OR
Name the hexadentate ligand used for treatment of lead poisoning.
(Ans: EDTA is used in the treatment of lead poisoning)
8. Observe the diagram of splitting of d-orbitals in octahedral field and answer the questions
based on the diagrams and related studied concepts.
23
(a) What is crystal field splitting energy?
Ans : The energy difference between the two sets of d-orbitals is called crystal field
splitting energy denoted by 0
(b) Why dx2 –y2 , dz2 have higher energy than dxy, dyz, dzx orbitals in octahedral crystal field?
Ans. The orbitals dx2 –y2, dz2 lying in the direction of ligands, will experience greater
repulsion and their energies will be raised relative to their positions in symmetrical field
as compared to orbitals dxy, dyz, dzx lying in between the axis away from the approach of
ligand.
(c) What is relationship between (CFSE) Δ0 and strength of ligand?
Ans. Greater the (CFSE) Δ0, more will be strength of ligand.
(d) What is electronic configuration of d5 ion if Δ0< P?
Ans. t2g3eg2
(e) What is spectrochemical series?
Ans. The series in which ligands are arranged in increasing order of magnitude of crystal
field splitting energy (Δ0) is called spectrochemical series.
CHAPTER: ALCOHOLS, PHENOLS AND ETHERS
Q.1 Read the following information carefully.

Alcohols and phenols react with active metals such as sodium, potassium and aluminium to yield
corresponding alkoxides/phenoxides and hydrogen. These reactions show that alcohols and phenols
are acidic in nature. pKa values of some alcohols and phenols are listed below.
Answer the following questions.
24
I] Which is more acidic ethanol or phenol? Why?
Ans: Phenol
Phenoxide ion is stabilised by resonance whereas ethoxide ion is not.
II] Out of o-nitrophenol and p-nitrophenol which is more acidic? Give reason for your answer.
Ans : o- nitrophenol
Electron withdrawing NO2 group stabilises phenoxide anion.
III] Which gas is evolved when ethanol reacts with sodium metal? Write balanced chemical equation
for this reaction.
Ans: Hydrogen gas
2C2H5OH + 2Na → 2C2H5ONa +H2
IV] Arrange the following compounds in the increasing order of acidic strength.
Phenol, ethanol, o-nitrophenol, o-cresol,2,4,6-trinitrophenol.
Ans: Ethanol < o-Cresol <Phenol< o- nitrophenol < 2,4,6 trinitophenol
Q.2 Read the following information carefully.

In wine making, grapes are the source of sugars and yeast. As grapes ripen, the quantity of
sugar increases and yeast grow on the outer skin. When grapes are crushed, sugar and the enzyme
come in contact and fermentation starts. Fermentation takes place in anaerobic conditions i.e. in
absence of air. Carbon dioxide is released during fermentation. The action of zymase is inhibited once
the percentage of alcohol formed exceeds 14 percent. If air gets into fermentation mixture, the oxygen
of air oxidises ethanol to ethanoic acid which in turn destroys the taste of alcoholic drinks. Ingestion of
ethanol acts on the central nervous system. In moderate amounts, it affects judgment and lowers
inhibitions. Higher concentrations cause nausea and loss of consciousness. Even at higher
concentrations, it interferes with spontaneous respiration and can be fatal.
Now answer the following questions.

I] Write a balanced chemical equation for preparation of ethanol from glucose. Name the enzyme
used in this process
Ans : Enzyme- Zymase
. II] What is denaturation of alcohol? Why is it done?

Ans: The term 'denatured alcohol' refers to alcohol products adulterated with toxic and/or bad tasting
additives (e.g., methanol, benzene, pyridine, castor oil, gasoline, isopropyl alcohol, and acetone,
Copper Sulphate), making it unsuitable for human consumption
III] What happens on acid catalysed hydration of ethene? Write balanced chemical equation for this
reaction.
Ans : Ethanol is formed
IV] The fermentation of sugar to produce ethanol is carried out in anaerobic conditions. Why?
Ans: . If air gets into fermentation mixture, the oxygen of air oxidises ethanol to ethanoic acid which
in turn destroys the taste of alcoholic drinks.
Q.3 Read the following passage carefully.

Grignard is a very important reagent in chemistry as it can be used to form a variety of compounds.
French chemist Victor Grignard discovered this reagent and won the 1912 Nobel Prize for that. The
25
reaction of Grignard reagents with methanal produces a primary alcohol, with other aldehydes,
secondary alcohols and with ketones, tertiary alcohols. The first step of the reaction is the nucleophilic
addition of Grignard reagent to the carbonyl group to form an adduct. Hydrolysis of the
adduct yields an alcohol.
Answer the following questions.

I] Give the structures and IUPAC name of the product expected from the following reaction.
Reaction of propanone with methylmagnesium bromide followed by hydrolysis.
Ans:
II]Show how cyclohexyl methanol can be prepared by the reaction of suitable Grignard reagent with
methanal?
Ans:
III]How will you convert Methyl magnesium bromide to 2-Methylpropan-2-ol?

