PRS - Theory Differential Protection Complete - ENU

Transformer Differential Protection
OMICRON Academy Protection Knowledge 1 July 2019

Copyright
“ All intellectual property rights and in particular the

copyrights to this presentation and the related
documents, teaching materials and software are
OMICRON’s sole and exclusive property.
You are not allowed to record or otherwise copy
and/or distribute the content of this presentation
without the prior written consent of OMICRON.
”
© OMICRON Page 3
Contents
> Introduction
> Differential protection principle
> Field of application
> Principles of transformer differential protection
> Connection example transformer differential relays
> Tripping characteristic
> Inrush detection (2nd harmonic/CWA)
> Overexcitation detection (3rd/5th harmonic)
> Zero sequence elimination
> Disadvantages and limits of transformer differential protection
> Protection testing principle
© OMICRON Page 4
Agenda
> Introduction
© OMICRON Page 5
Introduction
Why is overcurrent or
distance protection not
sufficient to protect
Which types of fault transformers?
can occur at
transformers?
What does a
transformer
Why do we have to differential protection
protect against relay do?
transformer fault
currents?
© OMICRON Page 6
Why do we have to protect against transformer fault
currents?
© OMICRON Page 7
Which types of fault can occur at transformers?
Types of fault
Internal electrical faults External electrical faults
Interwinding fault 3 Arcs on insulation bushings

1
Earth fault / short-circuit to earth incoming line, outgoing line
Interturn faults Short-circuits between current
Conductor faults transformer and transformer
Tap changer faults 2 or overhead line
Short-circuit on overhead line
Non-electrical faults Other hazards
Oil leakage 4 Overload

Overtemperature 5
© OMICRON Page 8
Types of electrical fault (examples)
1 2 3
© OMICRON Page 9
Types of non-electrical faults (example)
Buchholz relay Contact thermometer
a b
a
5
Gas warning contact
b Trip contact
Temperature high
a (Warning contact)
Temperature highest
b
(Trip contact)
© OMICRON Page 10
Why is overcurrent or distance protection not
sufficient to protect transformers?
Example of time grading with overcurrent protection I> stage:
t
1.2 s
800 ms
!
! 400 ms
A B C
Overcurrent relay
! Trip time (1.2 s) too high for the transformer
© OMICRON Page 11
Example of current grading with overcurrent protection I>> stage:
t
1.2 s (I>)
400 ms (I>>)
A
! B
Overcurrent relay
protection area for the I>> stage
© OMICRON Page 12
Theoretical consideration of distance protection with a transformer:
Vsc
Vsc = 0
Isc
The impedance
is no longer
proportional to
110 kV 20 kV the distance!
Zsc
Vsc
Zsc =
Isc
distance 100%
© OMICRON Page 13
What does a transformer differential protection relay
do?
criterion
operating faulty
condition condition
ΔI
Definition:
The differential protection relay operates, if the
differential current exceeds a predetermined value.
© OMICRON Page 14
Agenda
> Introduction
© OMICRON Page 15
Differential protection principle (physical background)
The current differential principle is based on Kirchhoff’s Law, i.e. the sum of
the currents flowing into a conducting network is zero.
Iside 1 Iside 2
Protected
Object Iside 1 + Iside 2 = 0
1A 0° 1A 180°
in general: ∑I
i=1
side i =0
Protected
Object
n
Idiff = ∑I
i=1
side i
© OMICRON Page 16
Differential protection principle (fault direction)
fault inside the

protected area
A Iside 1 Iside 2 B A Iside 1 Iside 2 B

Protected Protected
Object Object
protected area protected area

fault outside the
protected area
87 87
Iside 1 + Iside 2 ≠ 0 Iside 1 + Iside 2 = 0
→ Trip → no Trip
© OMICRON Page 17
Differential protection principle (summary)
800 ms
0s
400 ms
A u B C
87
v
Overcurrent relay
protected area with instantaneous tripping time
© OMICRON Page 18
Agenda
> Introduction
© OMICRON Page 19
Field of application of differential protection (overview)
Transformer
A B A Line B
87 87
Motor Generator
A A
M G
87 87
Busbar
87
© OMICRON Page 20
Field of application (protection concept for transformer)
A B
50/51
87
main protection
backup protection
The protection concept is dependent on the transformer rated power

and the voltage level!
© OMICRON Page 21
Agenda
> Introduction
© OMICRON Page 22
Power transformer (transmission behavior)
Load current flowing through the transformer:
Yyn0-transformer
Sr = 160 MVA
231 kV / 118.5 kV
400/1 800/1
400 A 780 A The transformer differential relay

