Police in America 1St Edition Brandl Test Bank Full Chapter PDF

Police in America 1st Edition Brandl
Test Bank
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Instructor Resource
Brandl, Police in America, 1st edition
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Chapter 6: Police Patrol
Test Bank
Multiple Choice
1. ______ is the most common method of police patrol.
A. Foot patrol
B. Bicycle patrol
C. Vehicle patrol
D. Horse patrol
Ans: C
Learning Objective: 6-1: Explain how differential police response strategies and 311 call systems affect
the management of police calls for service.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Police Patrol and Call Priority
Difficulty Level: Easy
2. A smaller patrol area within a larger command area is frequently called a ______.
A. beat
B. precinct
C. district
D. division
Ans: A
Answer Location: Allocation of Police Patrol
Difficulty Level: Medium
3. Calls for service are categorized based on ______.

A. the order in which they are received
B. time of day
C. location
D. priority
Ans: D
Answer Location: Call Priority
4. A(n) ______ is a computer that is mounted in a police vehicle that is connected wirelessly to the police
department’s computer network and computer-aided dispatch system.
A. removable tablet
B. emergency police terminal
C. mobile data computer
D. police transit computer
Ans: C
Answer Location: Mobile Data Computers (MDCs) and Computer-Aided Dispatch (CAD)
Instructor Resource
5. A(n) ______ system is a computer system and database that tracks calls for service as they are
received, monitors the status of patrol units, and can provide various reports relating to calls for service,
the activities of officers, and the calls to which officers respond.
A. rapid deployment
B. computer-aided dispatch
C. continual monitoring
D. emergency management
Ans: B
Answer Location: Mobile Data Computers (MDCs) and Computer-Aided Dispatch (CAD)
6. ______ offer(s) an abbreviated and standardized method of communication on police radios.

A. 311 Numbers
B. Differential police response
C. Shortwave radio codes
D. 10-Codes
Ans: D
Answer Location: Police 10-Code Radio Communications
7. The ______ was created in 1968 and is the national emergency phone number.
A. 911 call system
B. 311 call system
C. emergency broadcast system
D. special emergency response system
Ans: A
Answer Location: Managing Calls for Service
8. Handling calls for service by taking reports over the phone, over the Intranet, or via some method other
than immediate response by a patrol car is called ______.
A. delayed police interaction
B. differential police response
C. hot spot policing
D. strategic management analysis
Ans: B
Answer Location: Differential Police Response (DPR)
9. When officers go from one call to the next for an entire shift, making it impossible for them to engage in
any other productive activities, it is called ______.
A. redundant resource allocation
B. responsive policing
C. pinball policing
Instructor Resource
D. reactive exhaustion
Ans: C
10. When officers respond to calls for service while on patrol, it is called ______.
A. assigned time
B. unassigned time
C. responsive time
D. directed time
Ans: A
Learning Objective: 6-2: Identify the circumstances under which a fast police response is likely to have an
impact on the ability to make an on-scene arrest and discuss the importance of police response time in
general.
Answer Location: Preventive Patrol
11. A crime where a victim or witness see the crime occurring is called a(n) ______.
A. discovery crime
B. responsive crime
C. involvement crime
D. direct crime
Ans: C
general.
Answer Location: Apprehension Through Fast Police Response
12. A crime that is only detected after it has occurred is called a(n) ______.
A. discovery crime
B. responsive crime
C. involvement crime
D. delayed crime
Ans: A
general.
13. The ______ found that increased preventative patrol had no impact on the amount of crime
committed.
A. Kutztown aggressive patrol experiment
B. Kansas City preventive patrol experiment
C. Boston extensive patrol experiment
D. San Antonio reactive policing experiment
Ans: B
Learning Objective: 6-3: Describe how the Kansas City preventive patrol experiment was conducted and
discuss the results of the study.
Instructor Resource

Answer Location: Crime Reduction Through Deterrence: The Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment
14. Research shows that increased levels of preventive patrol ______.