Ans By treating it with Propanone
IV] What type of alcohol will be formed when Grignard reagents reacts with propanal?
Ans: secondary alcohol
CHAPTER: ALDEHYDES, KETONES AND CARBOXYLIC ACIDS
1. Read the passage and answer the questions that follow: ( 1+1+2 = 4M )
Aldehydes and ketones both contain carbonyl group. Carboxylic acids contain -COOH group but
do not give reactions of carbonyl group except formic acid. Aldehydes and ketones having α -H
atom undergo aldol condensation. Acids having α -H atom undergo HVZ reaction. Aldehydes
and ketones undergo nucleophilic addition reactions . Aldehydes are more easily oxidized than
ketones.
(a) Out of Acetic acid and Propanoic acid , which is more acidic and why?
(b) Why C=O bonds in carboxylate ions are equivalent ?
(c) What happens when Ethanal reacts with dil. NaOH followed by heating?
OR
(d) Among Benzoic acid and p- Nitro benzoic acid which is more acidic ? Give reason.
26
2. Read the passage and answer the questions that follow:
Reduction of carboxylic acids and their derivatives plays an important role in organic synthesis,
in both laboratory and industrial processes. Traditionally , the reduction is performed using
stoichiometric amounts of hydride reagents , generating stochiometric amounts of waste. A
much more attractive economical approach is catalytic reduction.
(a) What will be the product formed when Benzoic acid is reduced with
H2 in presence of catalyst.
(b) What happens when Benzoic acid is heated ?
(c) Predict the reagent for carrying out conversion of Benzoyl chloride to benzaldehyde. Name
the reaction.
OR
(c ) Predict the reagent for carrying out conversion of Ethanoic acid to 2-Chloro ethanoic acid.
Name the reaction.
3.. Read the passage and answer the questions that follow:
The C=O bond in aldehydes and ketones are polarized. So they undergo nucleophilic addition
reactions with a number of nucleophiles. Aldehyde are easily oxidized by mild oxidizing agents as
compared to ketones Carboxylic acids are more acidic than alcohols and most of simple phenols.
(a) Write the name of the product when obtained when an aldehyde is reacts with excess of
alcohol in presence of dry HCl .
(b) Why Carboxylic acid is stronger acid than phenol ?
(c) (i) Give one simple chemical test to distinguish between Ethanal and Propanone.
(ii) Arrange the following compounds in the increasing order of their reactivity towards
nucleophilic addition reactions.
Propanone, Acetaldehyde , Formaldehyde , Acetophenone.
OR
(d) (i)Name the products formed when Benzaldehyde is treated with conc. NaOH. Name the
reaction as well.
ANSWERS
1. (a) Acetic acid is more acidic than Propanoic acid ,because CH3COO- is more stable than CH3
CH2COO- ion.
(b) It is due to Resonance.
27
(c)
OR
(c ) p- Nitro benzoic acid is more acidic because nitro group is electron withdrawing group.
2. (a) Benzyl alcohol is formed.
3. (b) Benzoic anhydride is formed.
(c) H2 / Pd-BaSO4. Rosenmund reduction.
OR
(c ) Red Phosphorous / Cl2 . HVZ reaction.
3.(a) Acetal.
(b) Carboxylate anion is more resonance stabilized than phenoxide ion.
(c ) (i) Fehling’s test or Tollen’s test will be answered by ethanal.
Propanone will not answer.
(c) (ii) Acetophenone < Propanone < Acetaldehyde < Formaldehyde.
OR
(c ) Benzyl alcohol and Sodium benzoate.
Cannizzaro’s reaction.
CHAPTER: AMINES
The amines are basic in nature due to the presence of a lone pair of electrons on the N-atom of the
–NH2 group, which can donate to electron-deficient compounds. Aliphatic amines are stronger bases
than NH3 because of the +I effect of the alkyl groups. The greater the number of alkyl groups
attached to the N-atom, the higher the electron density on it and more will be the basicity. Thus,
the order of the basic nature of amines is expected to be 3° > 2° > 1°, however, the observed order
is 2° > 1°>3°. This is explained on the basis of crowding on the N-atom of the amine by alkyl groups
which hinders the approach and bonding by a proton, consequently, the electron pair which is
present on N is unavailable for donation and hence 3° amines are the weakest bases. Aromatic
amines are weaker bases than ammonia and aliphatic amines. Electron-donating groups such as –
CH3, –OCH3, etc. increase the basicity while electron-withdrawing substitutes such as – NO2, –CN,
halogens, etc. decrease the basicity of amines. The effect of these substituents is more at p than at
m-positions.
a) Arrange CH3NH2, (CH3)2NH, (CH3)3N in decreasing order of basic character in aqueous
solution. Give reason.
b) Why is Aniline less basic than benzyl amine?
c) Why amines are basic in nature?
28
d) Arrange the following in decreasing order of pKb giving reason :
(i) Aniline, p-nitroaniline and p-toluidine
(ii) C2H5NH2, (C2H5)2NH, (C2H5)3N in gaseous state
2. Read the given passage and answer the questions that follow.
Amines are classified as primary, secondary and tertiary amines. Primary amines cannot be obtained
by ammonolysis of alkyl halide because we will get mixture of 1°, 2° and 3° amines. Cyanides, on
reduction give primary amines whereas isocyanides on reduction give secondary amines. Nitro
compounds, on reduction also give primary amines. Primary amines react with CHCl3 and KOH to form
foul smelling isocyanide. They react with HNO2 and liberate N2 gas. They react with Hinsberg’s reagent
to form salt soluble in KOH. Secondary amine forms yellow oily compounds with HNO2 and salt formed
with C6H5SO2Cl, is insoluble in KOH. 3° amines form salt soluble in water with HNO2 but does not react
with C6H5SO2Cl. Diazonium salts are prepared by reaction of Aniline with NaNO2 and conc. HCl at 0 – 5
°C. Aromatic diazonium salts are more stable because phenyl diazonium ion is stabilized by resonance.
Benzene diazonium chloride can be used to prepare halo benzene, phenol, nitro benzene, benzene, p-
hydroxy azo benzene (azo dye) and large number of useful compounds.
a) Write the isomer of C3H9N which does not react with Hinsberg reagent.
b) C6H5 -CH2 -NH2 on heating with CHCl3 and KOH gives ‘X’. Identify ‘X.
c) Convert aniline to phenol.
d) Give a chemical test to distinguish between aniline and ethyl amine.
e) Complete the following reaction.
C6H5NO2Fe/HCl A NaNO2 + HCl B. Identify ‘A’ and ‘B’.
0 – 5 °C
3. Observe the histogram showing boiling points of pentane, iso pentane, 1°, 2° and 3 ° amines.
Answer the questions that follow based on table and related concepts.
a) Why does CH3CH2CH2CH2NH2 (1° amine) has higher boiling point than (C2H5)2NH and
C2H5N(CH3)2?
b) Why does ethanol have higher boiling point than ethanamine?
c) Why are Primary amines more soluble in water than 2° and 3° amines?
d) Based on the above histogram, explain the reason for the order basicity.
e) Arrange the following in the increasing order of their boiling point:
𝐂𝟐𝐇𝟓𝐍𝐇𝟐, 𝐂𝟐𝐇𝟓𝐎𝐇, (𝐂𝐇𝟑)𝟑N
29
ANSWERS:
1. a) (CH3)2NH > CH3NH2 > (CH3)3N, in tertiary amines, there is more steric hindrances.
b) Because the lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen atom in aniline are delocalised.
C) Amines contains a lone pair of electrons on its nitrogen atom which is easily available for
protonation.
d) (i) Increasing order of basic strength: p-nitroaniline < aniline < p-toluidine
(ii) C2H5NH2 < (C2H5)3N < (C2H5)2NH
2. a) (CH3)3N, N, N–dimethyl methanamine.

b) C6H5 - CH2NC, a foul smelling compound.
C)
d) Add NaNO2 and conc. HCl. Cool it to 0 to 5° C. Then add alkaline solution of phenol. Aniline
gives orange dye where as ethyl amino does not.
e) ‘A’ is C6H5NH2 ‘B’ is C6H5N2+Cl-
3. a) It is because extent of H-bonding is more in CH3CH2CH2CH2NH2 than 2° and 3° amines.

