CHAPTER

I
 INTRODUCATION
Breakfast is widely acknowledged to be the most
important meal of the day. A healthy breakfast has
many health benefits. Breakfast replenishes the stores
of energy and nutrients in your body. Eating breakfast
boost your energy levels and restores your glycogen
levels ready to keep your metabolism up for the day.
Breakfast has been proven to positively affect learning
in student in terms of behavior, cognitive, and school
performance.
 Student who habitually consume
breakfast are more likely to have
fiber total carbohydrates and lower
total fat and cholesterol ( Peshmukh.
Taskar Jet., 2010 ). While student who
do not consume breakfast are more
likely to be less physically active and
have a lower cardio respiratory
fitness level (Sandercock et. al.,
2010).
 According to a recent study by the States Department of
Agriculture ( USDA ), students who do not eat breakfast at
home or at school were less able to learn. When you don’t
eat often enough in a day, you'll experience a drop in
blood sugar, or glucose, the main sugar found in your
blood. Skipping meals can be especially harmful to your
health if you have diabetes and take insulin or oral
diabetes medications ( Regan Olsson, 2022 ). Food
restrictions is the basis of many eating disorders, such as
anorexia, bulimia or orthorexia (unhealthy focus on
healthy food), and can trigger a very harmful relationship
with food.
 Skipping breakfast can increase the risk of heart
disease, by regularly skipping morning meals you
are more susceptible to weight gain and at an
increased risk of atherosclerosis, heart disease,
high blood pressure, diabetes, obesity and high
cholesterol. A study over the length of sixteen
years found that men who skipped breakfast daily.
We're twenty seven percent more likely to
experience heart attacks or have a coronary heart
disease as the cause of their death (According to
future fit training).
Subsequently, with this we can say skipping breakfast
can affect our health and performance as a student.
Skipping the breakfast has a great impact on mood
and energy. It has been shown that people who
completely avoided taking breakfast has utmost
fatigue levels and very fewer memory skills. It causes
migraine, irregularities in meaningful cycle, triggers
hair loss, increases weight gain, and many more. The
most common reasons people skip breakfast are they
weren't hungry, didn't feel like eating, lack of time
(According to healthychildren.org, fortune
journals.com).
Many factors of effects that could happen because of
skipping breakfast so we need to do some things so
that we can avoid this. Doing this kind of habit again
and again can cause so much damages to your health
and will cause danger to your life. So try not to skip
breakfast.

The objective of this study are:

• Investigate the effect of skipping breakfast on
students performance.
• Identity factors affecting the respondents to skip
their breakfast.
 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

This study aims to determine the effect of breakfast skipping

in the academic performance of Senior High School students
at Consuelo National High School.

Specifically, it answers the following questions :

1.) What are the effects of skipping breakfast on students
academic performance.
2.) What are the factors that affecting or influencing a
student to skip their breakfast.
3.) What is the level of significant of health cnsciousness
on student academic performance.
 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The findings from this study will be useful to:

Students: The result of the study provides information about

the effect of skipping breakfast that will give them insight and
knowledge on how breakfast skipping could affect their
performance at school.
Teacher: After this study, teachers will identify the effects of
skipping breakfast to their students, how it affects their
academic performance and help students avoid skipping
breakfast by advicing them again and again.
Parents: The findings will serve as a reminder and
provide knowledge to them on how does skipping
breakfast affect child's and that they should
advice their child to stop skipping breakfast.
School Administrator: This study provides, how
school administrator could help and think possible
things can do to lessen this problem.
Future Researchers: This study is also significant
to future research who studies have similar
finding of the study.
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Skipping Student Academic

Breakfast Performance

Independent Variable Dependent Variable

RESEARCH PARADIGM
The research paradigm of this study is
introduced to provide view of the work to
be done. The independent variables is
breakfast consumption which manipulates
the impact on students educational
performances and the dependent variables
are the way which the students
performance is to be analyzed.
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
Increased Available
Level of Energy

Improve Improve
Breakfast School
Nutritional Capacity For
Consumption Performance
Status Active

Effective Better School

Schooling Attendance
 DEFINITION OF TERMS
1.) Skipping Breakfast - The most important meal of the day.
Skipping breakfast is the independent variable that manipulates
the effect on student academic performance.

2.)Academic Performance - Measurement of academic

performances and progress of a student. Academic performance is
the dependent variable that is being affected by independent
variable which is skipping breakfast.