A. lead to less crime
B. lead to more crime
C. have no impact on crime
D. leads to more crime in some places and less in others
Ans: C
15. According to research conducted in Minneapolis, which season had the most calls for service?
A. winter
B. spring
C. summer
D. fall
Ans: C
Learning Objective: 6-4: Assess why routine preventive patrol appears not to have an impact on crime,
but hot spot patrol does.
Answer Location: Hot Spot Policing
16. Which of the following crimes would most likely be eligible for a differential police response?
A. aggravated assault
B. arson
C. robbery
D. larceny
Ans: D
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Difficulty Level: Hard
17. Concentrating police presence in locations and times where crime is concentrated is called ______.
A. hot spot policing
B. high intensity policing
C. selective enforcement
D. intuitive policing
Ans: A
18. Research suggests that the most effective way for police to reduce crime is through ______.
A. preventive patrol
B. hot spot policing
C. selective enforcement
Instructor Resource
D. stop, frisk, question

Ans: B
19. When police advertise that they will be on the highways in greater numbers to detect and arrest drunk
drivers, it is an example of ______.
A. a crackdown
B. selective enforcement
C. preventive patrol
D. a terry stop
Ans: A
Learning Objective: 6-5: Relate the ingredients of a police crackdown and discuss the effectiveness of the
strategy.
Answer Location: Elements and Operation of a Crackdown
20. Police stops come in two forms:

A. traffic and Terry
B. traffic and Miranda
C. Terry and Miranda
D. border seizure and open fields
Ans: A
Learning Objective: 6-6: Examine the intended and unintended consequences of police traffic stops and
so-called Terry stops.
Answer Location: Police Stops of Citizens as a Strategy
21. Research shows that citizens who experience more traffic stops are ______.
A. more likely to be in possession of contraband
B. more likely to contact the police to ask for assistance
C. less likely to contact the police to ask for assistance
D. less likely to be in possession of contraband
Ans: C
Answer Location: Traffic Stops
22. Hot spot policing may lead to criticisms of ______.

A. resource wasting
B. ineffective policing
C. unconstitutional searches
D. over-policing
Ans: D
Answer Location: Other Issues Associated With Hot Spot Patrol
Instructor Resource
23. Generally speaking, officers prefer ______.

A. one-officer squads
B. two-officer squads
C. three-officer quads
D. have no preference regarding squad size
Ans: B
Learning Objective: 6-7: Identify the advantages and disadvantages of one-officer and two-officer squads.
Answer Location: One- and Two-Officer Squads
24. The process of curtailing the increased police presence and enforcement activity at the end of a
police crackdown is called ______.
A. the back-off
B. commencement
C. an abrupt stop
D. the shut down
Ans: A
strategy.
25. When traffic stops are used as a crime reduction strategy, police stop vehicles for moving and
equipment violations while ______.
A. looking for additional motor-vehicle violations
B. looking for uninsured drivers
C. looking for illegal guns or drugs
D. looking for drunk drivers
Ans: C
26. The level of proof needed to conduct a Terry stop is ______.

A. reasonable suspicion
B. beyond a reasonable doubt
C. probable cause
D. preponderance of the evidence
Ans: A
27. In departments that are committed to ______, typically more officers are assigned to foot patrol, on an
ongoing permanent basis, and in a wider geographic area.
A. reactive policing
B. community policing
C. legalistic policing
D. watchman-style policing
Instructor Resource
Ans: B
Learning Objective: 6-8: Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of foot patrol and offender-focused
strategies.
Answer Location: Foot Patrol
28. An officer ______ patrol would be able to more frequently and more easily initiate contact with
citizens.
A. car
B. horse
C. bicycle
D. foot
Ans: D
strategies.
29. ______ is(are) grounded in the understanding that a small percentage of offenders are responsible for
a large percentage of crime, and focusing police efforts to identifying, monitoring, and apprehending
these individuals.
A. High-intensity strategies
B. Limited-focus strategies
C. Proactive policing
D. Offender-focused strategies
Ans: D
strategies.
Answer Location: Offender-Focused Strategies
30. After car patrol, the most common form of patrol is ______.
A. motorcycle patrol
B. horse patrol
C. bicycle patrol
D. foot patrol
Ans: D
strategies.
True/False
1. Patrol officers are assigned to patrol certain sections of their jurisdiction.
Ans: T
Instructor Resource
2. In large cities, a collection of patrol areas is called a beat.

Ans: F
3. Calls for service are handled based on the order in which they were received.
Ans: F
4. Most 911 call systems can identify the caller’s name and address, phone number, and general location
for wireless calls.
Ans: T
Answer Location: Managing Calls for Service
5. The 311 call system instituted in Baltimore significantly reduced the workload of patrol officers.
Ans: F
Answer Location: 311
6. Some types of crimes would never be eligible for differential police response.
Ans: T
7. Preventive patrol usually involves one or two officers riding in a marked police vehicle.
Ans: T
general.
8. While on preventive patrol officers exclusively respond to calls for assistance.