b) It is because H-bonds are stronger in alcohols than amines because ‘O’ is more
electronegative than ‘N’.
c) It is because primary amines can form H-bonds with water to more extent.
d) Isopentane has lower boiling point that n-Pentane due to branching less surface area, less
van der Waals’ forces of attraction. 3° < 2° < 1° is order of boiling point in amines because
extent of H-bonding increases.
e) (𝐂𝐇𝟑)𝟑N < 𝐂𝟐𝐇𝟓𝐍𝐇𝟐 < 𝐂𝟐𝐇𝟓𝐎𝐇
CHAPTER: BIOMOLECULES
Read the passage carefully and answer the questions that follow
1. The polysaccharides are the most abundant carbohydrates in nature and serve a variety of functions,
such as energy storage or as components of plant cell walls. Polysaccharides are very large polymers
composed of tens to thousands of monosaccharides joined together by glycosidic linkages. The three
most abundant polysaccharides are starch, glycogen, and cellulose. These three are referred to as
homopolymers because each yields only one type of monosaccharide (glucose) after complete
hydrolysis. Heteropolymers may contain sugar acids, amino sugars, or noncarbohydrate substances in
addition to monosaccharides. Heteropolymers are common in nature (gums, pectins, and other
substances). The polysaccharides are nonreducing carbohydrates, not sweet to taste, and do not
undergo mutarotation.
(a) Draw the structure of β-D-glucopyranose.
(b) Glycogen is also known as animal starch. Give reason.
(c) Give two differences between Starch and Cellulose
(or)
30
Name the main components of Starch and mention the structural differences between
the components.
Answer
(a)
(b) because its structure is similar to amylopectin

(c) any two difference
Starch Cellulose
It is a polymer of α-glucose It is a polymer of β-glucose
α- link β-link
(or)
Starch consists of two components Amylose and Amylopectin.
Amylose is a long unbranched chain with α-D-(+)-glucose units held together by C1– C4 glycosidic
linkage.
Amylopectin is a branched chain polymer of α-D-(+)-glucose units in which chain is formed by C1–C4
glycosidic linkage whereas branching occurs by C1–C6 glycosidic linkage.
2. Proteins are poly peptide chains made up of amino acids. There are 20 types of amino acids joined
together by peptide bond between amino and carboxylic acid group. The amino acids are of two types-
essential amino acids and non-essential amino acids.
The primary structure of a protein is defined as the sequence of amino acids linked together to form a
polypeptide chain. The first amino acid of sequence is called N-terminal amino acid and last amino acid
of peptide chain is called C-terminal amino acid. The secondary structure of protein forms helix.There
are three types of secondary structure- α-helix, β-pleated sheet structure and collagen helix. The
tertiary structure of proteins represents overall folding of the polypeptide chains i.e., further folding of
the secondary structure. The spatial arrangement of these subunits with respect to each other is known
as quaternary structure
(a) Draw the zwitter ion structure of Alanine CH3CH(COOH)(NH2)

(b) Lysine is an essential amino acid. Give reason.
(c) Give differences between Fibrous and Globular protein
(or)
Define denaturation of protein. Name the structure of protien that remains intact after denaturation.
Answer
(a)
(b) Lysine is not synthesised by human body and must be obtained through diet.
31
(c) any two difference
Fibrous protein Globular protein
They have fibre – like structure chains of polypeptides coil around to give a
spherical shape
Generally insoluble in water Generally soluble in water
(or)
When a protein in its native form, is subjected to physical change like change in temperature or
chemical change like change in pH, protein loses its biological activity.
Primary structure remains intact.
3. The sequence of bases along the DNA and RNA chain establishes its primary structure which controls
the specific properties of the nucleic acid. The RNA molecule is usually a single chain of ribosecontaining
nucleotide. On the basis of X-ray analysis of DNA, J D Watson and F H C Crick (Shared the Nobel prize in
1962) proposed a three dimensional secondary structure of DNA. The DNA molecule is a long and highly
complex, spirally twisted, double helix, ladder like structure. The two polynucleotide chains or strands
are linked up
by hydrogen bonds between the nitrogenous base molecules of their nucleotide monomers. Adenine
(purine) always links with Thymine (Pyrimidine) with two hydrogen bonds and Guanine (purine) links
with Cytosine (Pyrimidine) with three hydrogen bonds. Hence, the
two strands extend in opposite direction, i.e. are anti-parallel and complimentary to each other
(a) If a fragment of one strand in DNA molecule has the base sequence CCATGCATG, what
is the base sequence in the complementary strand?
(or)
Mention the products formed when a nucleotide from DNA containing thymine is
hydrolysed?
(b) Name the linkage present in nucleotides.
(c) Name the bases present in RNA. Which one of these is not present in DNA?
Answer
(a) GGTACGTAC
(or)
2-deoxyribose, thymine and phosphoric acid
(b) Phosphodiester linkage
(c) Adenine (A), cytosine (C), uracil (U), and guanine (G) are the four bases found in RNA. Uracil is
not present in DNA
***********************
32
REVISION WORKSHEETS
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY (UNITS 6,7,8 AND 9)
PATTERN OF QUESTION PAPER MAX.MARKS-26
1 IUPAC NAME OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

2 WRITING STRUCTURAL FORMULA FROM COMMON NAMES OF O.C
3 SHORT NOTES ON NAME REACTIONS
4 WRITING STEPS FOR MECHANISM OF REACTION
5 REASONING STATEMENTS
6 CHEMICAL TESTSFOR DISTINGUISHING A PAIR OF O.C
7 ORGANIC CONVERSIONS
PRACTICE WORKSHEET- 1 (NAME REACTIONS)

