The principle of the vernier caliper is that when two scales or divisions slightly different in size are used,

then the difference between them is used to increase the accuracy measurement.

Read also: Micrometer Screw Gauge and Types of Micrometers [The Complete Guide]

Parts of Vernier Caliper

Parts of vernier caliper

The main elements of the vernier caliper are the

Main Scale

Vernier scale

Thumbscrew

Lock screw

Depth Rod

Fixed jaw, and

Sliding jaw

Vernier Caliper Part Description

Vernier Caliper Part Description

Vernier caliper consists of two steel rules and they can slide along with each other.

One is a long rectangular metal strip that has a fixed jaw on one end. It is graduated in inches at its upper
end and centimeter at its lower end which is called the main scale.

The main scale is marked on solid L shape frames, on which cm graduates are divided into 20 parts so
that a small division is equal to 0.05 cm. This allows improvements in the commonly used measuring
techniques, over direct measurement with line graduated method.
There is another small rectangular metal strip which is graduated with a special relation to that of the
main scale, which is called the vernier scale which slides over this long metal strip it has a jaw similar to
that of the main scale.

There are two jaws on vernier caliper upper jaw and lower jaw. These jaws together are used to hold the
object firmly while measuring its length which is not possible with a metre scale.

The external or lower jaws which are generally used to measure the diameter of a sphere or a cylinder.
The internal jaws or upper jaws which are generally used to measure the internal diameter of a hollow
cylinder.

There is also a metal strip attached at the back of the vernier calipers which is used to measure the
internal depth of a cylinder.

Read also: List of Mechanical Properties That Every Mechanical Engg Should Know

The Principle of Vernier Caliper

A scale cannot measure objects which are smaller than 1mm but a vernier caliper can measure objects
up to 1mm. As already know that vernier caliper has two scales the main scale and the vernier scale
together this arrangement is used to measure very small lengths like 0.1mm.

The Principle of Vernier Caliper

Here the main scale has the least count of 1mm and vernier scale has the least count of 0.9mm. So
therefore 10 unit of the main scale is 1cm whereas 10 unit of vernier scale is 0.9mm.

The unit of the vernier scale is 9mm. So this difference between the main scale and vernier scale which is
0.1mm is the working principle of vernier caliper.

Vernier Caliper Least Count

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