IM4 CALCULUS-Module

Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY

Bambang, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.4: MATH 1-1S-2021-2022
College: Engineering
Campus: Bambang
DEGREE PROGRAM BSEE COURSE NO. MATH 1

SPECIALIZATION Electrical COURSE TITLE Differential Calculus
YEAR LEVEL 1st Year TIME FRAME . WK NO. IM NO. 4
I. UNIT TITLE/CHAPTER TITLE
Applications Derivative in Plane Curves
II. LESSON TITLE

I. Tangents and Normal Curves
II. Increasing and Decreasing Functions
III. Points of Inflection
IV. Critical Points
V. Minimum and Maximum values
III. LESSON OVERVIEW
This lesson provides the students an understanding the derivatives in its applications.
IV. DESIRED LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:

1. Apply the different properties of derivatives in solving equations of plane curves.
2. Evaluate the minimum, maximum, point of inflections and critical points of plane curve.
3. Trace the different polynomial curves ant its maximum and minimum.
V. COURSE CONTENT
4 APPLICATIONS OF DERIVATIVES
IN PLANE CURVES
L
4.1 TANGENT AND NORMALS
A tangent to a curve is a straight line that touches the curve at one point and has the same slope as the
curve at that point.
Equation of Tangent Line

𝒚 − 𝒚𝟏 = 𝒎(𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏 )
A normal to a curve is a straight line which is perpendicular to a tangent to the curve. The word “normal”
is used in advanced mathematics to mean “perpendicular.” It is in this sense rather than in the sense of
“natural” or “usual” that the word is used here.
Equation of Normal Line

𝟏
𝒚 − 𝒚𝟏 = − (𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏 )
𝒎
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IM No.4: MATH 1-1S-2021-2022
EXAMPLE
Find the equations of the tangent and the normal line of 𝑦 = 3𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 + 1 at point (1,2).
Solution:
𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1
𝑦 ′ = 6𝑥 − 2
@ (1,2)
𝑦 ′ = 6(1) − 2
𝑦′ = 4
Tangent line @ (𝟏, 𝟐) Normal line @ (𝟏, 𝟐)
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 ) 1
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = − (𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
𝑚
𝑦 − 2 = 4(𝑥 − 1) 1
𝑦 − 2 = − (𝑥 − 1)
𝑦 − 2 = 4𝑥 − 4 4
4𝑦 − 8 = −𝑥 + 1
4𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2 − 4 = 0
𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 8 − 1 = 0
𝟒𝒙 − 𝒚 − 𝟐 = 𝟎 𝒙 + 𝟒𝒚 − 𝟗 = 𝟎
EXAMPLE
Find the equation of the tangent and the normal line of 𝑦 = 2 + 4𝑥 − 𝑥 3 at
𝑥 = −1
Solution:
If 𝒙 = −𝟏
𝑦 = 2 + 4(−1) − (−1)3
𝑦 =2−4+1 𝑦 = 2 + 4𝑥 − 𝑥 3
𝑦 = −1
𝑦 ′ = 4 − 3𝑥 2
Tangent line @ (−𝟏, −𝟏) @ 𝑥 = −1
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
𝑦 − (−1) = 1(𝑥 − (−1)) 𝑦 ′ = 4 − 3(−1)2
𝑦 + 1 = 1(𝑥 + 1)
𝑦 ′ = 4 − 3(1)
𝑦+1 =𝑥+1
𝑥−𝑦−1+1= 0 𝑦′ = 1
𝒙−𝒚= 𝟎
Normal line @ (−𝟏, −𝟏)

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1
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = − (𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
𝑚
−1
𝑦 − (−1) = (𝑥 − (−1))
1
−1
𝑦+1= (𝑥 + 1)
1
𝑦 + 1 = −𝑥 − 1
𝑥+𝑦+1+1= 0
𝒙+𝒚+𝟐=𝟎
EXAMPLE
Find the equations of the tangent lines and the normal lines of 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 6 at its points of
intersection with the line 𝑦 = 0.
Solution:
𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 6
0 = 𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 6
𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 6 = 0
(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 6) = 0
𝑥−1= 0 ; 𝑥−6= 0
𝑥=1 ; 𝑥=6
If 𝒙 = 𝟏
𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 6
𝑦 = (1)2 − 7(1) + 6 If 𝒙 = 𝟔
𝑦 =1−7+6
𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 6
𝑦=0
𝑦 = (6)2 − 7(6) + 6
𝑦 = 36 − 42 + 6
Slope @ (𝟏, 𝟎)
𝑦=0
𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 6
𝑦′ = 2𝑥 − 7 Slope @ (𝟏, 𝟎)
@ (1,0) 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 6
𝑦 ′ = 2(1) − 7 𝑦′ = 2𝑥 − 7
𝑦 ′ = −5 @ (1,0)
𝑦 ′ = 2(1) − 7
Tangent line @ (𝟏, 𝟎) Tangent
𝑦 ′line
= −5@ (𝟏, 𝟎)
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 ) 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
𝑦 − 0 = −5(𝑥 − 1) 𝑦 − 0 = −5(𝑥 − 1)
𝑦 = −5𝑥 + 5 𝑦 = −5𝑥 + 5
𝟓𝒙 + 𝒚 − 𝟓 = 𝟎 𝟓𝒙 + 𝒚 − 𝟓 = 𝟎
Normal line @ (𝟏, 𝟎) Normal line @ (𝟏, 𝟎)