HV side LV side
cannot use the original currents
1A 0.975 A from the HV side and the LV side
for the calculation!
ΔI
IC
HV
LV
IB
IA HV
+ IA LV ∆I ≠ 0 !
IC
LV
HV
IB
© OMICRON Page 23
More in detail (calculation of the transformer parameters)
Calculation of the primary and the secondary rated current of
the transformer:
Sr 160 MVA
IHV,prim
= = = 399.9 A ≈ 400 A
3 ⋅ Vr 3 ⋅ 231 kV
Sr 160 MVA
ILV,prim
= = = 779.5 A ≈ 780 A
3 ⋅ Vr 3 ⋅ 118.5 kV
Calculation of the secondary rated current of the transformer:
IHV,prim 400A
IHV,sec = = = 1A
 IHV CT, prim


IHV CT, sec 
( 400A
1A)

ILV,prim 780A
ILV,sec = = = 0.975A
 ILV CT, prim


ILV CT, sec 
(
800A
1A)

© OMICRON Page 24
Transformer differential protection (reference winding)
Differential current calculated to reference winding: HV side
Yyn0-transformer
Sr = 160 MVA
1 231 kV / 118.5 kV 2
IA HV,prim  400 A ∠0°  400/1 800/1 IA LV,prim  780 A ∠ 180° 

   
IB HV,prim =  400 A ∠ -120°  IB LV,prim =  780 A ∠ 60° 
IC HV,prim  400 A ∠ 120°  IC LV,prim  780 A ∠ -60° 
   
HV side LV side
Conversion of these currents

ΔI
to reference winding.
4
 IA HV,prim   I'A LV,prim  I'A LV,prim  IA LV,prim 
= V r trafo,LV ⋅  IB LV,prim  =
     
Idiff =  IB HV,prim  +  I'B LV,prim  = I'B LV,prim
I
 C HV,prim 
  I'
 C LV,prim 

I'C LV,prim
V r trafo,HV  I 

 C LV,prim 
 400 A ∠ 0°   400 A ∠ 180°   780 A ∠ 180° 
    118.5 kV  
=  400 A ∠ -120°  +  400 A ∠ 60°  = 0 = ⋅  780 A ∠ 60°  =
    231 kV 
 400 A ∠ 120°   400 A ∠ -60°   780 A ∠-60° 

Calculation of the
differential current  400 A ∠ 180° 
 
=  400 A ∠ 60° 
 400 A ∠ -60° 
 
© OMICRON Page 25
Agenda
> Introduction
© OMICRON Page 26
Connection of a transformer differential relay
87
87
87
OR
Trip
signal
Differential relay
© OMICRON Page 27
Connection example of a transformer differential relay
(with phasor diagrams)
Im Im
IC HV IB LV
IA HV
Re IA LV Re
IB HV IC LV
v HV side u LV side v
A I u = power transformer
A HV IA LV
B
v = current transformers (ct)
IB HV IB LV
C I IC LV
C HV
= primary load currents
87 = secondary load currents
Im Im
IC HV IB LV
IA HV
Re
IA LV Re
IB HV IC LV
© OMICRON Page 28
Agenda
> Introduction
© OMICRON Page 29
Tripping characteristic in general (differential current)
calculation of the differential current
internal fault: 1 load current flowing: 2
IF I Load I Load
87 87
Idiff = |Iside1 + Iside2| = |IF + 0| = IF Idiff = |Iside1 + Iside2| = |ILoad - ILoad| = 0
© OMICRON Page 30
Tripping characteristic in general (bias current)
calculation of the bias current
internal fault: 1 load current : 2
IF I Load I Load
87 87
Ibias = |Iside1| + |Iside2| = |IF| + |0| = IF Ibias = |Iside1| + |Iside2| =