S NAME REACTION WRITE CHEMICAL EQUATION (NAME MAIN REACTANT/ PRODUCT)
NO
1 SWARTS REACTION
2 FINKELSTEIN
REACTION
3 WURTZ REACTION
4 FITTIG REACTION
5 WURTZ-FITTIG
REACTION
6 SANDMEYER’S
REACTION
7 GATTERMAN
REACTION
8A FRIEDEL CRAFT’S
REACTION
(ALKYLATION )
8B FRIEDEL CRAFT’S
REACTION
(ACYLATION)
33
9 HYDROBORATION-
OXIDATION
10 DOW’S PROCESS
11 CUMENE PROCESS
12 RIEMER-TIEMANN
REACTION
13 KOLBE-SCHMIDT
REACTION
14 WILLIAMSON'S
SYNTHESIS
15 ROSENMUND’S
REDUCTION
16 STEPHEN REACTION
17 ALDOL
CONDENSATION
18 CANNIZZARO
REACTION
19 CLEMMENSEN’S
REDUCTION
20 WOLFF-KISHNER
REDUCTION
34
21 ETARD REACTION
22 HELL-VOLHARD-
ZELINSKY REACTION
23 AMMONOLYSIS
24 PHTHALIMIDE
SYNTHESIS
25 HOFFMANN
BROMAMIDE
DEGRADATION
26 DIAZOTISATION
27 COUPLING
REACTION
28 CARBYLAMINE
REACTION
29 HALOGENATION OF
ALKANES
30 DEHYDROGENATION
35
PRACTICE WORKSHEET 2: MECHANISM OFORGANIC REACTIONS
1. HYDRATION OF ALKENES
STEP1
STEP2
STEP3
2. DEHYDRATION OF ALCOHOL(ETHANOL) AT 443-453 K

STEP1
STEP2
STEP3
3. DEHYDRATION OF ALCOHOL(ETHANOL) AT 413-416 K

STEP1
STEP2
36
STEP3
4. UNIMOLECULAR NUCLEOPHILIC SUBSTITUTION(SN1)

STEP1
STEP2
5. BIMOLECULAR NUCLEOPHILIC SUBSTITUTION(SN2)

STEP1
6. NUCLEOPHILIC ADDITION IN CARBONYL COMPOUNDS

STEP1
STEP2
7. REACTION OF ETHER WITH HI

STEP1
STEP2
STEP3
37
PRACTICE SHEET3: DISTINGUISHING A PAIR OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
(ONLY WRITE A COLOUR TEST)
1.CHLOROETHANE AND CHLOROBENZENE
REAGENT USED & METHOD COMPOUND A COMPOUND B
2.ETHANOL AND METHANOL
3. PROPAN-1-OL AND PROPAN-2-OL
4. BUTAN-2-OL AND 2-METHYLPROPAN-2-OL
5. ETHANOL AND PHENOL
6. PHENOL AND ACETIC ACID
7.PROPANAL AND PROPANONE
38
8. METHANAL AND ETHANAL
9.ETHANAL AND BENZALDEHYDE
10. FORMIC ACID AND ACETIC ACID
11.ANILINE AND ETHYLAMINE
12. ANILINE AND N-METHYLANILINE
13. METHYLAMINE AND N,N-DIMETHYLAMINE
14. PENTAN-2-ONE AND PENTAN-3-ONE
39
PRACTICE SHEET 3: WRITING STRUCTURAL FORMULA
S COMMON NAME STRUCTURAL FORMULA IUPAC NAME
NO
1. BENZYL CHLORIDE
2 FREON-12
3 DDT
4 CUMMENE
5 ANISOLE
6 SALICYLIC ACID
7 o-CRESOL
8 p-TOULIDINE
9 SULPHANILIC ACID
10 PICRIC ACID
11 GLYCEROL
40
12 VANILLIN
13 CINNAMALDEHYDE
14 MALONIC ACID
15 ASPIRIN
16 ACETOPHENONE
17 BENZOPHENONE
18 SALICYLDEHYDE
19 ACETONE
20 ACETALDEHYDE
41
WORKSHEET 4: ACCOUNT FOR THE FOLLOWING OBSERVATIONS
(REASONING STATEMENTS)
CHAPTER 10 : HALOALKANES AND HALOARENES
1 THE BOILING POINTS OF HALOALKANES IS HIGHER THANTHE PARENT HYDROCARBONS
2 FOR ISOMERIC ALAKANES BOING POINTS DECREASES WITH INCREASE IN BRANCHING
3 HALOALKANES ARE SLIGHTLY SOLUBLE IN WATER
4 HALOALKANES ARE MORE REACTIVE THAN ALKANES
5 HALOALKANES UNDERGO NUCLEOPHILIC SUBSTITUTION LESS READILY THAN HALOALKANES
6 HALOALKANES REACT WITH ALC. KCN TO FORM ALKYL CYANIDES BUT YIELD ISOCYANIDES
WITH ALC. AgCN
42
7 THE ABILITY OF NUCLEOPHILIC SUBSTITUTION IN HALOARENES CAN BE ENHANCED BY
SUBSTITUTING ELECTRON WITHDRAWING GROUPS IN BENZENE RING.
8 THE HALOGEN ATOM IN HALOARENES IS ELECTRON WITHDRAWING GROUP YET IT IS O-/P-

DIRECTING
9 ELECTROPHILIC SUBSTITUTION REACTIONS IN HALOARENES OCCUR SLOWLY AND REQUIRE

MORE DRASTIC CONDITIONS AS COMPARED TO BENZENE
CHAPTER 11: ALCOHOLS, PHENOLS AND ETHERS

10 THE BOILING POINTS OF ALCOHOLSAND PHENOLS ARE HIGHER THAN HALOALKANES IS
HIGHER THAN THE CORRESPONDING HYDROCARBONS AND HALOCOMPOUNDS.
11 ALCOHOLS AND PHENOLS ARE MISCIBLE IN WATER IN ALL PROPORTIONS
12 PHENOLS ARE MORE ACIDIC THAN ALCOHOL
43
13 ALCOHOLS ARE LESS ACIDIC THAN WATER
14 THE ACIDIC STRENGTH OF o-NITROPHENOL> PHENOL>o-CRESOL
15 CARBON-OXYGEN BOND IN ETHERS IS SLIGHTLY POLAR
16 BOILING POINTS OF ETHERS ARE COMPARITIVELY LOWER THAN ALCOHOLS OR EVEN ALKANES
OF COMPARABLE MASSES.
17 ETHERS ARE AS MISCIBLE IN WATER AS ALCOHOLS.
18 THE CARBON-OXYGEN BOND IN PHENOLS DOES NOT CLEAVE EASILY.
44
19 IN WILLIAMSON SYNTHESIS BETTER YIELDS ARE OBTAINED WITH PRIMARY ALKYL HALIDES
BUT NOT WITH SECONDARY OR TERTIARY HALIDES.
CHAPTER12: ALDEHYDES,KETONES AND CARBOXYLIC ACIDS