−1 −1
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = (𝑥 − 𝑥1 ) 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = (𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
𝑚 𝑚
−1 −1
𝑦−0= (𝑥 − 1) 𝑦−0 = (𝑥 − 1)
−5 −5
−5𝑦 = −𝑥 + 1 −5𝑦 = −𝑥 + 1
𝒙 − 𝟓𝒚 − 𝟏 = 𝟎 𝒙 − 𝟓𝒚 − 𝟏 = 𝟎
EXAMPLE
Find the tangent lines as directed to the ellipse 𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 2 = 0 parallel to the
line 𝑥 − 4𝑦 = 2.
Solution:
𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 2 = 0
2𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦 ′ − 𝑦 + 4𝑦𝑦 ′ − 4 + 2𝑦 ′ = 0
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−𝑥𝑦 ′ + 4𝑦𝑦 ′ + 2𝑦′ = −2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 4
𝑦 ′ (−𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 2) = −2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 4
−2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 4
𝑦′ =
−𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 2
To find m
𝑥 − 4𝑦 = 2
𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏
−4𝑦 = −𝑥 + 2
−4𝑦 −𝑥 2
= +
−4 −4 −4
𝑥 1
𝑦= −
4 2
𝟏
𝒎=
𝟒
Substitute m in
−2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 4
𝑦′ =
−𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 2
1 −2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 4
=
4 −𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 2
−𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 2 = 4(−2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 4)
−𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 2 = −8𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 16
−𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 2 + 8𝑥 − 4𝑦 − 16 = 0
7𝑥 − 14 = 0
7𝑥 = 14
7𝑥 14
=
7 7
𝒙=𝟐
Substitute 𝑥 in 𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 2 = 0
(2)2 − (2)𝑦 + 2𝑦 2 − 4(2) + 2𝑦 + 2 = 0
4 − 2𝑦 + 2𝑦 2 − 8 + 2𝑦 + 2 = 0
2𝑦 2 − 2 = 0
2𝑦 2 = 2
2𝑦 2 2
=
2 2
√𝑦 2 = √1
𝒚 = ±𝟏
If 𝑦 = 1, 𝑥 = 2 If 𝑦 = −1, 𝑥 = 2
Tangent line @ (𝟐, 𝟏) Tangent line @ (𝟐, −𝟏)

𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 ) 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
1 1
𝑦 − 1 = (𝑥 − 2) 𝑦 − (−1) = (𝑥 − 2)
4 4
4𝑦 − 4 = 𝑥 − 2 1
𝑦 + 1 = (𝑥 − 2)
𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 4 − 2 = 0 4
𝒙 − 𝟒𝒚 + 𝟐 = 𝟎 4𝑦 + 4 = 𝑥 − 2
𝑥 − 4𝑦 − 4 − 2 = 0
𝒙 − 𝟒𝒚 − 𝟔 = 𝟎
EXAMPLE
Make the parabola 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 pass through (3, 13) and be tangent to the line 8𝑥 − 𝑦 = 15
at (2,1).Determine the coefficients a, b, c, etc. so that the curve will satisfy the stipulated
conditions.
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Solution:
@ (𝟑, 𝟏𝟑) @ (𝟐, 𝟏)

𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐
13 = 𝑎(3)2 + 𝑏(3) + 𝑐 1 = 𝑎(2)2 + 𝑏(2) + 𝑐
13 = 9𝑎 + 3𝑏 + 𝑐 → 𝑒𝑞. 1 1 = 4𝑎 + 2𝑏 + 𝑐 → 𝑒𝑞. 2
@ the line
8𝑥 − 𝑦 = 15 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐
−𝑦 −8𝑥 15 𝑦 ′ = 2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏
= +
−1 −1 −1 8 = 2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏
𝑦 = 8𝑥 − 15
𝑚=8 @ (2,1)
8 = 2𝑎(2) + 𝑏
Subtract 𝒆𝒒. 𝟏 & 𝒆𝒒. 𝟐
13 = 9𝑎 + 3𝑏 + 𝑐 8 = 4𝑎 + 𝑏 → 𝑒𝑞. 3
−1 = −4𝑎 − 2𝑏 − 𝑐 Subtract 𝒆𝒒. 𝟑 & 𝒆𝒒. 𝟒
12 = 5𝑎 + 𝑏 → 𝑒𝑞. 4 8 = 4𝑎 + 𝑏
−12 = −5𝑎 − 𝑏
−4 −𝑎
=
−1 −1
𝒂=𝟒
Substitute a in 𝒆𝒒. 𝟑 or 𝒆𝒒. 𝟒