Ans: F
general.
Instructor Resource

9. A robbery would be an example of an involvement crime.

Ans: T
general.
10. Fast police response seldom leads to an on-scene arrest.

Ans: T
general.
11. The Kansas City preventive patrol experiment found that increased police patrols decreased crime
levels.
Ans: F
12. Crime is more likely to occur at certain times and at certain places.
Ans: T
13. Research indicates that most calls for service occur between the hours of 9 a.m. and 12 noon.
Ans: F
14. Intensive resource allocation is the practice of concentrating police presence in locations and times
where crime is concentrated.
Ans: F
Instructor Resource
15. Crackdowns are an effective means of achieving long-term deterrence of specific criminal behaviors
like drunk-driving.
Ans: F
strategy.
16. The “back-off” phase of a crackdown is announced to the public.

Ans: F
strategy.
17. At the start of a crackdown, police announce their intent to increase their presence and enforcement
activity to the public.
Ans: T
strategy.
18. Hot spot policing is offense specific and focuses on certain types of offenses.
Ans: F
strategy.
19. Traffic stops are an essential tactic in hot spot policing.

Ans: T
20. The theory behind traffic stops as a crime reduction strategy is that by stopping vehicles for moving or
equipment violations, police officers may be able seize other contraband, like drugs or illegal guns.
Ans: T
21. Research suggests that when police make traffic stops and ask to conduct a consent search on a
vehicle, it positively affected citizens’ perceptions of proper and respectful police conduct.
Ans: F
Instructor Resource

22. In order to conduct a Terry stop, an officer must have probable cause to believe the suspect is
engaged in criminal activity.
Ans: F
Answer Location: Terry Stops
23. During a Terry stops, an officer is allowed to conduct a limited search for weapons.
Ans: T
Answer Location: Terry Stops
24. Hot spot policing may lead to criticisms of both under-policing and over-policing.
Ans: T
Answer Location: Other Issues Associated with Hot Spot Patrol
25. Generally speaking, officers prefer one officer assigned to a squad car.
Ans: F
Learning Objective: 6-7: Identify the advantages and disadvantages of one-officer and two-officer squads.
Essay
1. Explain the objective of police patrol and provide at least three examples of methods of police patrol.
Ans: Answer may vary. The basic objective of police patrol is to have a police presence in the community
with the effect of deterring crime. Officers may also respond to calls for service and may be able to
apprehend criminals if they respond quickly enough. Officers may also be expected to engage in
proactive police activities, like performing pedestrian stops or vehicle stops. The methods utilized vary by
department but may include foot, motorcycle, vehicle, horse, bicycle, and even rollerblade, or skateboard.
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Police Patrol and Call Priority
2. Explain how police categorize calls for service.

Ans: Not all calls for service are equal. As such, police departments categorize calls based on priority.
While the categories and designations will vary by department, the concept remains the same; officers
are dispatched to more serious calls first, and less serious calls as time permits. In some departments,
Instructor Resource
less serious, nonemergency calls may not be handled by a mobile unit, but by some other method, like
taking reports over the phone or via Internet.
3. What is a 311 call system and how does it impact police calls for service?
Ans: 311 call systems were introduced as a way to alleviate some of the workload of 911 call centers. It is
supposed to be used for nonemergency calls, and emergency calls are to go through the traditional 911
call system. Research shows that the 311 call system did reduce the number of calls to 911, but did not
reduce the overall number of calls to police, it simply shifted a large number of calls from one number to
another. They all still had to be answered and handled. As such, the 311 system does not appear to have
reduced police workload.
Answer Location: 311
4. Explain differential police response and its impact on the police.

Ans: Differential police response (DPR) involves using alternative methods of response to deal with
nonemergency or less serious offenses. Instead of dispatching a patrol car to every call for assistance,
officers can handle less serious calls via phone, the Intranet, or even have citizens come to the station to
file complaints or reports. Studies have shown that DPR can free up officers to deal with other, more
pressing issues, or to respond more quickly to emergency situations.
5. Discuss at least four tasks or duties officers generally perform while on preventive patrol?
Ans: Answer may vary. While on patrol, officers do a number of things. They look for people in need of
assistance, or who are acting suspiciously, or who are actively engaging in criminal activity. They provide
a police presence on the street and act as a deterrent. They may interact with citizens by visiting local
stores, businesses, or just talking to citizens in general. In addition, they may conduct surveillance,
actively search for wanted, missing, or endangered people, make traffic stops, or respond to calls for
service.
general.
6. Identify and explain the three segments of response time.

