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Anatomy And Physiology Chapter 17

Match the target tissue with the hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland.
Thyroid-stimulating hormone ___________ ____
Thyroid gland

Match the target tissue with the hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland.
Growth hormone _____ ________
Most tissues

Match the target tissue with the hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland.
Follicle-stimulating hormone ___________
Follicles in ovaries; seminiferous tubules

Match the target tissue with the hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland.
Adrenocorticotropic hormone ________ ______
Adrenal cortex

Match the target tissue with the hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland.
Beta endorphins _____
Brain

Match the target tissue with the hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland.
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone _______________________________________
Melanocytes in the skin correct

Luteinizing hormone _______________________________________

Ovaries in females; testes in males

Which of the following hormones primarily affects the reproductive organs?

> Follicle-stimulating hormone
> Adrenocorticotropic hormone
> Prolactin-releasing factor
> Thyrotropin
> Growth hormone
Follicle-stimulating hormone

Classify the following as characteristics of the endocrine system or nervous system.

> communicates by means of hormones
> communicates by means of electrical impulses
> reacts more slowly to stimuli
> may continue responding long after stimulus stops
> Adapts relatively quickly to continual stimulation
> adapts relatively slowly

Endocrine System
> communicates by means of hormones
> reacts more slowly to stimuli
> may continue responding long after stimulus stops
> adapts relatively slowly

Nervous System
> communicates by means of electrical impulses
> Adapts relatively quickly to continual stimulation
Classify the following as characteristics of the endocrine system or nervous system.

> Releases neurotransmitters at synapses

> sometimes has very general effects
> Usually has relatively local, specific effects
> Reacts quickly to stimuli
> releases hormones into the bloodstream for general distribution
> stops quickly when stimulus stops

Nervous System
> Releases neurotransmitters at synapses
> Usually has relatively local, specific effects
> Reacts quickly to stimuli
> stops quickly when stimulus stops

Endocrine System
> sometimes has very general effects
> releases hormones into the bloodstream for general distribution

Choose the accurate statements about how communication by the nervous and
endocrine systems differs. Check all that apply.
> The nervous system releases neurotransmitters at synapses at specific target cells.
> The nervous system adapts relatively slowly and may respond for days to weeks.
> The endocrine system reacts more slowly to stimuli, often taking seconds to days.
> The endocrine system stops quickly when stimulus stops.
> The endocrine system communicates by means of hormones.
> The nervous system releases neurotransmitters at synapses at specific target cells.
> The endocrine system reacts more slowly to stimuli, often taking seconds to days.
> The endocrine system communicates by means of hormones.

Although the nervous and endocrine systems both serve for internal communication,
they are not redundant; they complement, rather than duplicate, each other's function.
The systems differ in their means of communication. They differ also in how quickly they
start and stop responding to stimuli. Another difference between the two systems is that
an efferent nerve fiber innervates only one organ and a limited number of cells within
that organ.

A hormone is a ______ and the target cell is __________.

> protein that stimulates other cells; the source of hormone secretions
> regulatory molecule that controls secretions of other cells; a cell that synthesizes
hormones
> molecule that has a metabolic effect on another cell; a cell that has receptors for
specific hormones
> molecule; a cell that does not have receptors.
> None of these are correct.
> molecule that has a metabolic effect on another cell; a cell that has receptors for
specific hormones

Compared to the nervous system, the endocrine system

> does not use receptors.

> may have a longer lasting effect.
> takes only seconds.
> is not essential to life.
> None of these are correct.
may have a longer lasting effect.

Hormones are chemical messengers that are transported by the bloodstream and
stimulate physiological responses in cells of another tissue or organ.
> True
> False
True

In general, the endocrine system has faster results than the nervous
system.
- True
- False
false

The nervous system releases hormones at synapses and the endocrine system
releases neurotransmitters into the bloodstream.

-True
-False
False
Type 1 diabetes mellitus is also called non-insulin dependent diabetes

T/F
false
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is also called non-insulin dependent diabetes.

T/F
true

Type 2 diabetes is much more common than Type 1 diabetes.

T/F
true

Type 1 diabetes results from increased insulin production.

T/F
false

Type 2 diabetes results from the inability of tissues to respond to insulin.