𝑒𝑞. 3 𝑒𝑞. 4
8 = 4𝑎 + 𝑏 12 = 5𝑎 + 𝑏
8 = 4(4) + 𝑏 12 = 5(4) + 𝑏
8 = 16 + 𝑏 12 = 20 + 𝑏
8 − 16 = 𝑏 12 − 20 = 𝑏
𝒃 = −𝟖 𝒃 = −𝟖
Substitute a & b in 𝒆𝒒. 𝟏 or 𝒆𝒒. 𝟐

𝑒𝑞. 1 𝑒𝑞. 2
13 = 9𝑎 + 3𝑏 + 𝑐 1 = 4𝑎 + 2𝑏 + 𝑐
13 = 9(4) + 3(−8) + 𝑐 1 = 4(4) + 2(−8) + 𝑐
13 = 36 − 24 + 𝑐 1 = 16 − 16 + 𝑐
13 = 12 + 𝑐 𝒄=𝟏
13 − 12 = 𝑐
𝒄=𝟏
Substitute a, b, & c
𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐
𝒚 = 𝟒𝒙𝟐 − 𝟖𝒙 + 𝟏
EXAMPLE
Make the parabola 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 pass through (3,2) and be tangent to the line 𝑦 = 4𝑥 + 2 at
(2,4). Determine the coefficients a, b, c, etc. so that the curve will satisfy the stipulated conditions
Solution:
@ (𝟑, 𝟐) @ (𝟐, 𝟒)
𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐
2 = 𝑎(3)2 + 𝑏(3) + 𝑐 4 = 𝑎(2)2 + 𝑏(2) + 𝑐
2 = 9𝑎 + 3𝑏 + 𝑐 → 𝑒𝑞. 1 4 = 4𝑎 + 2𝑏 + 𝑐 → 𝑒𝑞. 2
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@ the line
𝑦 = 4𝑥 + 2
𝑚=4
𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑦 ′ = 2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏
4 = 2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏
@ (2,1)
4 = 2𝑎(2) + 𝑏
4 = 4𝑎 + 𝑏 → 𝑒𝑞. 3
Subtract 𝒆𝒒. 𝟏 & 𝒆𝒒. 𝟐 Subtract 𝒆𝒒. 𝟑 & 𝒆𝒒. 𝟒

2 = 9𝑎 + 3𝑏 + 𝑐 4 = 4𝑎 + 𝑏
−4 = −4𝑎 − 2𝑏 − 𝑐 2 = −5𝑎 − 𝑏
−2 = 5𝑎 + 𝑏 → 𝑒𝑞. 4 6 −𝑎
=
−1 −1
𝒂 = −𝟔
Substitute a in 𝒆𝒒. 𝟑 or 𝒆𝒒. 𝟒
𝑒𝑞. 3
4 = 4𝑎 + 𝑏 𝑒𝑞. 4
4 = 4(−6) + 𝑏 −2 = 5𝑎 + 𝑏
4 = −24 + 𝑏 −2 = 5(−6) + 𝑏
4 + 24 = 𝑏 −2 = −30 + 𝑏
𝒃 = 𝟐𝟖 −2 + 30 = 𝑏
𝒃 = 𝟐𝟖
Substitute a & b in 𝒆𝒒. 𝟏 or 𝒆𝒒. 𝟐
𝑒𝑞. 1
2 = 9𝑎 + 3𝑏 + 𝑐 𝑒𝑞. 2
2 = 9(−6) + 3(28) + 𝑐 4 = 4𝑎 + 2𝑏 + 𝑐
2 = −54 + 84 + 𝑐 4 = 4(−6) + 2(28) + 𝑐
2 = 30 + 𝑐 4 = −24 + 56 + 𝑐
2 − 30 = 𝑐 4 = 32 + 𝑐
𝒄 = −𝟐𝟖 4 − 32 = 𝑐
𝒄 = −𝟐𝟖
Substitute a, b, & c
𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐
𝒚 = −𝟔𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝟖𝒙 − 𝟐𝟖
Find the equations of the tangent and the normal at the point indicated.
1. 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 6𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 0 at (0,0).
2. 𝑦 = (2𝑥 − 1)3 at 𝑥 = 1.
3. 𝑎2 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 at (𝑎, 𝑎).
4. 2𝑥𝑦 + 5𝑥 − 3𝑦 = 0 at 𝑥 = 4.
5. 𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦 − 2 at 𝑥 = −2.
6. (𝑥 − 𝑦)2 + 4𝑥 − 1 = 0 at (0,1).
Find the tangent lines as directed.
7. To the cubic 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 + 3 parallel to the line 10𝑥 − 𝑦 = 3.
8. To the cubic 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 + 6𝑥 2 + 10𝑥 + 8 parallel to the line 𝑦 = 𝑥.
9. To the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 4 + 2𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 3 perpendicular to the line
10. 𝑥 − 3𝑦 = 2.
Determine the coefficients a, b, c, etc., so that the curve will satisfy the stipulated
conditions.
11. Make the parabola 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 pass through (0, −2) and be tangent to the
line 3𝑥 + 𝑦 + 3 = 0 at (−1,0).
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12. Make the parabola 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 pass through (−1,8) and be tangent to the
line 𝑦 = 11𝑥 − 5 at (1,6).
13. Make the parabola 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 pass through (1,3) and be tangent to the
line 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 1 at (−1, 2).
14. Make the parabola 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 pass through (0,5) and be tangent to the
line 4𝑥 − 𝑦 = 2 at (1, −3).
15. Make the parabola 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 pass through (1, −1) and be tangent to
the line 2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 1 at (0, 4).
4.2 INCREASING AND DECREASING FUNCTIONS
Consider a function 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) which has a continuous derivative on some range of 𝑥 values. We know
that the derivative 𝑦′ is the rate of change of 𝑦 with respect to 𝑥. If 𝑦′ > 0 in some 𝑥 interval, the rate of
change of 𝑦 is positive, so that 𝑦 increases as 𝑥 increases in that interval. If 𝑦′ < 0 in some interval, 𝑦
decreases as 𝑥 increases in that interval. The same conclusions are exhibited vividly by the graph of the
function because 𝑦′ is also the slope of the curve. In the figure shown, as 𝑥 increases, the curves rises if
the slope is positive, as on the arc 𝐴𝐵; it falls if the slope is negative, as along 𝐵𝐷:
If 𝑦 ′ > 0, 𝑦 increases;
If 𝑦′ < 0, 𝑦 decreases.
The above results are useful not only as employed in this chapter but also in demonstrating the validity
of certain inequalities which are valuable in many phases of advanced mathematics.
Maxima and Minima