3.)Class Participation - one of the independent variable that

posits on the effect of skipping breakfast on student academic
performance among fifty grade 12 students.
 SCOPE AND DELIMITATION

Geographically, this study will be conducted

in consuelo national high school, Senior High
School with 50 respondents in grade 12
students, using the simple random sampling
because we will just randomly selected some
grade 12 students that are qualified as
breakfast skippers. S.Y.2023-2024.
 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED
LITERATURE
 BREAKFAST
Breakfast is a vital feature of consuming regimes as it is
associated with healthier intake ofessential nutrients.
Breakfast consumption help improve mental capacity,
learning capabilities particularly work memory. The
right amount of food depends on the person's activities,
physical condition, and health conditions. The best time
to eat a lot of food is in the morning for energy and
other needs because daytime is where the work and
activities are concentrated and the source of energy will
be from the breakfast eaten.
 Hoyland et Al. (2009) did a study and there
is evidence that breakfast positively affects
learning in children in terms of behavior,
cognitive, and school performance.

Moreover, Madelaine (2016) did an interview

in a group of students that eating breakfast
does increases their energy and helps them to
be more focused in the class.
 Galang, E : Taha & Rashed (2017), Babaeer & Wraith (2018)
implies that breakfast provides atleast one fourth of energy
needed to keep the body going first thing in the morning.
Eating breakfast increases an individual's performance
through their cognitive performance level of concentration,
and alertness. Also, Galang E. (2017) evoke a further
research that students work more efficient and commit less
mistakes in every school activity and by eating breakfast,
the ability to recall or human memory retention is enhanced.
Galang (2017) also added that eating breakfast daily and
completely does reduce the rate of absenteeism and
tardiness of an individual.
 It is vital for a student to eat breakfast. Taha and Rashed
(2017) also stated that breakfast, as we know, is the foremost
important meal of the day because it contributes for about 20%
to 30% total of energy which keeps us from going through the
day.

A research from healthychildren-org (2023) stated that experts

agree that getting kids to eat breakfast is important. Breakfast
has been associated with many benefits, including healthier
body weight, better memory, attention & test scores, better
overall nutrition & health, fiber, calcium & vitamin D.
 A research from Melan (2002) also implies that children
who regularly eat breakfast tend to have a lower BMI and
are less likely to be overweight than those who eat
breakfast less frequently. Studies in children suggest that
breakfast eaters are more likely to meet daily nutrient
intake guidelines compared with children who eat breakfast
infrequently or skip breakfast. Despite this, breakfast
skipping increased in the USA from 14 % to 25 % between
1965 and 1991. Moreover, the percentage of children eating
breakfast in the UK has declined along with the nutrient
quality of breakfast foods selected, with implications for
nutrient status and energy intake.
 Furthermore, Duyff (2011) states that
after eight to ten hours without food, our
body needs to replenish its blood sugar
supplies. Most importantly, the brain
needs a fresh supply of blood sugar to
use as its main energy source, because it
doesn’t have any storage capacity like the
muscle do.
 Despite the benefits of breakfast for your
health and wellbeing, many people often skip
it, for a variety of reasons. According to
BetterHealthchannnel, some common reasons
for skipping breakfast includes, not having
enough time, trying to lose weight, too tired
to bother, bored of the same breakfast foods,
don't feel hungry in the morning, the cost of
buying breakfast foods, and cultural reasons.
 SKIPPING BREAKFAST
Skipping breakfast may be harmful to your mental health,
it impacts your mood.
According to the School of Public Health from the
University of Michigan, missing a meal can cause your
blood sugar to crash and lead to mood swings. Another
study published by Cambridge University Press showed that
people who skipped meals were more likely to develop
mood disorders. Specifically, the study suggests that
delaying breakfast can have serious consequences on your
mood in the long run.
 Despite intense public and scientific interest and a widely promoted
consensus that breakfast improves concentration and alertness,
Hoyland et al. (2009) were only able to identify 45 studies on the
effects of breakfast on objectively measured cognitive performance in
the period of 1950–2008 in their systematic review. They concluded
that breakfast consumption is more beneficial than skipping breakfast
to cognitive outcomes, effects which were more apparentin children
who are considered undernourished. They did not consider ecologically
valid outcomes of behavior (in-class or at school) and academic
performance. Some article complements Hoyland et al. (2009) review
by considering the evidence on the effect of breakfast on behavior (in-
class or at school) and academic performance in children and considers
the methodological challenges in isolating the effects of breakfast
from other factors.
 Furthermore, Shrikant (2017) states that skipping
breakfast decreases the glucose level as it increases the
blood sugar level resulting in experience of migraines
and headaches.

