Key Cocepts and Approaches

in Social Sciences
Discipline and Ideas in the Social
Sciences - Quarter II Module 4
Theory
FEMINIST
Feminism studies gender and its relation to power,
and the dynamics these two concepts play out in
economics, politics, sexuality, race, and nationality
among others.
 Feminism
THE THREE WAVES OF

1st Wave 2nd Wave Last (3rd) Wave

Began during 1960s up to the Began in the late 1980s and

Took place during the 19th and
1990s and was born out of the continues until today. Feminist
20th centuries which
civil rights movement. from this wave do not consider
challenged the legal issues feminine objects as artifacts of
concerning women. male oppression but as a tools
to enrich their feminity.
 KEY CONCEPTS IN FEMINISM
Gender Ideology

— is a social belief that supports gender inequality. It is a social divide that

establishes perceived roles for men and women, and relegating them to
specific roles.

Gender Inequality

. — is the actualization or realization of gender ideology. There is gender

inequality when the perceived role of women subordination to men reflects hiring
procedures and requirements; for example, a secretarial post accepting only
female applicants.
 CRITICISM AND
LIMITATIONS
During the first wave of feminism, anti-feminism was already present, which
opposed the granting of women’s right to vote, hold to public office, and attain higher
education.

Other critics of feminism are feminists themselves, who see feminism as an

attempt to make women’s rights and power more than or in supervision of men. Yet,
they argue that feminism must advocate for equality and not create a new form of
oppression.
 Hermeneutical
phenomenology
 T I C A L
E N E U
HE R M L O G Y
M E N O
H E N O
P
Is a philosophy of and a method for interpreting human
experiences as a means to understand the question of
what it is to be human. Was developed by Martin
Heidegger (1889-1976) as a continuation and divergence
from phenomenology, the philosophy developed by his
mentor and colleague, Edmund Husserl (1859–1938).
Husserl's phenomenology
is an inquiry on how the human mind grasp the nature of
things as experienced in the world. It is a question of how a
thorough examination of experiences of the worlda can
provide deeper insight and perception of the world.

Heidegger's phenomenological approach attempts to

interpret experiences of the world to find truths, which can
be used to learn about human existence or being.
The reflection made from experiences are affected by
worldviews, which in turn would be constitutive of future
experiences. This is what Heidegger' calls hermeneutic
circle, or the process wherein one's influences affects his or
her experiences of the world, which would then create
other influences that would affect experiencing the world
and so on.
HUMAN-ENVIRONMENT
SYSTEM
 One of the major scientific challenges of our time is
investigating the impact of
human activity to our natural environment and how each
system affects one another.
Human-Environment System

Human-environment systems are the interdisciplinary approaches which study the

complex interactions among human and environment systems. Human systems are
the various institutions and activities humans created in society. These systems
include government policies, industrial waste management, agriculture, urbanization,
culture, and tradition.
 KEY CONCEPTS IN HUMAN-
ENVIRONMENT SYSTEM

Sense of Place
A sense of place refers to the development of meaning or association with a
given location. A sense of place is a sense of belonging or identity, which is
developed through the community that occupies it, its landscape features, and the
emotions it brings.
 Mental Map
A mental map of a place refers to the mental representation of things and
people of a given location. A mental map is formed by the memory’s identification of
the physical characteristics and features of a particular place.

Primary Landscape

The place where we grew up is what human geographers consider as our

primary landscape and is the basis for our experience of new places.
Spatial Distribution and Spatial Process

Spatial distribution refers to the distribution of anything that exists on Earth

that can be mapped out and is observable through spatial processes. Spatial
distribution maps out natural and physical aspects such as temperature, weather,
and cities.

Spatial Process is the underlying structure responsible for the spatial

distribution of things. For example, the physical distribution of mountain ranges can
be attributed to tectonic shifts, while their cultural distribution can be attributed to
technological systems affecting human needs.
 Criticisms and Limitations

The human-environment systems theory is criticized because of its

deterministic approach in understanding social phenomena. This determinism could
be seen in Hardin’s work, which highlighted population as the main cause of social
issues.
THANK YOU!
Group 4
• Eia Marie Escopolo • Asria Mulod

•Rover Luminate • Moser Sambolinog