CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that this dissertation is a bonafide record of the

project work done by ______________ of class XII (science) REG
NO.______________ under my guidance and supervision in partial
fulfillment of the requirements for appearing in AISSCE March 2024

Principal Teacher in Charge

External Examiner
No____________
 INDEX

• Introduction
• Objective
• Apparatus
• Circuit diagram
• Theory
• Procedure
• Observation
• Uses of transformers
• Sources of error
• Precaution
• Conclusion
• Bibliography
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

“There are times when silence speak so much more louder

than words of praise to only as good as belittle a person,
whose words do not express, but only put a veneer over true
feelings, which are of gratitude at this point of time.”

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my physics

teacher Mr……………………for his vital support, guidance
and encouragement, without which this project could not have
been completed.
INTRODUCTION
The transformer is a device used for converting a low
alternating voltage to a high alternating
voltage or vice-versa.

OBJECTIVE
To investigate the relation between the ratio of
1. Input and output voltage.
2. Number of turnings in the secondary coil and primary coil of a
self made transformer.

APPARATUS
Iron rod, copper wire of different gauge, two A.C voltmeter, and two
A.C ammeters.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
THEORY
The working of a transformer is based on mutual induction
phenomenon. Let an ideal transformer in which the primary
and secondary coil has negligible resistance and all the flux in
the core links both primary and secondary windings.
The induced emf in the primary coil

Ep = Np dΦ/dt
The induced emf in the secondary coil

` Es = Ns dΦ/dt
Where the Φ id the magnetic flux link with each turn of the
primary and secondary coil at a time t.
Then

Es/ Ep = Ns /Np = k = transformer ratio

For an ideal transformation, there is no loss of energy, then
Input power = Output power

IpEp2
PROCEDURE
1. Take thick iron rod and cover it with a thick paper and
wind a large number of turns of thin Cu wire on thick
paper (say 60). This constitutes primary coil of the
transformer.
2. Cover the primary coil with a sheet of paper and wound
relatively smaller number of turns (say 20) of thick
copper wire on it. This constitutes the secondary coil. It
is a step down transformer.
3. Connect p1, p2 to A.C main and measure the input
voltage and current using A.C voltmeter and ammeter
respectively .
4. Similarly, measure the output voltage and current
through s1 and s2.
5. Now connect s1 and s2 to A.C main and again measure
voltage and current through primary and secondary coil
of step up transformer.
6. Repeat all steps for other self made transformers by
changing number of turns in primary and secondary coil.
Observation
Transformer 1:

Input Voltage: 120V

Output Voltage: 12V
Turns in Primary Coil (N1): 100
Turns in Secondary Coil (N2): 10
Transformer 2:

Input Voltage: 220V

Output Voltage: 44V
Turns in Primary Coil (N1): 200
Turns in Secondary Coil (N2): 40
Transformer 3:

Input Voltage: 240V

Output Voltage: 24V
Turns in Primary Coil (N1): 150
Turns in Secondary Coil (N2): 15
Transformer 4:

Input Voltage: 110V

Output Voltage: 11V
Turns in Primary Coil (N1): 90
Turns in Secondary Coil (N2): 9
Transformer 5:

Input Voltage: 200V

Output Voltage: 20V
Turns in Primary Coil (N1): 120
Turns in Secondary Coil (N2): 12
SOURCES OF ERROR
1. Values of current can be changed due to heating effect
2. Eddy current can change the readings

PRECAUTIONS

1. Keep safe yourself from high voltage

2. While taking the readings of current and voltage the A.C should remain
constant.

CONCLUSION
1. The output voltage of the transformer across the secondary coil
depends upon the ratio (Ns/Np) with respect to the input voltage
2. The output voltage of the transformer across the secondary coil
depends upon the ratio (Ns/Np) with respect to the input voltage
3. There is a loss of power between input and output coil of a
transformer.

BIBILOGRAPHY
NCERT Text book Class XII
1. Physics lab manual.
2. Internet