20 BOILING POINTS OF ALDEHYDES /KETONES ARE HIGHER THAN HYDROCARBONS AND ETHERS
OF COMPARABLE MOLECULAR MASSES
21 BOILING POINTS OF ALDEHYDES /KETONES ARE LOWER THAN THAT OF ALCOHOLS
22 ALDEHYDES AND KETONES ARE MISCIBLE IN WATER IN ALL PROPORTIONS
23 THE BOILING POINTS OF CARBOXYLIC ACIDS ARE HIGHER THAN ALDEHYDES/KETONES AND
ALCOHOLS.
45
24 SIMPLE ALIPHATIC CARBOXYLIC ACIDS ARE MISCIBLE IN WATER BUT HIGHER ONES ARE
IMMISCIBLE.
25 CARBOXYLIC ACIDS HAVE LOWER pKa VALUE THAN PHENOLS
26 ALDEHYDES UNDERGO NUCLEOPHILIC ADDITION REACTIONS MORE READILY THAN KETONES
27 CARBOXYLIC ACIDS SHOW ABNORMAL MOLAR MASSES OBTAINED FROM COLLIGATIVE

PROPERTIES
CHAPTER13: AMINES
28 LOWER ALIPHATIC AMINES ARE SOLUBLE IN WATER.SOLUBILITY DECREASES WITH INCREASE
IN MOLAR MASS.
46
29 THE ORDER OF BOILING POINTS FOR ISOMERIC AMINES FOLLOWS THE ORDER:
PRIMARY> SECONDARY >TERTIARY
30 AMINES ARE BASIC IN NATURE
31 ALKYLAMINES ARE MORE BASIC THAN AMMONIA
32 ALKANAMINES HAVE LOWER pKb VALUES THAN ARYLAMINES
33 FOR ISOMERIC AMINES, THE BASIC CHARACTER IN PURE GASEOUS STATE FOLLOWS THE
ORDER: 3○>2○>1○
34 FOR ISOMERIC AMINES, THE BASIC CHARACTER IN THEIR AQUEOUS SOLUTION FOLLOWS THE
ORDER: 2○>1○>3○
47
35 THOUGH -NH2 GROUP IN ANILINE IS o-/p- DIRECTING, m-PRODUCT IS ALSO OBTAINED IN
CASE OF NITRATION.
36 AROMATIC AMINES FORM RELATIVELY MORE STABLE ARENEDIAZONIUM SALTS AT LOW

TEMPERATURES UNLIKE ALKYLAMINES.
37. AROMATIC CARBOXYLIC ACIDS DO NOT UNDERGO FRIEDEL CRAFT REACTION.
38. ANILINE DOES NOT UNDERGO FRIEDEL CRAFT REACTION
39. GABRIEL PHTHALIMIDE SYNTHESIS IS NOT USED FOR SYNTHESISING PRIMARY AROMATIC
AMINES
WORKSHEET 5: ORGANIC CONVERSIONS

HOW WILL YOU CONVERT? (IN NOT MORE THAN TWO /THREE STEPS)
1 1-BROMOPROPANE TO 2-BROMOPROPANE
2 TOULENE TO BENZYL ALCOHOL
48
3 BENZENE TO 4-BROMONITROBENZENE
4 BENZYL ALCOHOL TO 2-PHENYLACETICACID
5 ETHANOL TO PROPANENITRILE
6 ANILINE TO CHLOROBENZENE
7 ETHYLCHLORIDE TO PROPANOIC ACID
8 BUTAN-1-OL TO n-BUTYLIODIDE
9 2-CHLOROPROPANE TO PROPAN-1-OL
10 ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL TO IODOFORM
11 CHLOROBENZENE TO p-NITROPHENOL
49
12 BENZENE TO DIPHENYL
13 PHENYLETHENE TO BENZOIC ACID
14 BROMOBENZENE TO BENZOIC ACID
15 PROPANONE TO PROPENE
16 ETHANOL TO 3-HYDROXYBUTANAL
17 BROMOBENZENE TO 1-PHENYLETHANOL
18 BENZOIC ACID TO m-NITROBENZYL ALCOHOL
19 NITROBENZENZENE TO BENZOIC ACID
50
20 ANILINE TO 2,4,6-TRIBROMOFLUOROBENZENE
21 ANILINE TO BENZYL ALCOLHOL
22 BENZYL CHLORIDE TO 2-PHENYETHANAMINE
********************
51
WORKSHEETS
NUMERICALS (CHAPTER 1,2 AND 3)
CHAPTER 1: SOLUTIONS
Q.1 A 20% solution of KI has density 1.202 g/mL. Calculate its-
i. Molarity
ii. Molality
iii. Mole fraction of KI
iv. Boiling point of the solution (Tb);

Given- [ Kb for water i0.52K Kg /mol, Tb°=373.15K]
52
v. Freezing point of the solution (Tf );
Given-[Kf for water is 1.86K kg /mol, Tf°=273.15K]
vi. Osmotic pressure of the solution
vii. Vapour pressure of the solution at 373.15K[vapour pressure of

water at 373.15K is 1.013 bar]
Q2 18 g of Glucose is dissolved in 1 kg of water in a saucepan.

i. At what temperature will water boil at 1.013 bar? [ Kb for water is
0.52K Kgmol-1]
53
ii. If this water is placed in the freezer, at what temperature will it
solidify? [Kf for water is 1.86Kkgmol-1]
iii. What will be the osmotic pressure of the glucose solution at

300K, if the density of the solution is 1.02g/mL?
iv. Calculate the vapour pressure of the glucose solution at 293K, if

the vapour pressure of water at 293 K is 17.535mm Hg.
54
Q.3 Henry’s law constant for the molality of methane in benzene at 298K is
4.27 x10 5 mm Hg. Calculate the solubility of methane in benzene at 298K
under 760mm Hg.
Q.4 Find the molality, molarity, normality, and mole fraction of an

oxalic acid solution prepared by dissolving 12.6g in 400g water.
The density of the solution is 0.992g/mL.
55
Q.5 Heptane and octane form an ideal solution. At 373K, the vapour
pressures of the two liquid components are 105.2kPa and 46.8kPa
respectively.
i. What will be the vapour pressure of the mixture of 26.0 g
of heptane and 35g of octane.
ii. Also calculate the mole fraction of heptane in the vapour

phase.
Q.6 A 1% solution of potassium chloride is dissociated to the extent of

82%. What would be its osmotic pressure at 18°C? hint: [degree
of dissociation, α=i-1/n-1] [Ans= 5.83atm]
56
Q.7 Phenol associates in water to form a dimer. When 0.6677g of
phenol is dissolved in 35.5g of water, it depresses the freezing
point by 0.215 K. Calculate the degree of association of phenol. [
Given: Kf for water is 1.86Kkgmol-1] hint: degree of association=i-
1/1/n-1] [Ans=84%]
57
Q.8 When 3g of a non-volatile hydrocarbon containing 94.4% of
carbon is dissolved in 100g of benzene the vapour pressure of
benzene is lowered from 9.953 to 9.823kPa. Find he molecular
formula of the hydrocarbon. [Ans: C14H10]
***************
58
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA SANGATHAN BANGALORE REGION
WOKSHEET
TOPIC:-COORDINATION COMPOUNDS
Q-1: In the complex [M(acac)(en)2]Cl, the coordination number and oxidation state of the
element 'M' are respectively
a) 6 and 2
b) 4 and 2
c) 4 and 3
d) 6 and 3
Q-2: An example of double salt is
a) Carnallite
b) Potassium Ferricyanide
c) Cuprammonium nitrate
d) triglycinatocobalt(III)
Q-3: The characteristics shared by the species CN-, CO, and NO+ are
a) Isoelectronic
b) Bond order three
c) All are sigma donor and pi acceptor
d) All of these
Q-4: Which of the following is a didentate ligand?
Q-5: Which of the following cannot act as a chelating agent?