At a point such as B in figure above, where the function is algebraically greater than at any neighboring
point, the function is said to have a maximum value, and the point is called a maximum point. Similarly,
at 𝐷 the function has a minimum value. At such points the tangent is parallel to 𝑂𝑥; i.e.,
𝑦 ′ = 0.
But the vanishing of the derivative does not mean that the function is necessarily a maximum or a
minimum; the tangent is parallel to 𝑂𝑥 at 𝐹, yet the function is neither a maximum nor a minimum there.
From the figure we deduce the following test:
At a point where y ′ = 0, if y changes from positive to negative (as x increases), y is a maximum; if y′
changes from negative to positive, y is minimum; if y′ does not change sign, y is neither a maximum nor
a minimum.
The points at which y ′ = 0 are called critical points, and the corresponding values of x are the critical
values of x: in Figure 1, B, D, F are critical points. Maxima and minima collectively are called extremes:
in the figure, B and D are extremes.
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An extreme is not necessarily the greatest (or least) value that the function attains anywhere in its range.
The ordinate of F, for example, is greater than that of B. An extreme is merely greater (or less) than any
neighboring value. The greatest value that the function can assume anywhere in its range (if such a value
exists) is the absolute maximum; a maximum (such as at B) that is greater than any other in the
neighborhood is a relative maximum.
In the majority of applications, we are concerned with the absolute maximum or minimum. When the
function is a polynomial there can never be an absolute extreme if x is unrestricted; but even in the case
of polynomials such extremes frequently occur in practical problems, owing to the fact that x is limited in
range.
EXAMPLE
Locate the critical points and determine if it is maximum or minimum
𝑦 = 4 − 6𝑥 + 𝑥 2 .
Solution:
𝑦 = 4 − 6𝑥 + 𝑥 2
𝑦 ′ = −6 + 2𝑥
0 = −6 + 2𝑥
2𝑥 6
=
2 2
𝑥=3
If 𝑥 = 3
𝑦 = 4 − 6𝑥 + 𝑥 2 Test @ (3, −5)
𝑦 = 4 − 6(3) + (3)2 𝑦 ′ = −6 + 2𝑥
𝑦 = −5 𝑦 ′′ = 2 > 0
critical point (𝟑, −𝟓), minimum
EXAMPLE
𝑦 = −4(𝑥 + 2)2 .
Solution:
𝑦 = −4(𝑥 + 2)2
𝑦 ′ = (−4)(2)(𝑥 + 2) + (𝑥 + 2)2 (0)
𝑦 ′ = −8(𝑥 + 2)
𝑦 ′ = −8𝑥 − 16
0 = −8𝑥 − 16
8𝑥 −16
=
8 8
𝑥 = −2
If 𝑥 = −2
𝑦 = −4(𝑥 + 2)2 Test @ (−2,0)
𝑦 = −4(−2 + 2)2 𝑦 ′ = −8𝑥 − 16
𝑦=0 𝑦 ′′ = −8 < 0
critical point (−𝟐, 𝟎), maximum
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IM No.4: MATH 1-1S-2021-2022
EXAMPLE
𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 5
Solution:
𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 5
𝑦 ′ = 3𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 4
0 = 3𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 4
−𝑏 ± √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝑥=
2𝑎
−(−6) ± √(−6)2 − 4(3)(4)
𝑥=
2(3)
𝟔 ± √−𝟏𝟐
𝒙=
𝟔
No critical point
EXAMPLE
𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 + 12𝑥
Solution:
𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 + 12𝑥
𝑦 ′ = 3𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 + 12
0 = 3𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 + 12 ÷ 3
0 = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 4
−𝑏 ± √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝑥=
2𝑎
−(−4) ± √(−4)2 − 4(1)(4)
𝑥=
2(1)
4±0
𝑥=
2
4
𝑥=
2
𝑥=2
If 𝒙 = 𝟐
𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 + 12𝑥
𝑦 = (2)3 − 6(2)2 + 12(2)
𝑦=8
critical point (𝟐, 𝟖), it fails
Test @ (𝟐, 𝟖)
𝑦 ′ = 3𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 + 12
𝑦 ′′ = 6𝑥 − 12
𝑦 ′′ = 6(2) − 12
𝑦 ′′ = 12 − 12
𝑦 ′′ = 0 = 0
EXAMPLE
Make the curve 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 3 + 𝑏𝑥 2 + 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑 have a critical point at (0,3) & (1,2). Determining the
coefficients a, b, c, etc. so that the curve will satisfy the stipulated conditions
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IM No.4: MATH 1-1S-2021-2022
Solution:
𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 3 + 𝑏𝑥 2 + 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑
𝑦 ′ = 3𝑎𝑥 2 + 2𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐
0 = 3𝑎𝑥 2 + 2𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 → 𝑒𝑞. 1
@ (𝟎, 𝟑)
𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 3 + 𝑏𝑥 2 + 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑
3 = 𝑎(0)3 + 𝑏(0)2 + 𝑐(0) + 𝑑
𝒅=𝟑
@ (𝟏, 𝟐)
𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 3 + 𝑏𝑥 2 + 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑
2 = 𝑎(1)3 + 𝑏(1)2 + 𝑐(1) + 𝑑
2 = 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 + 𝑑 → 𝑒𝑞. 2
(𝟎, 𝟑) @ 𝒆𝒒. 𝟏
0 = 3𝑎𝑥 2 + 2𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐
0 = 3𝑎(0)2 + 2𝑏(0) + 𝑐
𝒄=𝟎
(𝟏, 𝟐) @ 𝒆𝒒. 𝟑
0 = 3𝑎𝑥 2 + 2𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐
0 = 3𝑎(1)2 + 2𝑏(1) + 𝑐
0 = 3𝑎 + 2𝑏 + 𝑐 → 𝑒𝑞. 3
Substitute d in 𝒆𝒒. 𝟐
2=𝑎+𝑏+𝑐+𝑑
2=𝑎+𝑏+𝑐+3
2−3 =𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
−1 = 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 → 𝑒𝑞. 4
Subtract 𝒆𝒒. 𝟑 and 𝒆𝒒. 𝟒