Moreover, Drummond (2014) stated that those who

don't eat breakfast struggles in doing performing and
concentrating in the demands of the task in school.
Also, it can lead academic problems such as having low
score, arises of attention and changes in behavior.
 A 2019 review of studies in the Journal
Nutrients found that children and
adolescents who don't eat breakfast are
more likely to be or become overweight or
obese. This may be partly because many
kids who skip breakfast tend to eat
unhealthy foods later in the day.
 Colditz (2000) then implies that the importance of nutrition for
health and human well- being is clear. It has direct implication
for physical health and particularly for how well the brain
functions. Also it shows that skipping breakfast interferes with
cognition and learning. Breakfast skippers tend to eat more food
than usual at the next meal or nibble on high-calorie snacks
whenthey get hungry. Several studies suggest that people gain
weight when they eat fewer larger meals than when they eat the
same number of calories in smaller, more frequent meals. People
who opt out of breakfast often consume more of their calories in
the evening, while people with normal weight distribute their
calorie intake more evenly throughout the day. Late night eating
results in stored glycogen, and unless it’s used, it will be stored
as fat causing weight gain.
 Lawright (2011) posited that when you skip your breakfast, you
may feel hungrier in the afternoon making over eating a problem
that can be hard to avoid. Eating a balanced breakfast can also
help boost your mood. When you skip breakfast you might not
feel up to anything that is mentally or physically strenuous,
however eating breakfast causes a person to feel fresh, and
energized. While eating any breakfast is better than not eating at
all, a person’s mood can be changed entirely when they eat at the
right time accompanied by healthier choices. Consuming complete
breakfasts that contain a balance of proteins, fats, and
carbohydrates are not only the healthier choices, but will also
help a person avoid hunger for a longer period of time appose to
a person that eats carbohydrate only breakfasts.
 Furthermore, Sandercock et Al. (2010)
posited that children who do not consume
breakfast are more likely to be less
physical active and have a lower cardio
respiratory fitness level.
 SKIPPING BREAKFAST AFFECTING
ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE
A recent study, Rosen (2010) evoke further research that nutrition
affects learning and behaviour and suggested that diet can influence
cognition and behaviour in many ways, which include the condition
of not enough nutrition or the condition of the lack of certain
nutrients. Studies rarely investigate the acute effects of breakfast on
behaviour in the classroom and there remains a lack of research in
this area. This may be, in part, attributed to the complicated nature
of the measures used to assess behaviour in class and the need to
develop standardized, validated, and comparable coding systems to
measure behaviour.
 Similarly, few studies examine the effects of
breakfast on tangible academic outcomes such as
school grades or standardized achievement tests
relative to cognitive outcomes. Whilst crude
measures of academic performance may not provide
the most sensitive indicator of the effects of
breakfast, direct measures of academic performance
are ecologically valid, have most relevance to pupils,
parents, teachers, and educational policy makers and
as a result may produce most impact. Madelaine
(2016) did an interview in a group of students that
eating breakfast does increases their energy and
helps them to be more focused in the class.
 On the other hand, Nhemiz et al. (2006) argued that eating
breakfast may mean putting more calories into our bodies, but
by creating a healthy mealtime schedule, reducing overeating
habits, and increasing our likeliness to perform physical
activity that burns energy, it can play a key role in
preventing obesity. The major strength to this study is that, it
would be the first comprehensive study to simultaneously
assess the prevalence of breakfast skipping in a sample of
Lebanese adolescents in combination with dietary assessment,
age, gender, SES and BMI. However, the study is not without
limitations; the study findings are not be generalizable
beyond adolescents.
 Azamura (2006) states that non-breakfast-
eaters were generally hungrier later in the day
and ate more food at night, perhaps leading to
metabolic changes and heart disease.
Additionally, a study from Smith (2002)
implies that breakfast leads to deterioration in
academic performance in process known as
metabolic starvation, focused attention, recall
and coping with complex mental tasks becomes
increasingly more difficult.
 A recent study to Shaw (1998) showed the Reasons
adolescents give for skipping breakfast are that they
are not hungry or do not have enough time. But
according to Rampersaudet al. (2005), experimental
studies have investigated the relationship between
breakfast skipping and cognitive functioning, which
is assumed to underlie school performance. Breakfast
skipping in children and adolescents appeared to
affect memory and attention, especially toward the
end of the morning.
 Phillips (2005) has also carried out a
research on breakfast trend among
students in his college in Texas and he
found that 34% from his samples do not
take breakfast and found out the various
disadvantages of it that cause the health
condition of one’s students.
Individuals who do not eat breakfast suffers in having
a low-energy and stamina in the mid-morning that
contributes in affecting their school performances and
grades (Bennett, 2008). Madeline (2016) stated that