Ans: The three segments that make up response time are: (1) Citizen reporting time, that is, the time from
when the incident occurs to when police are notified; (2) police dispatch time, or the time from when
police are notified to the time an officer is dispatched; and (3) police travel time, or the time between an
officer being dispatched and the time he arrives at the scene.
general.
Instructor Resource

7. Explain the two main reasons why rapid response to a call for service for serious crimes rarely results
in on-scene apprehension of suspects.
Ans: Studies show that immediate response to reports of serious crime rarely result in on-scene arrests
for two main reasons. First, most crimes are crimes of discovery that means that by the time someone
realizes a crime has occurred, the perpetrator has left the scene. Second, a lesser amount of crimes are
classified as involvement crimes or a crime where a victim or witness sees the crime in progress.
Frequently the witness or victim delays before calling the police, thus giving the perpetrator time to flee.
general.
8. Explain how the Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment was conducted and the results of the study.
Ans: The Kansas City preventive patrol experiment was designed to measure the impact of routine
preventive patrol. A portion of the city was broken down into beats that would have one of three
characteristics. They would be either reactive beats, with no preventive patrol; control beats, which
utilized the same level of preventive patrol as prior to the experiment; and proactive beats, which
employed 2 to 3 times the normal level of preventive patrol. Despite the variance in the level of preventive
patrol, researchers found no difference in the amount of crime committed between beats, as such it would
appear preventive patrol has no effect on crime.
9. Explain what “hot spot” policing is and address its effectiveness.

Ans: As crime tends to happen more frequently in certain places, and at certain times, hot spot policing is
the practice of concentrating police presence in locations and times where crime is concentrated. Ho the
presence manifests varies, but it can include increased patrol, increasing proactive police activities, or
problem-oriented approaches to crime prevention. Research suggests that hot spot policing, unlike
routine preventive patrol, is an effective way to combat crime, as it focuses resources in the places and at
the times when crime is most likely to occur.
10. Identify and explain the two possible types of police crackdowns.
Ans: A crackdown is a strategy designed to reduce crime. It can be either offense (DUI, prostitution, drug
sales, etc.) or location specific (campus, highway, etc.). Crackdowns are usually temporary efforts and
they allocate additional police resources to deter illegal activity for a set period of time.
strategy.
Answer Location: Police Crackdowns
11. Explain the elements of a police crackdown and discuss its effectiveness
Instructor Resource
Ans: The elements of a police crackdown are (1) the police makes citizens aware of the pending
increased law enforcement efforts to stop a particular type of crime or crime in a specific location; (2) the
police increase their presence and step-up enforcement efforts; and (3) at some point the increased
presence and activity is curtailed, either gradually or suddenly. As to effectiveness, research has
produced mixed results. It does seem to work for some types of crime but is less successful for others. In
addition, the deterrent effect is generally short lived.
strategy.
12. Compare and contrast hot spot policing and a crackdown.

Ans: Hot spot policing acknowledges that crime is more likely to happen at certain times and in certain
places. As such their efforts are time and place specific. A crackdown may also be location specific, but
unlike hot spot policing it may also may be offense specific. Another key difference is that crackdowns are
generally announced to the public prior to beginning, where hot spot policing efforts are not. Finally,
research seems to differ on the effectiveness of each. Hot spot policing has been identified as a
productive method, while results are mixed as to the effectiveness of crackdowns.
strategy.
Answer Location: Police Crackdowns
13. Discuss the consequences, both intended and unintended, of utilizing traffic stops as a crime
reduction strategy.
Ans: The theory behind traffic stops as a crime reduction strategy is that by stopping vehicles for moving
or equipment violations, police officers may be able seize other contraband, like drugs or illegal guns.
Traffic stops may also serve a deterrent effect for would-be offenders. The unintended consequences are
2 fold. First, those who have been pulled over by officers more frequently may be reluctant to contact the
police to ask for assistance or to report a problem. Second, when police pull over individuals and ask to
conduct a consent stop, it negatively affects the citizen’s perceptions of the police.
14. Discuss the potential negative side effects associated with hot spot policing.
Ans: While generally accepted as “effective,” hot spot policing may have several negative side effects.
First, it may negatively affect citizen’s perceptions of police as citizens begin to feel “targeted” by police.
Next, it may lead to criticisms of over-policing in the communities that are the target of the hot spot
policing, and under-policing in areas where police have less of a presence because they are dedicating
more resources to hot spot areas.
Answer Location: Other Issues Associated with Hot Spot Patrol
15. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of one- and two-officer squads.
Ans: Two-person squads are beneficial because officers feel safer knowing they have immediate
assistance if needed. Two-person squads also help alleviate boredom, as officers have someone to talk
to during their shift. In addition, having a partner available may help in making tough decisions on the
street. The downside of two-person squads is that they are more expensive to staff than one-person
Instructor Resource
squads. An advantage of one-person squads is that they may allow for greater coverage and greater
officer visibility.
strategies.
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The Project Gutenberg eBook of Esbozos y
rasguños
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States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with
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eBook.
Title: Esbozos y rasguños