= |ILoad| + |-ILoad| = 2ILoad
 the bias current is the sum of currents flowing through the protected object
© OMICRON Page 31
Tripping characteristic in general
Idiff Idiff = Ibias

2
triangle inequation: 3
|x + y|
|y|
|x|
|x| + |y| ≥ |x + y|
1
→ Ibias ≥ Idiff
ideal characteristic external faults Ibias
or load currents
fault inside the protected object: 4 fault outside the protected object: 5
Idiff = |Iside1 + Iside2| = |IF + 0| = IF Idiff = |Iside1 + Iside2| = |IF - IF| = 0

Ibias = |Iside1| + |Iside2| = |IF| + |0| = IF Ibias = |Iside1| + |Iside2| = |IF| + |-IF| = 2IF
 Idiff = Ibias
© OMICRON Page 32
Tripping characteristic transformer diff. relay (structure)
Idiff 1
magnetizing current
2
tap changer
Idiff >>  3
ct errors
4
x sum
 curve 1+2+3
Tripping
w 5
trip time characteristic

no Tripping v
Idiff >
z u
Ibias
{
© OMICRON Page 33
Tripping characteristic in general (bias current)
Overview of other calculation methods for Ibias:
Manufacturer Method
Siemens, SEL I =
bias ( IP + IS ) / K1
AEG I
bias
= (IP - IS ) / K1
GE Multilin I
bias ( IP + IS ⋅ K 2) / K1
=
ELIN, GE Multilin I = max ( I , I )

bias P S
I = min ( I , I )
bias P S
ABB I = I ⋅ I ⋅ cos (α )
bias P S
ZIV I =
bias ( IP + IS - IDiff ) / K1
© OMICRON Page 34
Agenda
> Introduction
© OMICRON Page 35
Inrush (physical background)
The physical phenomenon of an inrush current occurs when a transformer
gets energized (CB close):
Iinrush
∆I ≠ 0
0A
!
A B
87
The transformer differential protection relay tripped immediately !
Therefore differential protection relays must use an inrush current

detection to block the trip command.
protected area
© OMICRON Page 36
Inrush (measured inrush current)
Example of a measured inrush current (three phase):
© OMICRON Page 37
Inrush detection (methods)
Methods of the Inrush detection
Inrush restraint with the current

Inrush detection with the 2nd harmonic
waveform analysis
© OMICRON Page 38
Inrush restraint (2nd harmonic)
Frequency analysis of an inrush current:
100Hz/50Hz: 100Hz/50Hz: 100Hz/50Hz:

47,2% 28,7% 35%
2nd harmonic is significant for an inrush instance
© OMICRON Page 39
Inrush restraint (2nd harmonic/measurement logic)
Iinrush
Iinrush
Iinrush
2nd Harmon.
2nd Harmon.
2nd Harmon.
Trip signal
AND
u v
blocked
87
Differential relay
© OMICRON Page 40
Inrush restraint (2nd harmonic/measurement logic)
Idiff
inrush restraint
deactivated
Idiff>>
working area of the inrush

restraint (2nd harmonic)
Idiff>
Ibias
© OMICRON Page 41
Inrush restraint (2nd harmonic/cross blocking)
Iinrush
Iinrush
Iinrush
2nd Harmon.
2nd Harmon.
2nd Harmon.
Trip signal
OR
blocked
87
Differential relay
The measurement logic has been changed

from AND to OR
© OMICRON Page 42
Inrush restraint (gap detection)
Current waveform analysis (CWA) of an inrush current:
The occurrence of the significant gaps in the current waveform is typical for
inrush currents.
© OMICRON Page 43
Agenda
> Introduction
© OMICRON Page 44
Overexcitation (physical background)
∆I ≠ 0
ILV
IHV
HV LV
!
A side side B
! In case of overexcitation the secondary load current of the transformer is no

