BCH Codes Structure of nite elds

BoseChaudhuri
Hocquengnem Cyclotomiccoset Lee n deride95 2 porsome
integer s then the coset
cyclotomic Ci with res
atcodes are subclassofcycliccodes andknown defined
a themultiple error ability andalso ease of
pect to n is by
encoding and decoding
i qimodnuj 0,2 ni 23
Ci
hat is sodifferent when he is the smallest integer such that
i gni imoan
Herecomefromback
Decidethe numberofrandom we decidethe example n 15 24 2 16 5 4 9 2
de to correct a go mom 4 29 H D EEG
PrimitiveElement c ex999 33 mica
1 2 4 16 23 G 2 n 23
gag hasanelement 2 such as every adder 16moan4 234 243
ent expectzero can be expressed as the power i 2 4 83
of a
Example GF E
e g ga ga gg 9mIII
2 E4 22 9
5 primenumbermoduloanthemic works
E 3 6 12 24 93
20 2 3 6 9 123
2 2mods
3 3mods tend all theelement
I 334 can be since he g i Ca c
4 4mods repre ented
in power of
23 8 3mod 2 2 2 G 5 103
Therefore 2 is theprimitive ofGFest
ement 3 GFC5 39 3 3333 Hence3 s Cy 7 11 13 143
also primitiveelement
Primitive polynomial
Trave v ee Csu c U Cz
3
MinimalPolynomial
primitivepolynomialpenoverone cop is apome het 2 be an element of Famoforder n and
olynomial overonecop with the property that in Let Ci be the ith cyclotomiccosetwithrespectto
he extension field constructedmodulopens
Cy TjecoGe ai Then mica
n Let
he field element represented by se is a Eta
rimativeelement mich is the minimalpolynomial of di
remiteveofeverydegree exist Mocs andmich seeabove
n Properties a degmica lil
mmmm b a e Fgmbut mix EFaGK Bato
pens set at 2
a
D miex is irreducible
primitiveelement d micelex 2 since x 2
Powers of a CElements IFCS II Ix ai

element
22
Te 22
cat b a
1 an b
É k bk
23
É 23mod 23 2 1 a b
Ig 1 an
24 GT1 272 proof co age aggie
Iggy
2
2322 2 1 22
y
25
in Fax
26 222 23
242 2 2 x9 c ae
or
since 9 TT 9523
ZEE
 2593cg aia 293 dias ai
Let say s n ID
ID K I
I jeci o smallest
FIE ac
Ey is possiblesince
15 24 2
23 91,49619
mix
Ex otherdimension
95 10
x225 MiGa k is in 3 coves
Iq K 8 ID1 7 D Cou g u G
IgXJmijxia K 4 ID1 11 D Cova u bug
jÉmij
mi x
Ifmy what is a minimum Distance
gex II EDA
2

sample
miggy d
at bound and lower
minimumdistance
bound of

x 2 E Fa R s and code codean

mold codeword of Bat code is a R s
G DE 236 24
Cx 29 Every hence it should be atleast 8
m 247

My4 4 254 29 But Codes as subfieldsubcodesof Rscodes

nomtable

É X't X 0110 1110 2 code c is also codeword of an RS

Cn n St

Xx 1000 2 code overFgs Hence

2 fr
xHx EDICT C Bahn RsCn n 8
BCH Codes:De nition i e all codewords of R s code whichwe in
the
iii Bat codes
et D Ciau as u
subfield Iq are codewords of the
uae be the union of ex
distinctcyclotomiccosts withrespect to n Special BCH Codes
whichdividesqs s Let a EFasbe an
ementof order n Then an en k d a Batcode en s n repetitioncode
defined by the followinggenerator
polynomial go 24 24 ten a TigaCi d
This is a Bat code with D Vito

Thefollowinglemma shows that not all ten n n 2,23 singleParitycheckcode

ths are possible when constructing Bat
a
Dual code to the repetitioncode
code in particular thelength should be co pame gox x s
with the characteristics of thefield This is a Bat code D co
ai Cod
ga x
am2,2m a m d 3 BinaryHamming
2m23
x ai mise mise The Bat code with D C 21 2,4
II Miel x is a Hamming code