0 = 3𝑎 + 2𝑏 + 𝑐
1 = −𝑎 − 𝑏 − 𝑐
1 = 2𝑎 + 𝑏 → 𝑒𝑞. 5
Substitute c & d in 𝒆𝒒. 𝟐

2=𝑎+𝑏+𝑐+𝑑
2 =𝑎+𝑏+0+3
2−1 =𝑎+𝑏
1 = 𝑎 + 𝑏 → 𝑒𝑞. 6
Subtract 𝒆𝒒. 𝟓 and 𝒆𝒒. 𝟔

1 = 2𝑎 + 𝑏
−1 = −𝑎 − 𝑏
𝒂=𝟎
Substitute a, c, and d in 𝒆𝒒. 𝟐

2 =0+𝑏+0+3
2−3 =𝑏
𝒃 = −𝟏
Substitute a, b, c, and d in 𝒚 = 𝒂𝒙𝟑 + 𝒃𝒙𝟐 + 𝒄𝒙 + 𝒅

𝑦 = (0)𝑥 3 + (−1)𝑥 2 + (0)𝑥 + 3
𝒚 = −𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑
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IM No.4: MATH 1-1S-2021-2022
Locate the critical points and determine if it is maximum and minimum.

1. 𝑦 = 4𝑥 2 + 16𝑥 + 9
2. 𝑦 = (2𝑥 − 1)2
3. 𝑦 = 16𝑥 + 4𝑥 2 − 𝑥 4
4. 𝑦 = 4 + 27𝑥 − 𝑥 3
5. 𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1
6. 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 + 9𝑥
7. 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 27𝑥 + 69
8. 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 − 36𝑥 + 58
9. 𝑦 = 4𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 9
10. 𝑦 = 𝑥 4 − 4𝑥 2 − 16𝑥 + 24
Determine the coefficients a, b, c, etc. so that the curve will satisfy the stipulated
conditions.
1. Make the curve 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 3 + 𝑏𝑥 2 + 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑 have a critical point at (0, 3) and

(−2, 14).
2. Make the curve 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 3 + 𝑏𝑥 2 + 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑 have a critical point at (2, 1) and (0, 1).
4.3 POINTS OF INFLECTION
A point of inflection is a point at which the curve changes from concave upward to concave downward,
or vice versa (the points C, E, F in the figure shown.
At a point of inflection the tangent reverses the sense in which it turns, which means that y′ changes from
an increasing to a decreasing function, or vice versa. Hence at such a point y′′ changes sign and, if it is
continuous, must vanish. Conversely, a point at which y′′ vanishes is a point of inflection, provided y′′
changes sign at that point.
Since y′′, the rate of change of the slope, is zero at a point of inflection, the tangent is sometimes said to
be stationary for an instant at such a point, and in the neighborhood of the point it turns very slowly.
Hence the inflectional tangent agrees more closely with the curve near its point of contact than does an
ordinary tangent; it is therefore especially useful in tracing the curve to draw the tangent at each point of
inflection.
A point at which y′′ vanishes without changing sign is not a point of inflection; the result means that near
that point the tangent turns even more slowly than near a point of inflection.
As noted in the past lesson, a point where y ′ = 0 is a maximum or a minimum, provided y′′ ≠ 0. If y′ and
y′′ both equal to zero, the point is in general a point of inflection with a horizontal tangent (the point F in
Figure); but if y′′ vanishes without changing sign, the point is a maximum or minimum.
Theorem: If x = a is a root of odd order − simple, triple, etc. − of the equation y ′ = 0, then x = a is a
maximum or minimum; if x = a is a root of even order, x = a is a point of inflection with horizontal tangent.
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IM No.4: MATH 1-1S-2021-2022