Obras completas - Vol. VII
Author: José María de Pereda
Release date: October 27, 2023 [eBook #71966]
Language: Spanish
Original publication: Madrid: Viuda e Hijos de Manuel Tello,

1898
Credits: Andrés V. Galia, Santiago and the Online Distributed

Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file
was produced from images generously made available
by The Internet Archive)
*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ESBOZOS Y

RASGUÑOS ***
NOTAS DEL TRANSCRIPTOR
En la versión de texto sin formatear, el texto en
cursiva está encerrado entre guiones bajos
(_cursiva_), el texto en Versalitas se representa
en mayúsculas como en VERSALITAS y el texto
precedido por el signo ^ simboliza un superíndice.
El criterio utilizado para llevar a cabo esta
transcripción ha sido el de respetar las reglas de
la Real Academia Española vigentes cuando la
presente edición de esta obra fue publicada. El
lector interesado puede consultar el Mapa de
Diccionarios Académicos de la Real Academia
Española.
En la presente transcripción se adecuó la
ortografía de las mayúsculas acentuadas a las
reglas indicadas por la RAE, que establecen que
el acento ortográfico debe utilizarse, incluso si la
vocal acentuada está en mayúsculas.
La cubierta del libro fue modificada por el
transcriptor y ha sido añadida al dominio público.
El Índice ha sido reposicionado al principio de la
obra.
Se han corregido errores evidentes de puntuación
y otros errores tipográficos y de ortografía.
OBRAS COMPLETAS
DE
D. JOSÉ MARÍA DE PEREDA
OBRAS COMPLETAS
DE
D. JOSÉ M. DE PEREDA
de la Real Academia Española
Tomo VII
ESBOZOS Y RASGUÑOS
SEGUNDA EDICIÓN
MADRID
VIUDA É HIJOS DE MANUEL TELLO
1898
Es propiedad del autor.
AL Sr. D. MANUEL MARAÑÓN
Queridísimo amigo é inolvidable conterráneo: Perdone usted la