T/F
true

Type 1 diabetes most often develops in young people.

T/F
true

Type 2 diabetes usually develops in people under the age of 20.

T/F
false

What are the factors causing increased blood glucose by glucagon? Check all that
apply.
- Decreased glycogenesis in the liver
- Increased glycogenolysis in the liver
- Increased gluconeogenesis in the liver
- Increased lipogenesis in fat cells
- Decreased glycogenesis in the liver
- Increased glycogenolysis in the liver
- Increased gluconeogenesis in the liver

The pancreas is mostly composed of groups of cells called

- pancreatic acini.
- pancreatic islets.
- alpha groups.
- beta groups.
pancreatic acini.
Hyperglycemia (high blood glucose levels) would cause the pancreas to
_________ insulin secretion, and hypoglycemia (low blood glucose levels) would
cause the pancreas to _________ insulin secretion.
- increase; increase
- decrease; decrease
- increase; decrease
- decrease; increase
increase; decrease

Secretion of insulin causes

- a decrease in the concentration of blood glucose.
- a decrease in the permeability of cell membranes to glucose.
- an increase in the breakdown of glycogen to release glucose.
- an increase in the concentration of blood glucose.
a decrease in the concentration of blood glucose.

Which of the following has both endocrine and exocrine functions?

- Pancreas
- Anterior pituitary
- Liver
- Thyroid gland
- Pineal gland
Pancreas

The pancreas has pancreatic islets composed of primarily alpha and beta cells.
Alpha cells secrete
- insulin.
- somatostatin.
- glucagon.
- pancreatic polypeptide.
glucagon.

One of the primary effects of glucagon in raising blood glucose is glycogenolysis.

- True
- False
True

Indicate whether each effect or symptom is associated with acute (short-term) or

chronic (long-term) stress.
- epinephrine effects
- increased heart rate
- Cortisol Effects
- liver glycogenolysis
- Water retention
- Immune system Suppression
- bronchodilation

Alarm Reaction
- epinephrine effects
- increased heart rate
- liver glycogenolysis
- bronchodilation

Stage of Resistance
- Cortisol Effects
- Water retention
- Immune system Suppression
TRH and TSH function together to decrease the production of T3 and T4.
T/F
false
TRH stimulates the secretion of TSH from the anterior pituitary.

T/F
true
TSH stimulates the secretion of T3 and T4 from the thyroid gland.
T/F
true
Increased blood levels of T3 and T4 inhibit TRH and TSH secretion.
T/F
true
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) stimulates T3 and T4 synthesis and secretion.
T/F
true
T3 and T4 are secreted by thyroid follicles.
T/F
true
T3 and T4 are secreted by the parafollicular cells.
T/F
false
T3 and T4 are secreted by the parafollicular cells.
T/F
false
T3 and T4 are stored in the thyroid follicles as part of thyroglobulin.
T/F
true

Match the corticosteroid hormone with its most common origin in the adrenal
cortex.
1. Mineralcorticoids Zona _________
2. Glucocorticoids Zona __________
3. Sex steroids Zona ______________
- glomerulosa
- fasciculata
- reticularis

An increase in stress causes an increase in ACTH from the anterior pituitary.

T/F
True

The change in ACTH levels in response to stress causes a decrease in glucocorticoid

secretion from the adrenal cortex.
T/F
False

Glucocorticoids suppress the immune system.

T/F
True
A rise in glucocorticoids can promote insulin resistance.

T/F
True

Check all that are hormones produced by the adrenal cortex.

Corticosteroids
Epinephrine
Mineralcorticoids
Glucocorticoids
Gonadocorticoids
Norepinephrine
Corticosteroids
Mineralcorticoids
Glucocorticoids
Gonadocorticoids

Put the events of thyroid hormone synthesis into the correct order.
- Thyroid hormone precursors are internalized into follicular cells.
- Thyroid hormone precursors travel to a lysosome.
- Iodine combines with TGB to produce thyroid hormone precursors.
- Follicular cells secrete thyroglobulin (TGB) into the colloid.
- Follicular cells secrete thyroglobulin (TGB) into the colloid.
- Iodine combines with TGB to produce thyroid hormone precursors.
- Thyroid hormone precursors are internalized into follicular cells.
- Thyroid hormone precursors travel to a lysosome.