a) HC(CH2CH2NH2 )3 b) CH3NHCH2CH2CH3 c) N(CH2CH2NH2 )3 d) H2NCH2CH2CH2NH2
Q-6: Which one of the following compounds will exhibit linkage isomerism?
a) [Pt(NH3 )2Cl NO2 ] b) [Co (NH3 )2 NO2 ]Cl2 c) [Co (NH3 )4Cl2 ]Cl d) [Co (en)2Cl2 ]Cl
Q-7: Give the IUPAC name of the complex compound [Co(NH3 )4 (H2O)Br](NO3 )2
Q-8: The primary valency of Ag in Na3 [Ag(S2O3 )2 ] is
a) +2 b) -2 c) 0 d) +1
Q-9:Transition metal complexes' CFSE can be calculated using

a) Spectroscopy of UV-visible light b) Spectroscopy in the infrared c) Spectroscopy by
NMR d) Spectroscopy of microwaves
59
Q-10: What is the order of magnitude of Δo values for Cr(III) octahedral complexes with
sigma donor, pi donor, and pi acceptor ligands?
Q-11: Calculate the spin only magnetic moment of the compound Hg[Co(SCN)4 ].
Q-12: How many electrons are present in the eg set of d-orbital of sodium nitroprusside
complex?
Q-13: When bis(ethane-1,2-diamine) copper (II) sulphate is dissolved in water, calculate the
number of ions formed.
Q-14: a) Identify the dark blue complex formed when [Fe(CN)6 ] 3- is treated with ferrous
sulphate and account for the origin of its colour. b) What is the common name for the
formed complex?
Q-15: A coordination compound is made up of one Co(III), one chloride, one sulphate, and
four ammonia molecules. When combined with aqueous BaCl2 , the compound's aqueous
solution yields no precipitate, whereas a precipitate is formed when combined with aqueous
AgNO3 solution. Draw its precipitate, whereas a precipitate is formed when combined with
aqueous AgNO3 solution. Draw its structure and use chemical equations to explain the
observations
Q-16: Define the following:
a) Heteroleptic complex:
b) Coordination Isomerism
Q-17: List two limitations of CFT.
Q-18: What is the synergic effect? How does it improve the bond between CO and metal?
Q-19: How will you account for ruby's red colour?
Q-20: When potassium oxalate solution is added to a hot solution of potassium dichromate
containing dilute sulfuric acid, effervescence occurs and potassium tris oxalatochromate(III)
is formed.
i) Write the chemical formula of the formed chromium complex.
ii) Determine the complex's room temperature spin only magnetic moment in B.M
***********************
60
QUICK REVISION MATERIAL
THE d AND f BLOCK ELEMENTS
Transition element Has incompletely filled d orbitals in its

ground state or in any one of its oxidation states.
General configuration (n-1)d 1-10 ns 1-2
of dblock elements.
Zn, Cd, Hg are not d 10 configuration in ground state and in commonoxidation
considered as transition states
metals.
Ag has 4d 10 configuration In +2 state Ag has 4d 9 configuration
in ground state, yet it is
transition element
Transition metals are hard Strong metallic bonding due to involvement of both(n-1)
,have high m.p & b.p, high d & ns electrons.
enthalpy of atomisation
The radii of the third (5d) Lanthanoid contraction ( Regular decrease in atomic&
series are virtually the ionic radii in the lanthanides)
same as those of the due to poor shielding by 4f electrons.
corresponding members
of the second series
Zr & Hf have similar sizes,
properties & occur
together
From titanium (Z = 22) to The decrease in metallic radius coupled with increasein
copper (Z = 29) there is atomic mass results in a general increase in the density of
significant increase in the these elements
density
Stable oxidation states Sc 3+ – stable noble gas configuration
To explain oxidising / Ti 4+ - stable noble gas configuration
reducing nature/ Mn2+ - half filled d 5
electrode potential values Cr 3+ - half-filled t 2g
Fe3+ - half filled d 5
V2+ - half-filled t 2g
Co 3+ - fully filled t2g
Zn2+ - fully filled d 10
Second IE of Cr & Cu is Cr + (d5) & Cu + (d10) have stable configuration
very high
Cr2 + is reducing Configuration changes from d4 to d3 ( half filled t2g)
Mn 3+ is oxidising Reduces to Mn 2+ that has stable half filled d5
configuration
3+/ 2+
M M values of Sc , Fe In +3 state, Sc has noble gas
arelow configuration,Fe has d5
(ie +3 is more stable than
+2)
61
M3+/M2+ values of Mn In+2 state, Mn has d5 & Zn has d10
,Vand Zn are high configuration& V has half filled t2g
(ie +2 is more stable than
+3)
Eo Cu2+/Cu value is positive The high energy to transform Cu(s) to Cu 2+(aq) is not
Cu does not liberate balanced by hydration enthalpy.
hydrogen gas when
treated with acids
Copper is less reactive
metal
Cu (I) is unstable in Cu +1 undergoes disproportionation.
aqueous solution
Cu +2is more stable than More negative hydration enthalpyof Cu2+ (aq)
Cu+1
compensates for the second ionisation enthalpy of
Cu.
Highest oxidation state Because of small size and high electronegativity
of a metal is exhibited in oxygenor fluorine can oxidise the metal to its
its oxide highest oxidation
or fluoride only state.
Ability of oxygen to Oxygen can form multiple bonds with metals but Fcannot.
stabilise high oxidation
states is greater than F
Mn exhibits all the Mn has 5 unpaired electrons in d orbital
oxidation states from +2
to +7
Acidic character is High oxidation state of the metal
predominant in Mn2O7,
CrO3 and V2O5
Mn2O7, CrO3 and V2O5 are
less ionic
Oxidising power increases Increasing stability of the lower species to which theyare
VO2 + < Cr2O7 2– < MnO4 – reduced.
Important properties of Transition metals & theirions
• Variable oxidation • Electrons from both ns and (n-1) d take part in
states bonding
• Paramagnetic • Unpaired electrons in d orbitals