EXAMPLE
Find the point of inflection of 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 .
Solution:
𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 If 𝒙 = 𝟏
𝑦 ′ = 3𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2
𝑦 ′′ = 6𝑥 − 6 𝑦 = (1)3 − 3(1)2
0 = 6𝑥 − 6 𝒚 = −𝟐
6𝑥 6
=
6 6
𝒙=𝟏
EXAMPLE
Find the point of inflection of 𝑦 = 36 + 12𝑥 − 𝑥 3
Solution:
𝑦 = 36 + 12𝑥 − 𝑥 3 If 𝒙 = 𝟏
𝑦 ′ = 12 − 3𝑥 2 𝑦 = 36 + 12𝑥 − 𝑥 3
𝑦 ′′ = −6𝑥 𝑦 = 36 + 12(0) − (0)3
0 = −6𝑥 𝒚 = 𝟑𝟔
0 −6𝑥
=
−6 −6
𝒙=𝟎
EXAMPLE
Find the point of inflection of 𝑦 = 2𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 + 7
Solution:
𝑦 = 2𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 + 7
𝑦 ′ = 6𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 − 12
𝑦 ′′ = 12𝑥 + 6
0 = 12𝑥 + 6
12𝑥 −6
=
12 12
−𝟏
𝒙=
𝟐
−𝟏
If 𝒙 =
𝟐
𝑦 = 2𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 + 7
−1 3 −1 2 −1
𝑦 = 2 ( ) + 3 ( ) − 12 ( ) + 7
2 2 2
𝟐𝟕
𝒚=
𝟐
EXAMPLE
Find the point of inflection of 𝑦 = 𝑥 4 − 4𝑥 3 + 8𝑥
Solution:
𝑦 = 𝑥 4 − 4𝑥 3 + 8𝑥
𝑦 ′ = 4𝑥 3 − 12𝑥 2 + 8
𝑦 ′′ = 12𝑥 2 − 24𝑥
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IM No.4: MATH 1-1S-2021-2022
0 = 12𝑥 2 − 24𝑥
12𝑥 2 = 24𝑥
𝑥(12𝑥) 24𝑥
=
12𝑥 12𝑥
𝒙=𝟐
If 𝒙 = 𝟐
𝑦 = 𝑥 4 − 4𝑥 3 + 8𝑥
𝑦 = (2)4 − 4(2)3 + 8(2)
𝒚=𝟎
EXAMPLE
Find the point of inflection of 𝑦 = 𝑥 4 − 6𝑥 2 − 7
Solution:
𝑦 = 𝑥 4 − 6𝑥 2 − 7
𝑦 ′ = 4𝑥 3 − 12𝑥
𝑦 ′′ = 12𝑥 2 − 12
0 = 12𝑥 2 − 12
12𝑥 2 = 12
𝑥 2 (12) 12
=
12 12
√𝑥 2 = √1
𝒙 = ±𝟏
If 𝒙 = 𝟏 If 𝒙 = −𝟏
𝑦 = 𝑥 4 − 6𝑥 2 − 7 𝑦 = 𝑥 4 − 6𝑥 2 − 7
𝑦 = (1)4 − 6(1)2 − 7 𝑦 = (−1)4 − 6(−1)2 − 7
𝒚 = −𝟏𝟐 𝒚 = −𝟏𝟐
Find the point of inflection of the following functions:
1. 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥
2. 𝑦 = 2𝑥 3 − 9𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 − 2
3. 𝑦 = 28 − 15𝑥 + 6𝑥 2 −𝑥 3
4. 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 6)2 (9 − 𝑥)
5. 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 + 9𝑥
6. 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 + 2
7. 𝑦 = 𝑥 4 − 2𝑥 3
8. 𝑦 = 𝑥 4 − 6𝑥 2 − 8𝑥
9. 𝑦 = 𝑥(𝑥 3 − 8𝑥 2 + 24𝑥 − 32)
10. 𝑦 = 𝑥 5 − 5𝑥
4.4 CRITICAL POINTS
We say that x = c is a critical point of the function f(x) if f(c) exists and if either of the following are true.
f′(c)=0 or f′(c)doesn't exist
EXAMPLE
Determine all the critical points for the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 6𝑥 5 + 33𝑥 4 − 30𝑥 3 + 100
Solution:
𝑓(𝑥) = 6𝑥 5 + 33𝑥 4 − 30𝑥 3 + 100
𝑓′(𝑥) = 30𝑥 4 + 132𝑥 3 − 90𝑥 2
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IM No.4: MATH 1-1S-2021-2022
𝑓′(𝑥) = 6𝑥 2 (5𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 − 15)
𝑓′(𝑥) = 6𝑥 2 (5𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 5)
The only critical points will be those values of x which makes the derivative zero.
6𝑥 2 (5𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 5
Critical points
𝟑
𝒙 = 𝟎, 𝒙 = −𝟓, 𝒙 =
𝟓
EXAMPLE
Determine all the critical points for the function 𝑔(𝑡) = √𝑡 2 (2𝑡 − 1)
Solution:
𝑔(𝑡) = √𝑡 2 (2𝑡 − 1)
2
𝑔(𝑡) = 𝑡 3 (2𝑡 − 1)
5 2
𝑔(𝑡) = 2𝑡 3 − 𝑡 3
10 2 2 −1
𝑔′(𝑡) = 𝑡3 − 𝑡 3
3 3
′(𝑡)
10 2 2
𝑔 = 𝑡3 − 1
3
3𝑡 3
10𝑡 − 2
𝑔′(𝑡) = 1
3𝑡 3
Critical points
𝟏
𝒕 = 𝟎, 𝒕=
𝟓
Determine the critical points of the following functions:

1. 𝑓(𝑥) = 8𝑥 3 + 81𝑥 2 − 42 − 8 = 0
2. 𝑅(𝑡) = 1 + 80𝑡 3 + 5𝑡 4 − 2𝑡 5
3. 𝑔(𝑤) = 2𝑤 3 − 7𝑤 2 − 2𝑤 − 2
4. 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 6 − 2𝑥 5 + 8𝑥 4
5. ℎ(𝑧) = 4𝑧 3 − 3𝑧 2 + 9𝑧 + 12
6. 𝑄(𝑥) = (2 − 8𝑥)4 (𝑥 2 − 9)3
𝑧+4
7. 𝑓(𝑧) = 2
2𝑧 + 𝑧 + 8
1−𝑥
8. 𝑅(𝑥) = 2
𝑥 + 2𝑥 − 15
5
9. 𝑟(𝑦) = √𝑦 2 − 6𝑦
1
10. ℎ(𝑡) = 15 − (3𝑡)(𝑡 2 − 8𝑡 + 7)3
11. 𝑠(𝑧) = 4 cos 𝑧 − 𝑧
𝑦 2𝑦
12. 𝑓(𝑦) = sin ( ) +
3 9
13. 𝑉(𝑡) = sin 3𝑡 + 1
14. 𝑓(𝑥) = 5𝑥𝑒 9−2𝑥
3 2
15. 𝑔(𝑤) = 𝑒 𝑤 −2𝑤 −7𝑤
4.5 MINIMUM AND MAXIMUM VALUES
Many of our applications in this chapter will revolve around minimum and maximum values of a function.
While we can all visualize the minimum and maximum values of a function we want to be a little more
specific in our work here. In particular, we want to differentiate between two types of minimum or
maximum values. The following definition gives the types of minimums and/or maximums values that
we’ll be looking at.
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IM No.4: MATH 1-1S-2021-2022
1. We say that f(x) has an absolute (or global) maximum at x = c if f(x) ≤ f(c) for every x in the domain
we are working on.
2. We say that f(x) has a relative (or local) maximum at x = c if f(x) ≤ f(c ) for every x in some open
interval around x = c.
3. We say that f(x) has an absolute (or global) minimum at x = c if f(x) ≥ f(c) for every x in the domain
we are working on.
4. We say that f(x) has a relative (or local) minimum at x = c if f(x) ≥ f(c) for every x in some open
interval around x = c.
It’s usually easier to get a feel for the definitions by taking a quick look at a graph.
EXAMPLE
Below is the graph of some function, (x). Identify all of the relative extrema and absolute
extrema of the function.
Solution:
Absolute Maximum: (4, 5)
Absolute Minimum: (2, −6)
Relative Maximums: (−1, 2) and (4, 5)
Relative Minimums: (−3, −2) and (2, −6)
EXAMPLE
Below is the graph of some function, f(x)f(x). Identify all of the relative extrema and absolute
extrema of the function.
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IM No.4: MATH 1-1S-2021-2022
Solution:
Absolute Maximum: (6, 8)
Absolute Minimum: (9, −6)
Relative Maximums: (1, 3) and (6, 8)
Relative Minimums: (−2, −1) and (2, −4)
1. Below is the graph of some function, f(x)f(x). Identify all of the relative extrema and
absolute extrema of the function.
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IM No.4: MATH 1-1S-2021-2022
Refences
A) Book/Printed Resources
AL., L. G. (1989). Calculus for Business Economics and the Social Life Science, 3rd Edition.
McGraw_hill Book Corporation.
Anton, H. (1992). Multivariable Calculus, 4th Edition. New York.
Anton, H. (n.d.). Multivariable Calculus, 4th Edition. 1992. New York: John Wiley and Sons
Incorporated.
Berkey, D. D. (1990). Calculus for Management and Social Sciences, Second Edition. Saunders
College Publishing.
Farlow, S. J. (1993). Calculus and its Application. Prentice-Hall Incorporated.
Leithold, L. (2001). The Calculus, 7th Edition. Addison-Wesley.
Margaret B. Cozzens. (1987). Mathematics with Calculus. D.C. Health.
Robert Ellis et. AL. (1990). Calculus with AnalyticGeometry. Hardcourt Brace Jovanovich Incorported.
B) e-Resources
http://www.soton.ac.uk/~cjg/eng1/modules/modules.html
http://www.mit.opencourseware.com
NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) P a g e | 17
IM No.4: MATH 1-1S-2021-2022
http://www.mathalino.com/reviewer/advance-engineering-mathematics/advance-engineering-
mathematics
http://ecereviewcourse.blogspot.com/p/math.html
NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) P a g e | 18