Hypersecretion of growth hormone can lead to a condition called _________,

while hyposecretion can lead to a disorder called ___________.
- gigantism; pituitary dwarfism
- pituitary dwarfism; acromegaly
- chronic hyperglycemia; gigantism
- acromegaly; gigantism
- gigantism; pituitary dwarfism

The _______ secretes triiodothyronine.

- adrenal gland
- pancreas
- parathyroid gland
- thyroid gland
- pineal gland
- thyroid gland

As a result of the general stress response, blood concentrations of epinephrine

- rise and cortisol fall.
- fall and cortisol rise.
- and cortisol rise.
- and cortisol fall.
and cortisol rise.

The adrenal medulla secretes

- glucocorticoids.
- epinephrine and norepinephrine.
- androgens.
- aldosterone.
epinephrine and norepinephrine.

An inadequate secretion of thyroid hormones results in ___________, which is

characterized by weight gain and lethargy, while an excess of thyroid hormone
secretion results in ____________, which is characterized by weight loss and
rapid pulse.
- hyperthyroidism; hypothyroidism
- hypothyroidism; hyperthyroidism
hypothyroidism; hyperthyroidism
The central region of the adrenal gland is the adrenal ______.
medulla
Classify the hormones with their main target organs.

PITUITARY, MAMMARY GLAND, TESTIES/ OVERIES

TRH
GHRH
PRL
LH
CRH
FSH
GnRH
PITUITARY
-TRH
-GHRH
-CRH
-GnRH

MAMMARY GLAND
-PRL

TESTIES/ OVERIES
- LH
- FSH
Classify the hormones with their main target organs.
LIVER, FAT MUSCLE, AND BONE,
THYROID, ADRENAL CORTEX

GH
TSH
ACTH
IGF
LIVER, FAT MUSCLE, AND BONE
- GH
- IGF

THYROID
- TSH
ADRENAL CORTEX
- ACTH

Referred to as the , the posterior pituitary releases antidiuretic hormone into the
bloodstream.
Circulating through the body, antidiuretic hormone arrives at the
____________ __________ of the kidney.
Causing an increased of water from the kidney nephron, blood volume is maintained.
neurohypophysis
target cells
reabsorption
Causing an increased of water from the kidney nephron, blood volume is maintained.
reabsorption
Referred to as the , the posterior pituitary releases antidiuretic hormone into the
bloodstream.
neurohypophysis
Circulating through the body, antidiuretic hormone arrives at the ________ _______ of
the kidney.
target cells

Stimulates the release of growth hormone

Growth hormone-releasing hormone
Decreases the release of growth hormone
Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone
Stimulates secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone ___________________
Corticotropin-releasing hormone
Stimulates secretion of thyroid-stimulating hormone
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone
Stimulates luteinizing and follicle-stimulating hormone ______________________
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
Decreases the secretion of prolactin
Prolactin-inhibiting hormone
Stimulates the secretion of prolactin ____________________________
Prolactin-releasing hormone
Match the hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary with its effect.

Growth hormone
Increased growth in tissues
Match the hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary with its effect.

Thyroid-stimulating hormone _________________________________

Thyroid hormone secretion
Match the hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary with its effect.

Adrenocorticotropic hormone
__________________________
Glucocorticoid hormone secretion
Match the hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary with its effect.

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone
___________________________________________
Melanin production
Match the hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary with its effect.

Follicle-stimulating hormone
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
Follicle maturation and estrogen secretion; stimulates sperm production in males
Match the hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary with its effect.
Prolactin __________________________________
Milk production in lactating women
Match the hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary with its effect.
Beta endorphins
Analgesia in the brain
Match the hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary with its effect.

Luteinizing hormone _________________________

______________________________________________________
_________________________________
Ovulation and progesterone production; stimulates testosterone production in
males
Identify the ways in which the anterior pituitary differs from the posterior pituitary. Check
all that apply.

- The anterior pituitary is also known as the adenohypophysis.

- The posterior pituitary secretes gonadotropins.
- The anterior pituitary is stimulated by the hypothalamus via hormones that travel
through the hypophyseal portal system.
- Oxytocin is secreted by the anterior pituitary.
- Cell bodies in the hypothalamus synthesize hormones that pass down the
hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract and are stored in the posterior pituitary.
- The anterior pituitary is also known as the adenohypophysis.