• Form coloured ions When an electron from a lower energy d orbital is
excitedto a higher energy d orbital, the energy of
62
excitation lies in the visible region.(Due to d –d
transition)
• Form complexes • Small size of the metal ion, high ionic charge &
availability of d orbitals
• Good catalysts • Multiple oxidation states and ability to form

complexes.
• Form interstitial • Small atoms like H, C or N are trapped insidethe
compounds crystal lattices of metals
• Form alloys • Similar atomic size

Magnetic moment
where n is the number of unpaired electrons
+3 4+ 2+
Sc , Ti & Zn are Sc +3 & Ti 4+ (d0) Zn 2+ (d10)
colourless
Chromate & In acidic condition - Chromate(yellow) converts to
dichromateions are dichromate(orange) In basic condition vice versa
interconvertible
Equation
Permanganate titrations HCl acid is oxidised to chlorine
in
presence of HCl acid
areunsatisfactory
General configuration of f (n-2)f 1- 14 (n-1)d0-1 ns 2
block elts
Lanthanoid contraction Regular decrease in size of lanthanoid ions due toweak
shielding of 4f orbitals
Consequences of 1. 4d & 5d series(2nd & 3rd rows) have similar

lanthanoid atomicradii.
contraction 2. Basic nature of hydroxides decreases along theseries
3. Difficult to separate
Oxidation states of +3 (common state), +2, +4

lanthanoids
63
Ce exhibits +4 oxidation Stable noble gas configuration
state Attains more common +3 oxidation state
Ce 4+ is a strong oxidant Attains more common +3 oxidation state Yb 2+
has stable f 14 configuration
Eu2+ is a strong reducing Attains more common +3 oxidation state
agent
Yb exhibits 2+ oxidation
state
Tb 4+( f7) is an oxidant
Actinoids exhibit a 5f, 6d & 7s subshells are of comparable energy.
greater
variety of oxidation
states
Actinoid contraction from Poorer shielding effect of 5f electrons.
element to element is greater
than lanthanoid
contraction .
Actinoids are more 4f orbitals are more deeply buried than 5f orbitals.
reactive
than lanthanoids.
Mischmetal ( Ln – 95% , 5%Fe It increases the strength of the Mg based alloy.
& traces of S,C,Ca &Al)
is added to a Mg based
alloyfor making bullets
Compare actinoids and lanthanoids with reference to their :

(i) electronic configurations of atoms
(ii) oxidation states of elements
(iii) general chemical reactivity of elements.
64
REASONING QUESTIONS
HALOALKANES AND HALOARENES
Thionyl chloride is preferred to prepare It gives pure alkyl halides since the by
alkyl halides from alcohols products SO2 and HCl are gases
Alkyl iodides are prepared by the reaction RX +NaI -> RI + NaX
of alkyl chlorides/ bromides with NaI in dry NaCl or NaBr formed is precipitated in dry
acetone (Finkelstein reaction) acetone. It facilitates the forward reaction
according to Le Chatelier’s Principle.
For the same alkyl group, the boiling points With the increase in size and mass of halogen
of alkyl halides decrease in the order: atom, the magnitude of van der
RI> RBr> RCl> RF Waal forces increases.
For isomeric dihalobenzenes,the para- Due to symmetry of para-isomers, they fitin
isomers are high melting as compared to crystal lattice better as compared to ortho- and
their ortho and meta-isomers meta-isomers.
The haloalkanes are very slightly soluble in Less energy is released when new attractions
water are set up between the haloalkane and the
water molecules as
these are not as strong as the original
hydrogen bonds in water
Haloalkanes react with KCN to form alkyl KCN is predominantly ionic .The attack takes
cyanide as main product while AgCN forms place mainly through carbon atom and not
isocyanide. through nitrogen atom since C—Cbond is more
stable than C—N bond.
However, AgCN is mainly covalent in nature
and nitrogen is free to donate electron pair
forming isocyanide as the main product.
Chlorobenzene(haloarene) is less reactive In chlorobenzene C – Cl bond acquires partial
than ethyl chloride (haloalkane) towards double bond character due to resonance. So
nucleophilic substitution reaction. it is difficult to break thebond.
S N1 reactions are favoured in protic S N1 involves breaking of C-X bond which is

solvent facilitated by the solvation of halide ion
with protons of protic solvent
Tertiary halides undergo SN1 mechanism. Due to the high stabilityof tertiary
carbocation
Tertiary halides do not undergo SN2 The approaching nucleophile faces steric
mechanism. hindrance from the three alkyl groups
In case of optically active alkyl halides, SN1 The carbocation formed in the slow step isplanar
reactions are accompanied by (achiral). The attack of the nucleophile may be
racemisation. accomplished from either side of the plane of
carbocation resulting in the formation of racemic
mixture
65
Grignard Reagent is prepared under Grignard reagents are highly reactive andreact
anhydrous conditions with any source of proton to give
hydrocarbons.
R – Mg – X + H2O → RH + Mg(OH)X
Chloroform is stored in closed dark colour In the presence light & air it forms
bottle poisonous gas , phosgene.
2CHCl3 +O2 2COCl2 + 2HCl
EXTRA QUESTIONS
What are ambident nucleophiles? Give 2 eg Nucleophiles that possess two nucleophilic
centres. Eg CN- & NO2 -
What are enantiomers? Stereoisomers related to each other as

non-superimposable mirror images
What is chirality? The property of objects that are non-
superimposable on their mirror images.
What is called racemisation ? The process of conversion of enantiomer into a
racemic mixture (mixture of d & l inequal
proportions )
Arranging in order
SN1 reactions SN2 reactions
• Follows the first order kinetics • Follows the second order kinetics
• Occurs in two steps • Carried out in polar aprotic
• Order of reactivity solvents(acetone,DMF etc)
30 > 20> 10 • Occurs in one step
Reason - Tertiary carbocation is • Order of reactivity
more stable than sec and primary 10 > 20> 30
carbocations Reason – In primary , steric
hindrance is least
1. Arrange the following set of compounds in order of increasing boiling points.1-

Chloropropane, Isopropyl chloride, 1-Chlorobutane.
Ans :Isopropyl chloride < 1-Chloropropane < 1-Chlorobutane
2. Which one in the following pairs would undergo SN2 reaction faster?
Iodine is a better leaving group