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Republic of the Philippines

NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY

DEGREE PROGRAM BSEE COURSE NO. MATH 1

I. UNIT TITLE/CHAPTER TITLE

Applications Derivative in Plane Curves

II. LESSON TITLE

III. LESSON OVERVIEW

IV. DESIRED LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:

Equation of Tangent Line

Equation of Normal Line

Tangent line @ (𝟏, 𝟐) Normal line @ (𝟏, 𝟐)

Normal line @ (−𝟏, −𝟏)

Normal line @ (𝟏, 𝟎) Normal line @ (𝟏, 𝟎)

Tangent line @ (𝟐, 𝟏) Tangent line @ (𝟐, −𝟏)

NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) Page |4

@ (𝟑, 𝟏𝟑) @ (𝟐, 𝟏)

Substitute a in 𝒆𝒒. 𝟑 or 𝒆𝒒. 𝟒

Substitute a & b in 𝒆𝒒. 𝟏 or 𝒆𝒒. 𝟐

NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) Page |5

Subtract 𝒆𝒒. 𝟏 & 𝒆𝒒. 𝟐 Subtract 𝒆𝒒. 𝟑 & 𝒆𝒒. 𝟒

NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) Page |6

4.2 INCREASING AND DECREASING FUNCTIONS

Maxima and Minima

critical point (𝟑, −𝟓), minimum

critical point (−𝟐, 𝟎), maximum

NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) Page |8

NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) Page |9

Subtract 𝒆𝒒. 𝟑 and 𝒆𝒒. 𝟒

Substitute c & d in 𝒆𝒒. 𝟐

Subtract 𝒆𝒒. 𝟓 and 𝒆𝒒. 𝟔

Substitute a, c, and d in 𝒆𝒒. 𝟐

Substitute a, b, c, and d in 𝒚 = 𝒂𝒙𝟑 + 𝒃𝒙𝟐 + 𝒄𝒙 + 𝒅

Locate the critical points and determine if it is maximum and minimum.

1. Make the curve 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 3 + 𝑏𝑥 2 + 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑 have a critical point at (0, 3) and

4.3 POINTS OF INFLECTION

Find the point of inflection of the following functions:

4.4 CRITICAL POINTS

Determine the critical points of the following functions:

4.5 MINIMUM AND MAXIMUM VALUES

Anton, H. (1992). Multivariable Calculus, 4th Edition. New York.

Farlow, S. J. (1993). Calculus and its Application. Prentice-Hall Incorporated.

Leithold, L. (2001). The Calculus, 7th Edition. Addison-Wesley.

Margaret B. Cozzens. (1987). Mathematics with Calculus. D.C. Health.

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