I
EDGE thecolumns of
Hamming code bypermuting
IDI EIIcijl
as
n is
3amcodeexample
a
otherspecialcasesGolaycodes How to 000 0 inpowersof

eroding mostlysimilar to R S Factorization of 9 12

auniquedecoding up to821 errors possible
List decoding up to same radius as the let pi
p po s denotethenonzerofielddeme
nts of Gfcan
2sCn n stay code
then
Note has moreminimumdistancethan sea 1 x p G BqD
pg
eProofNot necessary
considerGees Thenonzeroelements ofthe
field are 1 2 3,43
therefore we can write

ee see 2 BED
24s
0 so 975 hence4
Hereits 91
But How to write an I

N I f CxfzCx FIX FpGe

there are atstigeren initial cyclic
codes
ofblocklength n trivialcasegoes I
goes an s
Primitive Blocklength

length n oftheform n qm I iscalled

Block
Primitive block length for a code GF q
C Blocklength hastoprimitive

GENIE ensimoffactonsation
GFC4 GF22
GF 9 GF 32
OCR2 2972 f G fax fper
over area
ng 55g
Sen I isdivisible gene hence
by
29 2 is also divisible bygoes
Hence

IIT issues
Fuenon aero
otros
extensiontreed
 Minimal polynomial conjugates twoelements of GF qm share
the same minimal polynomial as GF q
are called conjugate w r t GFCa
Im I ITG pj
setofconjugates fax is minimalpolynomial
the non zeroelementsof
j ranges over all ofp then it is also the minimalpolynomial
GFCgm ofthe elements in the set
This implies that eachof thepoly fix canbe
presented in GF qm as a productofa
es
some p pa pg 1399 y
each Bi is re smallest integersuch that 13Mt13
of the anear terms and
zero exactly one of the fix
of
FCK G B x 139 1395
flex is called minimalpolynomialBi
he smallest degreepolynomialwithcoefficients Example G 56 Extensionfieldof GFL
n the base field Gecq that has a hero 2 22 24,2821623326421283
n the extension field GF gm is
Animal polyntial of pi 2251225.521 2 Henceconjugate
2128 terminates
samples subfieldGF 2 and its extension
fieldGFC8 minimal29 ex 22 x 24 Ge 2
2 m 3 29 12
Generator polynomial of BCH
set I ER D GETNTD ERASED
Fstruction of GF 8 as primitivepolynomial polynomial
GF 8 G 23 vex CH t ee
DEICED Ease a D
6 222 D ye Éejy for it
no ofzeroesof
ez Catrett D steps gas
must be
an 2 2 2 n am I
m
I Ke 1 G 2 2 7
2 Choose
prime polynomial ofdegree
we can also write elements ofGF 8 as
and GF qm
olynomeals and hence equation 3 fi x minimal polynomialof a too
l at
www.mmm.my 4 Thegenerator polynomial for the t
fiCx in 2
error correctingcode is
x 2 2 20
gG LCM FIX FIX fax
Ctx 1 2 22and 272 234 can chant t errors designeddis
tance of the code
2 1 241 and 2326,25 a
242 2 2 y2tt1_generatordeg
n k
zerosof minimalpolynomial X34 1 so BCHcode fix n and t and cotdeter
2 2324 mine thegeneratorpolynomial
and 4 2
2 23 29256212
1399 doubt
 n BCH k value is automatically computed Example double errorcorrectingcodes
once the gex is designed t 2 n 15
nomEfron far 7367412
eg PLZ 24 2 2 over area goes
we construct GF 16
2 2 primitiveelement
a Lem Gym 1 Cotta shxt 1

28 27 2424 1
PG Ymodpa C 23 C 24 C 2 gene
C
24 16 polynomials N K and K I
E
4 24 2 1 BCH45 tw nt2 Designeddistance
G 24 GF lo minimum
hat is distance
ElementsGF16 Poly's
sowerCj

21 2 outset I
22 22 shtetl
23 23
24 2 1 24 txt I
25 242
26
27
28 what I

215

ficx R Z N 2 G 21 221
I
Int
sample Determine thegeneratorpolynomial
ofsingle correcting BCHcode i e t t
with blocklength n is
LCM CfCoe fan faeces
LCMERINTDC
Filmfare
CttatD
att set i gens te
tix and
II 4 Ky face
fromabovecab