longer sinusoidal.
The transformer differential protection relay trips immediately!
Therefore differential protection relays must use an harmonic

restraint (3rd/5th) function to block the trip command.
© OMICRON Page 45
Overexcitation (Frequency analysis of the current)
t [ms]
t [ms]
t [ms]
Overexcitation (overfluxing) is the result of overvoltage.
© OMICRON Page 46
Overexcitation (3rd/5th harmonic)
Frequence analysis of the current:
The 3rd or 5th harmonic is suitable to detect overexcitation.
The 3rd harmonic is often eliminated in transformers (e.g. in a delta

winding) → Zero sequence system
The 5th harmonic is more commonly used!
= 3rd harmonic = 5th harmonic
© OMICRON Page 47
Agenda
> Introduction
© OMICRON Page 48
Zero sequence elimination (physical background)
external phase-to-ground fault:
A
?
HV side
∆I ≠ 0
LV side
IF
!B
IF
This problem always appears for external phase-to-ground

faults, if the transformer has a one sided starpoint connection.
© OMICRON Page 49
Zero sequence elimination (physical background)
? HV side LV side IF
A >> >> > >>> >>> A

>
> >
B B
> >
C > C
>>>
1
>>>
currents measured by phase CTs:
 -2  -3 
1
IHV = +1 I0 = (IA +IB +IC ) ILV =  0 
3
+1  0 
calculation of Ibias and Idiff:
 2  3  5   -2  -3   -5 
Ibias = IHV + ILV =  1 + 0  =  
 1 Idiff = IHV +ILV = +1 +  0  = +1
   
unselective trip
u  1 0   1 +1  0  +1
Without a special mathematical zero sequence elimination method the

relay cannot operate correctly!
© OMICRON Page 50
Zero sequence elimination (methods)
Zero-sequence current elimination methods
Arithmetical (only for numerical relays) Via measurement
Internal correction of the currents by Numerical Electromechanical

means of the methamatical models relays relays
© OMICRON Page 51
Zero sequence elimination (mathematical solution)
? HV side LV side IF
A >> >> > >>> >>> A

>
> >
B B
> >
C > C
>>>
1 2 3
>>>
currents measured by phase CTs:
1 -3 
 -2  I0 = (IA +IB +IC )
3
IHV = +1 ILV =  0 
1
+1 I0 = ( -3+0+0 ) = −1  0 
3
zero sequence elimination on both sides:
 -2  0   -2  -3  -1  -2 
′ = IHV -IHV 0
IHV = +1 - 0  = +1 ′ = ILV -ILV 0
ILV =  0  − -1 = +1
 
 
+1 0  +1  0  -1 +1
calculation of Ibias and Idiff with zero sequence elimination:
 2 2  2  -2  -2 0 

′ + ILV
IHV ′  
Ibias = = 1   1 +  1  =  1
  ′ -ILV
Idiff = IHV ′ = +1 −  -1 = 0 
2 2
  1  1   1 +1  -1 0 
   
© OMICRON Page 52
Zero sequence elimination (numerical relays / measurement)
∆I = 0
HV LV
Y d5
A
B
C
u ILV
3I0
87
= restricted earth fault (REF) protected area
© OMICRON Page 53
Zero sequence elimination (star point CT)
Starpoint current transformer

implemented into the starpoint
bushing.
© OMICRON Page 54
Zero sequence elimination (interposing transformer)
HV side LV side
A A
B B
C C
87
= transformer
YD Interposing Transformer
© OMICRON Page 55
Agenda
> Introduction
© OMICRON Page 56
Disadvantages and limits of transformer differential
protection
no backup protection:
∆I = 0
IF IF IF
A B
87
protected area Overcurrent relay
e.g. breaker failure behind busbar B