- The anterior pituitary is stimulated by the hypothalamus via hormones that travel
through the hypophyseal portal system.

- Cell bodies in the hypothalamus synthesize hormones that pass down the
hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract and are stored in the posterior pituitary.
Hormones from the hypothalamus control hormone secretion from what part of the
pituitary and by what hormones from the hypothalamus? Check all that apply.

- Anterior pituitary
- Posterior pituitary
- Releasing hormones (RHs)
- Inhibiting hormones (IHs)
-Anterior pituitary
-Releasing hormones (RHs)
-Inhibiting hormones (IHs)
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is released by the

- hypothalamus.
- anterior pituitary.
- posterior pituitary.
- kidney.
- cerebellum.
- posterior pituitary.

Target organs regulate the pituitary through feedback loops. Most often, this
takes the form of
-positive feedback.
-direct nervous stimulation.
-negative feedback inhibition.
-All of the choices are correct.
negative feedback inhibition.

Hormones that the posterior pituitary secretes are synthesized in the

- posterior pituitary.
- hypothalamus.
- thalamus.
- anterior pituitary.
- cerebrum.
Hypothalamus

Target cells for releasing hormones are in the

- hypothalamus.
- anterior pituitary gland.
- posterior pituitary gland.
- thyroid gland.
- testes.
anterior pituitary gland.

ADH and oxytocin are secreted by

- neuromuscular cells.
- neurons.
- neuroendocrine cells.
- neurosecretory cells.
- neuroglia.
neurosecretory cells.

Match the hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary with its target.
Prolactin (PRL)
FSH and LH
TSH
ACTH
Growth hormone
- Mammary glands in females and interstitial cells in males
- Almost every cell in the body
- Thyroid gland
- Adrenal cortex
- Ovaries in females and testes in males
Prolactin (PRL)
Mammary glands in females and interstitial cells in males
Growth hormone
Almost every cell in the body
TSH
Thyroid gland
ACTH
Adrenal cortex
FSH and LH
Ovaries in females and testes in males

Match the following hypothalamic releasing hormones with the hormone released from
the anterior pituitary.
1. Corticotropin-releasing hormone
2. Growth hormone-releasing hormone
3. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone
4. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone

- TSH
- FSH AND LH
- ACTH
- GH
1. Corticotropin-releasing hormone
- ACTH
2. Growth hormone-releasing hormone
- GH
3. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone
- TSH
4. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
- FSH AND LH
Drag each label to identify which hormones would be responsible for each description.

STEROID
MONOAMINE
PEPTIDE

- ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE
- ANGIOTENSIN
- GLUCAGON
- NOREPINEPHRINE
- ESTRONE
- CORTISOL
- THYROID HORMONE
- INSULIN
STEROID
- ESTRONE
- CORTISOL

MONOAMINE
- NOREPINEPHRINE
- THYROID HORMONE

PEPTIDE
- ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE
- ANGIOTENSIN
- GLUCAGON
- INSULIN

Hormones display _____________ effects when one hormone enhances the target
organ's response to a second hormone that is secreted later.

- Synergistic
- permissive
- antagonistic
- All of the choices are correct.
- None of the choices are correct.
permissive

Chemical messengers that influence the activity of the same cell that releases
them are ___________ chemical messengers, while chemical messengers that
influence the activity of another cell are ___________ chemical messengers.
- merocrine, autocrine
- autocrine, paracrine
- paracrine, autocrine
- autocrine, merocrine
- autocrine, paracrine

An up-regulated cell has an increase in

- the amount of DNA in the nucleus.
- the number of molecules the cell secretes.
- the concentration of ligands that bind to the receptors.
- the number of receptors available for binding.
- the number of nuclei.
- the number of receptors available for binding.
Up-regulation of a target cell can occur in response to
- prolonged decrease in the level of a hormone.
- prolonged increase in the level of a hormone.
- signals from antagonistic hormone products.
- signals from the posterior pituitary.
None of these choices is correct.
prolonged decrease in the level of a hormone.