franqueza con que le elijo para presentar al bondadoso público, á
quien tantas atenciones inmerecidas debo, estos rebuscos de mis
cartapacios, obras, las más de ellas, que ni siquiera tienen el
atractivo de ser inéditas; pero precisamente para las malas causas
es para lo que se necesitan los buenos abogados; y he aquí por
qué, en la presente ocasión, le cargo con el peso de esta
dedicatoria. Mas no se entienda por ello que reputo el libro por
enteramente indigno de andar en letras de molde, porque si tal
creyera no le publicara: observación que se me ocurre cada vez que
leo al frente de una obra pueriles é insistentes declaraciones del
autor, de que la tal obra no vale un pito. Pues si tal cree, ¿para qué
la da á luz?; y ya que la da, ¿para qué lo dice? Con franqueza,
amigo mío: creo que entre mucho, menos que regular, hay en este
libro algo que merece los honores de la imprenta, y por eso no
comienzo poniéndole á los pies de los caballos, aunque lamente de
todo corazón que no sea, en conjunto, tan excelente como yo
quisiera, para que el público le recibiera con palmas, y usted me
agradeciera el cargo que le encomiendo.
Lo que podrá muy bien ocurrir (y aquí está lo grave del negocio) es
que el lector y yo discordemos grandemente en lo relativo á la
bondad de lo que yo reputo por no malo.
Él no verá, pongo por caso, donaire, ni color, ni dibujo, ni ingenio en
tal rasguño ó en cuál esbozo, y yo le pondré sobre mi cabeza
porque me recuerda tiempos, hombres, cosas, motivos y ocasiones
que, al pasar por mi memoria, tócanme en el corazón y me remozan
el espíritu. Me dirá que nada de esto le sucede á él, y que, por ende,
la obra es mala; á lo cual replico que pasan de media docena los
lectores que la esperan y han de juzgarla por el mismo lado que
usted y yo, porque fueron unos actores y otros testigos presenciales
de los sucesos, y hasta de la pintura de ellos, y saben y aprecian el
por qué de cada trazo y el motivo de cada línea... y no digamos tan
mal de un libro que cuenta con siete lectores, por lo menos, hoy que
tantos mueren intonsos, pasto de polillas y ratones.
Hay, además, otra razón que justifica la aparición de este volumen; y
es la de habérsele ofrecido al público en dos ocasiones, llevado yo
de esta candorosa sinceridad que no me consiente ocultarle el más
mínimo propósito que tenga alguna conexión con éstas mis literarias
aficiones...
De todas maneras, ruégole á usted, mi buen amigo, que si oye
lamentarse á alguien del dinero que invirtió en comprar el libro, le
excite á volver los ojos al rótulo de la portada: verá entonces cómo
no tiene derecho á pedirme más de lo que le doy, ó miente el
diccionario de la Academia; y hasta le sería á usted fácil demostrarle
que me debe gratitud, puesto que, al limpiar los fondos de mis
cartapacios, no agregué á los presentes papelejos más de otros
tantos que, en su obsequio, condené á perpetua obscuridad.
Conste, pues, que, al salir á luz este libro, pago una deuda contraída
con el público, y que la pago con cosa que, aunque no buena,
encaja perfectamente en los términos de la oferta. La recta justicia
no obliga á más.
Y si, á pesar de éstas y de las otras razones, aún insiste el huraño
lector, tentado del demonio, en dar una silba al libro, ¿qué hemos de
hacerle?... En este triste caso, ruéguele usted, amigo mío, en
nombre de los dos, que la reserve para un poco más adelante; pues
entre manos traigo asunto de mayor empeño, y más digno que esta
pequeñez, de encender sus iras ó de alcanzar sus alabanzas.
Deme Dios bríos para merecer las últimas; inspírele á Él, y no la
idea de la silba; guárdele á usted, y reciba estos renglones y la
pobre ofrenda que los acompaña, en testimonio de lo mucho que le
quiere su amigo y paisano
José María de Pereda.
Santander, enero de 1881.

ÍNDICE
Página
Dedicatoria 5
Las visitas 9
¡Cómo se miente! 49
Las bellas teorías 73
Fisiología del
99
baile
Los buenos
111
muchachos
El primer
137
sombrero
La Guantería 155
El peor bicho 177
La mujer del 195
ciego ¿para
quién se afeita?
El tirano de la
215
aldea
Reminiscencias 243
Más
269
reminiscencias
Las tres infancias 297
Manías 321
La intolerancia 339
El cervantismo 359
LAS VISITAS[1]
Ponte los guantes, lector; sacude el blanco polvo de la levita que