 The transformer differential protection cannot detect this situation.
 NO TRIP!
 high risk for persons and equipment!
The usage of a transformer differential protection relay without a backup
protection function (e.g. overcurrent) is not recommended!
© OMICRON Page 57
Agenda
> Introduction
© OMICRON Page 58
Protective functions and test modules
Protective function ANSI OMICRON Test Module
Differential 87 Advanced Differential

Diff configuration (wiring check, stability
Diff Configuration
test against external faults)
Diff Operating Characteristic Diff Operation Characteristic
Trip Time Test Diff Trip Time Characteristic
Inrush restraint (2nd Harmonics) Diff Harmonic Restraint
Harmonic restraint (3rd/5th) Harmonics Diff Harmonic Restraint
© OMICRON Page 59
Front View of the CMC 356
© OMICRON Page 60
Wiring scheme of the CMC (Differential)
HV LV
A side side B
Standard:
outputs
binary „Trip“ signal HV side
1
„Trip“ signal LV side

inputs
inputs
2
I
Test currents I
HV side
Test currents
LV side
1
2
© OMICRON Page 61
© OMICRON Page 62

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Transformer Differential Protection

OMICRON Academy Protection Knowledge 1 July 2019

“ All intellectual property rights and in particular the

Internal electrical faults External electrical faults

Interwinding fault 3 Arcs on insulation bushings

Non-electrical faults Other hazards

Oil leakage 4 Overload

! Trip time (1.2 s) too high for the transformer

protection area for the I>> stage

fault inside the

A Iside 1 Iside 2 B A Iside 1 Iside 2 B

protected area protected area

protected area with instantaneous tripping time

The protection concept is dependent on the transformer rated power

400 A 780 A The transformer differential relay

Calculation of the secondary rated current of the transformer:

IA HV,prim  400 A ∠0°  400/1 800/1 IA LV,prim  780 A ∠ 180° 

Conversion of these currents

= primary load currents

87 = secondary load currents

internal fault: 1 load current flowing: 2

A Iside 1 Iside 2 B A Iside 1 Iside 2 B

Idiff = |Iside1 + Iside2| = |IF + 0| = IF Idiff = |Iside1 + Iside2| = |ILoad - ILoad| = 0

internal fault: 1 load current : 2

A Iside 1 Iside 2 B A Iside 1 Iside 2 B

Ibias = |Iside1| + |Iside2| = |IF| + |0| = IF Ibias = |Iside1| + |Iside2| =

Idiff Idiff = Ibias

Idiff = |Iside1 + Iside2| = |IF + 0| = IF Idiff = |Iside1 + Iside2| = |IF - IF| = 0

trip time characteristic

Overview of other calculation methods for Ibias:

ELIN, GE Multilin I = max ( I , I )

The transformer differential protection relay tripped immediately !

Therefore differential protection relays must use an inrush current

Methods of the Inrush detection

Inrush restraint with the current

100Hz/50Hz: 100Hz/50Hz: 100Hz/50Hz:

2nd harmonic is significant for an inrush instance

working area of the inrush

The measurement logic has been changed

Current waveform analysis (CWA) of an inrush current:

! In case of overexcitation the secondary load current of the transformer is no

The transformer differential protection relay trips immediately!

Therefore differential protection relays must use an harmonic

Overexcitation (overfluxing) is the result of overvoltage.

The 3rd or 5th harmonic is suitable to detect overexcitation.

The 3rd harmonic is often eliminated in transformers (e.g. in a delta

The 5th harmonic is more commonly used!

= 3rd harmonic = 5th harmonic

This problem always appears for external phase-to-ground

A >> >> > >>> >>> A

calculation of Ibias and Idiff:

Without a special mathematical zero sequence elimination method the

Zero-sequence current elimination methods

Arithmetical (only for numerical relays) Via measurement

Internal correction of the currents by Numerical Electromechanical

A >> >> > >>> >>> A

zero sequence elimination on both sides:

calculation of Ibias and Idiff with zero sequence elimination:

 2 2  2  -2  -2 0 

= restricted earth fault (REF) protected area

Starpoint current transformer

protected area Overcurrent relay