Plant

Reproduction
of Small Chili
Pepper Flowers

By Izzuddin Bin Ishak

Contents Page

List of Contents 1

Introduction 2
STEM Activity
3
Link Video
Flower Description 4

Plant Reproduction 5

Pollination 6
Fertilization 7-9
Development of
10 - 11
Fruit

References 12 - 13

1
What are these?

These are flowers of local small

chili pepper. This plant is known

as Capsicum frutescens Linn and

can be found in countries such

as Malaysia, India, tropical

America and more.

2
 STEM Activity

Link Youtube Video:

https://youtu.be/reZEzaKrF3g

3
FLOWER DESCRIPTION

The flowers of these plant

are white coloured (5)

petals with a purple

tinge. These flowers grow

in groups in the bush full

of leaves. The size of the

flower can grow up to 1

to 1.5 cm long and

contain 8 stamens and a

carpel.
4
 How does the
flower produce
small chili pepper?

There are three stages;

1. Pollination.

2. Fertilization and

development of seed.

3. Development of fruit.

5
 Pollination

This plant is self pollinate. Self pollination

occurs when the pollen that have been

produced from the anther of the flower is

landed on the sticky stigma of the same

flower.

There are other common method of

polllination for this plant. For an example,

artificial pollination which is carried out by

humans by hand pollinate the flowers.

Tools like brush is used to transfer the

pollens to the stigma.

6
 Double
Fertilization

Double fertilization are two

processes where zygote and

endsoperm formation occur in

the flower. This process also

lead to development of seed.

7
Continuation...
After pollen which contained

generative cell and pollen cell

has landed on the sticky stigma,

the pollen tube cell will grow into

a pollen tube along the style of

the flower to the embryo sac.

After entering the ovule sac through the

micropyle, the generative cell have

divided into two sperm cells. One of the

sperm cell fertilizes the egg cell to form a

diploid zygote. The other sperm cell will

fuse with two polar nuclei to form a

triploid cell for endosperm development.

8
 Development
of Seed
Embryonic devellopment started after

fertilzation. The zygote will divided into

two cell, the basal cell and terminal cell.

The basal will divide and suspensor is

develop to provide a path for nutrition

transport for the emrbyo. For the terminal

cell, this cell also divides to form a

globular-shaped proembryo. Then a heart

shaped embryo develops due to the two

rudimentary cotyledons (for dicots

plants).

As the embryo and cotyledons grow, they

crowded inside the developing seed and

bended forcefully. In the end, both

embryo and cotyledons filled the seed

and ready for the disposal

9
Development of
fruit

Fruit development begins after fertilization. The

ovary of the flower will develop into a fruit. Ovary

started to thickening that will develop pericarp

(outer wall of fruit). This happened because the

cells in the ovary are divide and multiply.

The last process of this stage is the ripening of the

fruit. The color of the fruit changes, sweetening and

softening of the inside parts also occur during this

period.

10
 Continuation
During the ripening process, an enzyme known as

ethylene is released that affecting the colour of

the fruit, the taste and softening the fruit itself.

Most important of all, the needs such as sunlight,

water, nutrients and temperature also very

important in the development of the fruit. Finally,

the fruit become matured and ready to eaten

and pick by animals and humans.

Lastly, the method of fruit and seed

dispersal with the help of agents, which

are animals. For an example, animal such

as birds will eat the small chili peppers

but not fully digest the seeds in the chili.

Then the birds migrate to other places

and disperse the seed trough droppings.

Finally, the seed will land on the soil and

eventually sprout.
11
 References
Biology LibreTexts. (2021, March 6).

Double Fertilization in Plants. Retrieved

from

https://bio.libretexts.org/@go/page/1380

Davies. D. (2021). How Are Chili Pepper

Seeds Dispersed? Retrieved from

https://www.ehow.com/facts_5588479_

chili-pepper-seeds-dispersed_.html

Grant. A. (2021, March 29). Hand

Pollinating Peppers: How To Hand Pollinate

Pepper Plants. Retrieved from

https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/edi

ble/vegetables/pepper/hand-pollinating-

peppers.htm#:~:text=In%20order%20to%2

0hand%20pollinate,pollen%20from%20flo

wer%20to%20flower.
12
Khare C. (2007). Capsicum annuum Linn.. In:

Khare C. (eds) Indian Medicinal Plants.

Springer, New York, NY. Retrieved from

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-70638-

2_286

Soffar, H. (2015, April 20). The types and

methods of pollination in the plants.

Retrieved from https://www.online-

sciences.com/the-living-organisms/the-

types-and-methods-of-pollination-in-the-

plants/#:~:text=There%20are%20two%20ty

pes%20of,the%20transfer%20of%20pollen

%20grains

Wonderpolis. (2017, January 27). How Do

Plants Make Fruits and Vegetables?

Retrieved from

https://wonderopolis.org/wonder/how-do-

plants-make-fruits-and-vegetables

13