3. Arrange the following compounds in order of reactivity towards SN2 displacement:2-
Bromo-2-methylbutane, 1-Bromopentane, 2-Bromopentane
66
Ans : 2-Bromo-2-methylbutane (ter) < 2-Bromopentane(sec) < 1-Bromopentane (pri)
Because of less steric hindrance in 1-Bromopentane
QUESTIONS FOR PRACTICE
Why do amines behave as nucleophiles?
67
CONVERSION SCHEMES IN ORGANIC CHEMISTR
(PRESENTED BY DR VIVEK KUMAR PGT-CHEM)
SCHEME – I: Conversions related to alkyl halides
68
SCHEME – II: Conversions related to aryl halides
SCHEME – III: Conversions related to alcohols
SCHEME – IV: Conversion related to phenols – I and II
SCHEME – V: Conversion related to phenols – II (ABOVE)
SCHEME – VI: Conversion related to aldehydes
SCHEME – VI: Conversion related to carboxylic acids
SCHEME – VII: Conversion related to alkyl amines
SCHEME – VIII: Conversion related to aryl amines
ASCENDING SERIES
(1) By Wurtz Reaction

(2) By Using Cyanide
(3) By using Grignard's Reagent
(4) By using Sodium Alkylnides
This reaction is used for terminal alkynes.

DESCENT OF SERIES
(1) Hoffmann Bromamide reaction
(2) Decarboxylation reaction
Presented by Dr Vivek Kumar

PGT-Chemistry PM SHRI KV CRPF YELAHANKA BENGALURU-64
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA SANGATHAN, BENGALURU REGION
CLASS 12 CHEMISTRY- PPT
S.No Topic/Chapter Link
1 Organic Chemistry https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1O2h
Reaction conversions uik541wl9Z85m7fKTDcJM8OonhgFH/edit?usp=
sharing&ouid=101219689816729059650&rtpof
=true&sd=true
2 Distinguishing tests in https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1H6n

Organic Chemistry QyajwLdRuHZ6zfi7WkE3gbv_d8XCv/edit?usp=d
rive_link&ouid=101219689816729059650&rtp
of=true&sd=true
3 Phenol- Preparation and https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1pvg8

properties q1X-OraX93--
Iry4nNH0ImaQsuP1/edit?usp=drive_link&ouid=
101219689816729059650&rtpof=true&sd=true
4 The d-and f-Block https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1eHjz

elements- FAQ u9A5nSWx86PuXyE-DfRj-
VWabHo6/edit?usp=drive_link&ouid=10121968
5 The f-Block elements https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1xMIE

L_6q991qc2FT-
jpQbUpLcll_jynI/edit?usp=drive_link&ouid=101
6 Word problems in https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1azYtk

Organic Chemistry 95zenwTruY1roZpqwtlsiIbHo62/edit?usp=drive
_link&ouid=101219689816729059650&rtpof=tr
ue&sd=true
69

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केन्द्रीय विद्यालय संगठन

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA SANGATHAN

विषय संिर्धन कायधशाला – रसायन विज्ञान

कक्षा XII की अध्ययन सामग्री का संकलन

Associate Course Director

S.No. Topic Page No.

2 Case based questions 13

4 Quick revision materials 61

5 Organic Chemistry Conversions 68

1 Assertion: The electrode potential of SHE is zero

ANSWERS: 1) b 2) a 3) b 4) a 5) c 6) a 7) d 8) a 9) c 10) c 11) b 12) d 13) a 14) b 15) d

A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A

A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A

1. Assertion (A) : Magnetic moment of [Fe(H2O)6]SO4 is given by √4(4+2) BM

1. Assertion: Transition metals show variable valence.

1. Assertion: Linkage isomerism arises in coordination compounds containing ambidentate ligand.

4. Assertion: [Cr(H2O)6]Cl2 and [Fe(H2O)6]Cl2 are reducing in nature.

7. Assertion: 1 mol of [CrCl2(H2O)4]Cl give 1mol of AgCl on treating with AgNO3.

8. Assertion: CoCl3·3NH3 is not conducting while CoCl3·5NH3 is conducting in nature.

Assertion is false, reason is true.

Assertion is true, reason is false.

11. Assertion: Potassiumferrocyanide is diamagnetic whereas Potassium ferricyanide

Assertion is true but Reason is false

15. Assertion: The complex [Co(NH3)4Cl2]Cl gives precipitate corresponding to 1 mol of

Q.1 Assertion: Alcohols and Phenols are soluble in water.

(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A

1. Assertion (A): Acetone and Acetaldehyde are functional isomers .

3. Assertion: Acetanilide is less basic than aniline.

Choose the correct answer out of the following choices.

(i) What is the direction of the flow of electrons?

Answers (i) d (ii) b (iii) c (iv) a (v) b

1. A negative E0 means that

CHAPTER: CHEMICAL KINETICS

a) Write unit of k for the following reaction.

CHAPTER: THE d- AND f-BLOCK ELEMENTS

1. Read the passage carefully and answer the following questions.

1.Standard reduction electrode potential of Zn2+/Zn is – 0.76 V. This means

2. Read the passage carefully and answer the following questions.

3. Read the passage carefully and answer the following questions.

CHAPTER: COORDINATION COMPOUNDS

Answer the following questions on the basis of this passage:-

(a) What is the coordination number of Fe in [Fe(C2O4)3]3-?

1. The compound which is not coloured is

1. Primary and secondary valency of Pt in [Pt(en)2Cl2] are [D]

6. It is well known that transition metals form complexes. In modern terminology,

CHAPTER: ALCOHOLS, PHENOLS AND ETHERS

Q.1 Read the following information carefully.

Answer the following questions.

Q.2 Read the following information carefully.

Now answer the following questions.

. II] What is denaturation of alcohol? Why is it done?

Q.3 Read the following passage carefully.

Answer the following questions.

III]How will you convert Methyl magnesium bromide to 2-Methylpropan-2-ol?

CHAPTER: ALDEHYDES, KETONES AND CARBOXYLIC ACIDS

2. a) (CH3)3N, N, N–dimethyl methanamine.

3. a) It is because extent of H-bonding is more in CH3CH2CH2CH2NH2 than 2° and 3° amines.

(b) because its structure is similar to amylopectin

(a) Draw the zwitter ion structure of Alanine CH3CH(COOH)(NH2)

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY (UNITS 6,7,8 AND 9)

PATTERN OF QUESTION PAPER MAX.MARKS-26

1 IUPAC NAME OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

PRACTICE WORKSHEET- 1 (NAME REACTIONS)