when a student does not eat their breakfast, there is a
tendency that they might learn less or absorb
insufficient informationat school. In return, they may
be less physically active to participate in the class. It
is because it can cause them fatigue and have low
energy levels that may be a reason why they are not
active in class (Schwartzbard, 2016).
 This can be supported from an article of Remond (2018) that
students who skip breakfast tend to be less physically active and
be more uninterested in participating. The act of skipping
breakfast results to lower performance in school. Jain (2016) said
that whenever we are skipping breakfast, the memory is the most
affected factor due to the fact that the brain needs a continuous
orfrom time to time supply of glucose. Students for example,
during examinations are having a hard time remembering what
they have reviewed whenever they skip breakfast. Not only that
they easily forget things, they also get easily irritated and have
lesser or lower energy to keep them going throughout the first
hours in the morning. Having low energy and concentration leads
to a failing grade or a bad academic performance.
 CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY
 This chapter discusses the methods used in
the study conducted by the researchers to give
more information and to maximize the
understanding of the norms existing. This
chapter also entails the research design, the
sample and population included, the technique
used for the population, research instruments,
the data gathering, and lastly, the analysis of
data.
 RESEARCH DESIGN
The researcher chose ex-post facto research
design because it is used to refer to an
experiment in which a researcher, instead of
finding a treatment, examines the effect of a
naturally occurring treatment after it has
occurred. In other words it is a study that
attempts to discover the pre-existing causal
conditions between groups (Landman, 1988 : 62) .
 RESEARCH POPULATION
AND SAMPLE
The population chosen by the researchers are the
Senior High School students of Consuelo National
High School wherein every respondent is female, for
they are the focus of the study and are the ones
yielding the data for the research being conducted.
The sample consist of 35 participants of Senior High
School Students of Consuelo National High School.
 SAMPLING PROCEDURE
Simple random sampling was used on this research so grade
11 and grade 12 student's in Consuelo National High School are
selected randomly, as they were qualified as respondent. This
is a sampling method in which respondent is chosen as they are
qualified as breakfast skippers. Simple random sampling is a
procedure for sampling from a population in which the
selection of a sample unit is based on chance and every
element of the population has known, as on-zero probability of
being selected.
 RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS
The research instruments are thoroughly examined and were
selected for the success of the research conducted. The
researcher will get data using survey questionnaires by
answer, the result or the data that the researchers will gather
will be analyze by using Likert Scale. The questions are
adopted from the Breakfast Survey, Public Health (2018).
Though it is adopted and modified, the questions were still be
check by the experts to ensure the success of the study and for
the researchers to solicit the correct and right data. Finally,
the selected instrument is employed to obtain first-hand
information.
 VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY OF
THE INSTRUMENTS
The survey questionnaire will be intended for an investigation
and it will go to an approval procedure for face and substance
legitimacy. After this, the questions will be confirmed by the
Research Adviser. After the procedure of adjustment, it will be
regulated to a sample of five students asa fundamental test.
The purpose is to guarantee that they will have the capacity to
comprehend the questionnaire or it needs further modifications.
Additionally by that, the researchers will have the capacity to
know how the respondents will respond to the questions,
regardless of whether the inquiries are suitable and sufficient,
and whether there are things which they might not want to
reply. The information that will be submitted will be separated,
DATA COLLECTION PROCEDURE
The researchers distributed the survey questionnaire to
grade 11 and grade 12 at CNHS from different sections. Data
were collected through distributing a survey questionnaire.
The data collected were analyzed and interpreted by the
researcher. Two of the researchers will distribute the
questionnaires personally to the Senior High School
students in Consuelo National High School to ensure the
validity as well be able to reach a larger understanding of
the study from the occupants’ perspective about skipping
breakfast to their academic performance while the rest of
the researchers are assigned for encoding data results
DATA ANALYSIS
The questionnaire consist of the
frequency of the particular eating
habits of Senior High School students
using the Likert Scale.
The Pearson correlation coefficient is a
statistical formula that measures the strength
between variables and relationships
(McCallister, 2013). Also known as Pearson R
test. When conducting a statistical test between
two variables, it is a good idea to conduct a
Pearson correlation coefficient value to
determine just how strong that relationship is
between those variables.
 Where r refers to the Pearson R correlation
coefficient, N as the number of observations.
Σ xy is the sum of the products of paired
scores, Σx will be the sum of x scores, Σy will
be the sum of the y scores, Σx² is the sum of
squared x scores and Σy² is the sum of
squared y scores.