llevabas puesta cuando despachaste el último correo (supongamos
que eres hombre de pro); calza las charoladas botas que, de fijo,
posees; ponte majo, en fin, porque hoy es día de huelga, no hay
negocios en la plaza y nos vamos á hacer visitas.
Este modo de pasar el tiempo no será muy productivo que digamos;
no rendirá partidas para el debe de un libro de caja; pero es preciso
hacer un pequeño sacrificio, lo menos una vez á la semana, en pro
del hombre-especie de parte del hombre-individuo; es decir, dejar de
ser comerciante para ser una vez sociable.
Y para ser sociable, es de todo punto necesario atender á las
exigencias del gran señor que se llama Buen tono. Ser vecino
honrado, independiente y hasta elector, son cualidades que puede
tener un mozo de cuerda que haya sacado un premio gordo á la
lotería.
Para vivir dignamente en medio de esta marejada social, es
indispensable tener muchas «relaciones», hacer muchas visitas,
aunque entre todas ellas no se tenga un amigo.
Porque amistad es hoy una palabra vana: es un papel sin valor, que
nadie toma, aunque le encuentre en medio de la calle.
La amistad, tal como la comprenden los hombres de buena fe, es
una señora que, si bien produce algunas satisfacciones, en cambio
acarrea muy serios compromisos, y no es esto lo que nos conviene.
Hállese un afecto, llámese como quiera, que aparentando las
primeras evite los segundos, y entonces estaremos montados á la
dernière. En esta época de grandes reformas todo lo viejo debe
desaparecer como innecesario, si no quiere pintarse al uso
moderno.
Dar los días á la señora de A.; despedirse de la condesa de B.;
apretar la mano al barón de C.; refrescar con el capitalista D.; hablar
en calles, plazas y cafés de la última reunión de las de Tal, del te de
las de Cual; decir «á los pies de usted» á cuantas hembras crucen
por delante de uno, y no conocer á fondo á nadie, es lo que se llama
vivir á la alta escuela moderna; ser un fuerte apoyo de la flamante
sociedad.
¡No se concibe cómo se arreglaban las gentes cuando no se
conocían las tarjetas, ni se pagaban los afectos con papel-visita!
Por eso tenemos el derecho de reirnos de su crasa ignorancia.
Pero no te rías, lector, en este momento, porque vamos á entrar de
lleno en el asunto, y el asunto es tan serio, que la menor sonrisa le
profana.
Descúbrete, pues, y chitito.
La visita de rigor es un vínculo sui géneris que une á dos familias
entre sí. De estas dos familias no puede decirse que son amigas, ni
tampoco simplemente conocidas: son bastante menos que lo uno y
un poco más que lo otro; es decir, están autorizadas recíprocamente
para no saludarse en la calle, para hacerse todo el daño que
puedan; pero no deben prescindir entre sí del ofrecimiento de la
nueva habitación, ni de la despedida al emprender un viaje, ni de la
visita al regreso, ni del regalo de los dulces después de una boda ó
de un bautizo.
Esta definición parecerá un poco ambigua á primera vista; pero si se
reflexiona un poco sobre ella, se comprenderá menos.
Y lo peor es que no se puede dar otra más clara, porque lo definido
es incomprensible.
Vaya un ejemplo, en su defecto.
Doña Epifanía Mijo de Soconusco, y doña Severa Cueto de
Guzmán, son visita.
Ricas hasta la saciedad y envidiadas de cuantas se quedaron unos
grados más abajo en la rueda de la voluble diosa, son la esencia de
buen tono provinciano, que es la equivalencia ó copia de la etiqueta
cortesana, si bien, como todas las copias, bastante amanerada, ó,
como diría un pintor, desentonada. Mas la entonación de cuya falta
adolece el cuadro, está perfectamente compensada con la riqueza
del marco que le rodea; lo cual, en los tiempos que alcanzamos,
vale algo más que los rancios pergaminos de un marqués tronado.
Y no se crea por esto que doña Epifanía despreciaría una ejecutoria
si la hubiera á sus alcances. Dios y ella saben lo que ha trabajado
para encontrar, entre las facturas de su marido don Frutos, algún
viejo manuscrito que la autorizara para pintar en sus carruajes algún
garabato heráldico; ya que no león rampante en campo de gules,
siquiera una mala barra de bastardía entre un famélico raposo y una
caldera vieja en campo verde; pero siempre tan nobilísimos deseos
han tenido un éxito desdichado. Los únicos manuscritos que
parecieron de algún valor, eran efectos á cobrar; las barras eran
más de las precisas, pero de hierro dulce y ya estaban vendidas; la
caldera se halló en la cocina, pero era la de fregar; por lo que hace
al raposo, le dijeron que, aunque abundaban en el país, eran muy
astutos y difíciles de atrapar.
Á pesar de tan funestos desengaños, no vayan ustedes á creer que
doña Epifanía desistió de su proyecto. Persuadida, por lo que había
oído alguna vez, de que la heráldica es una farsa, y que cada cual
se la aplica según le parece, concibió un proyecto magnífico si se le
hubieran dejado llevar á cabo. Ideó cruzar en una gran lámina de
oro, la barra, colgando de ella la caldera; en el cuartel que quedaba
vacío, retratar el gato, ya que el raposo no se prestaba á ello, y para
orla, á manera de toisón, encajar un rosario de peluconas de don
Félix Utroque. Todo esto cubierto por detrás con un pañolón de
Manila, en defecto de un manto santiagués, debía hacer un efecto
sorprendente, y sobre todo, un escudo que si aristocráticamente
valía poco, en cambio, en riqueza intrínseca, mal año para todos los
más empingorotados de la historia. Tal fué el proyecto de doña
Epifanía; mas á don Frutos, que, aparte de ser hombre de gran
peso, es bastante aprensivo con sus puntas de visionario, se le
antojó que aquel grupo de figuras era una batería de cocina; que el
gato mayaba; que la caldera sonaba contra la barra, y que por
debajo de los pliegues del pañuelo asomaba la punta de un
estropajo, lo cual era hablar muy recio en heráldica y exponer á
grave riesgo su posición entonada.
Don Frutos negó su consentimiento, por primera vez en su vida, á
un capricho de doña Epifanía. Por eso no gasta librea su
servidumbre.
Más afortunada doña Severa por haber dado su mano á un
Guzmán, le ha sido muy fácil llenar su antesala y sus carruajes de
coronas y blasones, sin más trabajo que encargar á un pintor unas
cuantas copias de las armas del defensor de Tarifa, armas que,
dicho sea de paso, apenas fueron expuestas á la pública
consideración, produjeron terribles disgustos al infeliz que las
consideraba como su mejor obra. ¡Pobre Apeles, y cómo le pusieron
las visitas de doña Severa, y hasta gentes que nada tenían que ver
con ella! ¡En mal hora para su fama emprendiera aquella obra!
Nadie quiere reconocer en los cuarteles del escudo el pensamiento
de la de Guzmán. Quién toma la torre por un barril de aceitunas;
quién por un balde de taberna; á unos recuerda el tajo de un
herrador; á otros el yunque de un herrero; á éste un cuévano
pasiego; al otro la cubeta de un zapatero; y en ese afán de
simbolismos, no falta quien le compare con el tamboril del
Reganche. El puñal del héroe, que aparece en el espacio, también
varía de nombre á medida que le van observando. Ya es una lezna,
ya una navaja de afeitar, el flemen de un albéitar... en lontananza, es
decir, allá á lo lejos, como existen en la mente los recuerdos de lo ya
pasado.
Entre tantas divergencias, doña Epifanía endereza su opinión hacia
otro lado. Sostiene, siempre que viene á pelo y aunque no venga,
que las alhajas y las blasones valen tanto como el que los lleva; lo
cual en el asunto de que se trata podrá ser un poco exagerado, pero
en tesis general es la mayor verdad que ha salido de los labios de la
señora de don Frutos. El fragmento de un vaso sobre la pechera de
un rico negociante, pone en grave riesgo la reputación de un
diamantista, al paso que el mismo Soberano, lanzando sus rayos de
luz bajo las solapas del humilde gabán de un hortera, parece un
cristal mezquino; la espada de Alejandro en la diestra de un
cocinero, no vale más que un asador. Todo lo cual, traducido
libremente, significa que el hábito no hace al monje.
Pero sea de esto lo que fuere, es indudable que la blasonada
señora figura en el gran mundo (no se olvide que estamos en una
provincia), y es individua de cuantas asociaciones filantrópicas se
crean; circunstancia que, por sí sola, constituye el crisol en que se
prueba hoy el verdadero valor social de las gentes principales.
Al grano, lector.
La señora de don Frutos ha dado la última mano á su prendido; y
enterada, por su libro de memorias, de las visitas con quienes está
en descubierto (técnicas), se ha decidido á cumplir (id.) primero con
doña Epifanía, ó expresándonos á mayor altura, con la de Guzmán.
Provista la visitante de todo lo necesario para el caso (sombrilla,
abanico y tarjetero), sale á la calle á pie, no por falta de carruaje,
sino porque la distancia no le exige; y sin alterar por nada ni por