Down-regulation of a target cell can occur in response to

- prolonged decrease in the level of a hormone.
- prolonged increase in the level of a hormone.
- signals from antagonistic hormone products.
- signals from the posterior pituitary.
prolonged increase in the level of a hormone.

Polypeptide hormones, such as FSH and TSH, and biogenic amine hormones,
such as epinephrine and norepinephrine, are all considered ____________
hormones.
- steroid
- paracrine
- eicosansoid
- protein
- protein

After eating a meal, blood sugar levels

- increase.
- decrease.
- do not change.
- disappear.
- increase.

Insulin, released after a meal is eaten by a person who does not have diabetes,
will cause blood sugar levels to
- increase far above normal.
- return to about normal.
- decrease far below normal.
- convert to protein.
return to about normal.

In Type I diabetes, blood sugar levels remain high after a meal because
- too much insulin is released.
- protein is converted to glucose.
- no insulin is released.
- the kidneys are not working.
no insulin is released.
In Type II diabetes, blood sugar levels remain high after a meal because
- too much insulin is released.
- the kidneys are not working.
- no insulin in released.
- muscle and liver cells do not receive a signal.
muscle and liver cells do not receive a signal.

The treatment for Type I diabetes always includes

- oral thiazolidinedione.
- insulin.
- metformin.
- dialysis.
insulin.

The second messenger cAMP is synthesized by the enzyme

- adenylyl cyclase.
- cAMP phosphodiesterase.
- ATPase.
- ligase.
- phosphorylase.
adenylyl cyclase.

The binding of epinephrine to its receptor activates a(n)

- A protein.
- D protein.
- G protein.
- K protein.
- M protein.
G protein.

Epinephrine has to cross the cell membrane to bind to its receptor in the
cytoplasm.
- True
- False
False

Which of the following statements about thyroxine is true?

- It is water-insoluble.
- It is lipophilic.
- It can pass through the cell membrane.
- All of these choices are correct.
- All of these choices are correct.

The thyroid gland secretes large amounts of

- triiodothyronine but no tetraiodothyronine.
- tetraiodothyronine but no triiodothyronine.
- both triiodothyronine and tetraiodothyronine.
- triiodothyronine and small amounts of tetraiodothyronine.
- tetraiodothyronine and small amounts of triiodothyronine.
- tetraiodothyronine and small amounts of triiodothyronine.

Which of the following statements about thyroxine is true?

- Both the T3 and T4 forms enter target cells.
- Inside the target cell, all T3 is converted to T4.
- Only the T4 form can enter the nucleus.
- All of the choices are correct.
- Both the T3 and T4 forms enter target cells.

Thyroxine is brought to target cells via a protein-carrier.

- True
- False
- True

The thyroxine-hormone receptor complex increases the level of transcription of specific

genes.
- True
- False
- true

Which of the following statements about thyroxine is true?

- It is water-insoluble.
- It is lipophilic.
- It can pass through the cell membrane.
- All of these choices are correct.
- All of these choices are correct.

The thyroid gland secretes large amounts of

- triiodothyronine but no tetraiodothyronine.
- tetraiodothyronine but no triiodothyronine.
- both triiodothyronine and tetraiodothyronine.
- triiodothyronine and small amounts of tetraiodothyronine.
- tetraiodothyronine and small amounts of triiodothyronine.
- tetraiodothyronine and small amounts of triiodothyronine.

Which of the following statements about thyroxine is true?

- Both the T3 and T4 forms enter target cells.
- Inside the target cell, all T3 is converted to T4.
- Only the T4 form can enter the nucleus.
- All of the choices are correct.
Both the T3 and T4 forms enter target cells.
Thyroxine is brought to target cells via a protein-carrier.
- True
- False
- True

The posterior pituitary produces both inhibiting and releasing hormones.

- True
- False
- true

The hypothalamus is sometimes referred to as the "master control center" of the

endocrine system because it
- integrates the function of all systems of the body.
- regulates most endocrine functions of the body.
- physically links all endocrine organs of the body.
- is the seat of conscious control of the endocrine system.
regulates most endocrine functions of the body.

The thyroxine-hormone receptor complex increases the level of transcription of

specific genes.
- True
- False
- True

Epinephrine binds to
- alpha-adrenergic receptors on the cell membrane of liver cells.
- alpha-adrenergic receptors in the cytoplasm of liver cells.
- beta-adrenergic receptors on the cell membrane of liver cells.
- beta-adrenergic receptors in the cytoplasm of liver cells.
- beta-adrenergic receptors in the nucleus of liver cells.
- beta-adrenergic receptors on the cell membrane of liver cells.

The binding of epinephrine to its receptor activates ________, which in turn activates
________.

- protein kinase A; G protein

- protein kinase A; adenylyl cyclase
- adenylyl cyclase; G-protein
- G-protein; adenylyl cyclase
- G-protein; protein kinase A
- G-protein; adenylyl cyclase
The enzyme phosphorylase catalyzes the conversion of
- glycogen into glucose-6-phosphate.
- glycogen into glucose.
- glucose into glycogen.
- glucose into glucose-6-phosphate.
- glucose-6-phosphate into glycogen.
- glycogen into glucose-6-phosphate.

Epinephrine causes the liver to uptake glucose from the bloodstream during the
fight-or-flight response.
- True
- False
False

The conversion of ATP into cAMP is catalyzed by the enzyme adenylyl cyclase.
- True
- False
- True

Water-soluble hormones do not readily dissolve within the aqueous environment

of the blood and require carrier proteins to be transported in the blood.
- True
- False
- false

Water-soluble hormones …………..pass through the cell membrane.

cannot

The activation/inactivation of G proteins occurs as a result of

- synthesis and hydrolysis of GTP.
- GDP/GTP exchange and GTP hydrolysis.
- binding and release of extra G protein subunits.
- binding and release of Ca2+ ions.
- binding and release of the ligand.
- GDP/GTP exchange and GTP hydrolysis.

Transcription of mRNA is the result of the binding of - soluble hormones.

lipid

Water-soluble hormones bind to receptors.

membrane-bound

Lipid-soluble hormones bind to receptors.

nuclear
Arrange the following in the proper order in which they occur:
1. Ligand binds to the cell membrane receptor site
2. Alpha subunit and GTP bind to calcium ion channel
3. Calcium ion channels open
- 1, 2, 3
- 2, 1, 3
- 2, 3, 1
- 3, 2, 1
- 3, 1, 2
- 1, 2, 3

The mRNA molecule moves from the cytoplasm to the nucleus and binds to a ribosome
where it directs the synthesis of specific proteins.
- True
- False
- False

The ultimate result of lipid-soluble hormones on cells is the production of proteins.

- True
- False
- True

As a result,
- the DNA-hormone complex produces mRNA molecules.
- the receptor-hormone complex binds with a mRNA molecule to produce a DNA
molecule.
- the hormone-mRNA complex enters the cytoplasm and produces proteins.
- the receptor-hormone complex binds with a DNA molecule to produce a mRNA
molecule.
- the hormone-ribosome complex produce proteins.
the receptor-hormone complex binds with a DNA molecule to produce a mRNA
molecule.

Once inside of the cell, these lipid soluble hormones

- bind with a DNA molecule.

- bind with a specific receptor molecule inside the nucleus.
- bind with a mRNA molecule.
- bind with a specific receptor molecule inside the cytoplasm.
- bind with a ribosome.
bind with a specific receptor molecule inside the cytoplasm.
Lipid soluble hormones
- require a membrane receptor protein to enter the cell.
- diffuse through the cell membrane.
- enter the cell through active transport.
- work as ligands on the surface of the cell membrane.
- require specific gates to pass through the cell membrane.
diffuse through the cell membrane.

One example of a hormone that binds to membrane-bound receptors is ……

epinephrine

An example of a hormone that binds to a nuclear receptor is ………

thyroid hormone

Phosphorylase activity removes a phosphate from GTP.

- True
- False
- True

The activity of the G protein mainly resides in the beta subunit.

- True
- False
- False

Which of the following statements about the protein calmodulin is TRUE?

- It interacts directly with the ligand receptor.
- It interacts directly with the G protein.
- It binds to Ca 2+ ions to mediate a cellular response.
- It binds to the Ca 2+ ion channel causing it to close.
- It induces ATP hydrolysis.
- It binds to Ca 2+ ions to mediate a cellular response.