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Chapter 6: Police Patrol

3. Calls for service are categorized based on ______.

6. ______ offer(s) an abbreviated and standardized method of communication on police radios.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

14. Research shows that increased levels of preventive patrol ______.

D. stop, frisk, question

20. Police stops come in two forms:

22. Hot spot policing may lead to criticisms of ______.

23. Generally speaking, officers prefer ______.

26. The level of proof needed to conduct a Terry stop is ______.

2. In large cities, a collection of patrol areas is called a beat.

8. While on preventive patrol officers exclusively respond to calls for assistance.

Answer Location: Preventive Patrol

9. A robbery would be an example of an involvement crime.

10. Fast police response seldom leads to an on-scene arrest.

16. The “back-off” phase of a crackdown is announced to the public.

19. Traffic stops are an essential tactic in hot spot policing.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

2. Explain how police categorize calls for service.

4. Explain differential police response and its impact on the police.

6. Identify and explain the three segments of response time.

Answer Location: Apprehension Through Fast Police Response

9. Explain what “hot spot” policing is and address its effectiveness.

12. Compare and contrast hot spot policing and a crackdown.

Title: Esbozos y rasguños

Author: José María de Pereda

Release date: October 27, 2023 [eBook #71966]

Original publication: Madrid: Viuda e Hijos de Manuel Tello,

Credits: Andrés V. Galia, Santiago and the Online Distributed

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ESBOZOS Y

de la Real Academia Española

Queridísimo amigo é inolvidable conterráneo: Perdone usted la

José María de Pereda.

Santander, enero de 1881.

Ponte los guantes, lector; sacude el blanco polvo de la levita que

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