Week 1-4 Practical Research 2 LM

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College of Arts and Sciences of Asia and the Pacific

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Revision No. : 1
Learning Module in Practical Research 1
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Date Effective : 2023

Quarter 1 Module 1-4 Week 1-4 Page No. : 1 of 19
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Subject Description:
Lesson/Topic:
 Nature of Inquiry and Research
 Identifying the Inquiry and Stating the Problem
Learning Outcomes:
 Describe the characteristics, strengths, weaknesses, and kinds of quantitative research.
 Illustrate the importance of quantitative research across field.
 Differentiate the kinds of variables and their uses.
 Design a research useful in daily life.
 Write research title.
 Describe background of research.
 State research questions.
 Indicate scope and delimitation of study.
 Present written statement of the problem.
What you already know-(Pretest)
Directions: Read and analyze the statements below. Encircle the letter of the correct answer.
1. Which of the following statements is NOT a characteristic of quantitative research?
A. Its results are taken from a sample can be generalized to the population.
B. It delivers an in-depth understanding of the problem or study.
C. It provides a more credible and reliable result.
D. It involves statistical analysis of numerical data.
2. In an experiment, which group does not receive intervention?

A. The treatment group
B. The participant group
C. The control group
D. The experimental group
3. Which of the following research questions could be answered by using quantitative research
methods?
A. What is the most popular social media platform used by Senior High School students?
B. How has the Covid-19 pandemic affected career choices among college students?
C. What are the factors affecting depressive behavior?
D. None of the above.
4. Which statement below illustrates a weakness of quantitative research?

A. The responses of the participants are limited to what has been asked and the choices given.
B. The researcher's perspective can influence interpretation of results.
C. Data gathering takes too much time.
D. There is low degree of subjectivity.
5. Which of the following is NOT a strength of quantitative research?

A. Speedy data analysis
B. Less expensive
C. Replicable
D. Objective
For items 6 and 7, identify whether the given research topic is:
A. Correlational
B. Quasi- experimental
Original – Head Office Duplicate – Teachers
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C. Descriptive
D. Experimental
6. Determination of the degree of satisfaction of parents, teachers, and students on the online and
modular blended learning
7. The effects of non-renewal of the ABS-CBN franchise to the average television viewing time of
housewives
8. Which type of quantitative research seeks to determine relationship of one characteristic to the
other?
A. Correlational
B. Experimental
C. Ex-post facto
D. Descriptive
9. Which of the following statements is NOT true about the importance of Quantitative Research?
A. It helps educators identify ways to improve learning
B. It helps improve crop production using safe organic fertilizers
C. It helps pharmaceutical companies explore safe and effective medicines
D. It helps understand victims of domestic violence perception of satisfaction
For items 10 to 12, determine if the statement is:

A. Always true
B. Sometimes true
C. Never true
D. Cannot be identified
10. A nominal variable is expressed in numbers.
11. The independent and dependent variables are applicable to ALL quantitative studies.
12. Dependent variables can be manipulated.
13. A group of students would like to know if spending time with a cat or dog decreases the amount
of stress and allows students to perform better on tests. Which of the following is an extraneous
variable?
A. Student’s feeling towards the cat or dog
B. Amount of time spent with a cat or dog
C. Test scores of students
D. Amount of stress
14. A famous vlogger wanted to know if changing the content of his vlogs (food review, travel, study
tips, etc.) will affect the number of views per uploaded video. The number of views per uploaded
video is the:
A. Confounding variable
B. Independent variable
C. Dependent variable
D. Continuous variable
15. Which of the following is an example of a continuous variable?

A. Learning modality used
B. Student’s test score
C. Student’s height
D. Student’s IQ
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Answer keys:
What you need to know- (Lesson Proper)
INTRODUCTION TO QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
Quantitative Research
You have learned from Practical Research 1 that research method is classified into two main types:
quantitative and qualitative. While both methods utilize a specific data gathering procedure, the
former is generally concerned with understanding phenomenon relating to or involving quality or
kind. The latter, on the other hand, is based on the measurement or quantity. In this module, we will
focus on quantitative methods of research and its different kinds.
Quantitative research uses scientifically collected and statistically analyzed data to investigate
observable phenomena. A phenomenon is any existing or observable fact or situation that we want
to unearth further or understand. It is scientific for the fact that it uses a scientific method in
designing and collecting numerical data. Once data is collected, it will undergo statistical analysis
like Pearson’s r, t-test and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) for analysis. Since data is analyzed
statistically, it is imperative that the data obtained must be numerical and quantifiable, hence its
name quantitative research.
Numerical data are generally easier to collect than descriptions or phrases used in qualitative
research. Information like student’s grades in different subjects, number of hours of engagement in
social media platforms of teens, percentage of consumers who prefer the color blue for soap
packaging, and average of daily Covid-19 patient recovery per region are just few examples of
research data expressed in numbers. Some data, on the other hand, are not directly countable and
thus require conversion from non-numerical information into numerical information. For instance,
determining which brand of canned sardines is the best choice for consumers in terms of taste
cannot be expressed in numbers unless we do a survey using a rating scale. Several forms of rating
scales are available, e.g., the Like scale that we can use to quantify data. Usually, they come in a
selection of numbers with a corresponding meaning for each choice, for example: 1= tastes very
good, 2 = satisfactory, or 3 = undesirable. Numerical choices convert texts into numbers so the
researcher can perform mathematical operations for faster, more accurate, and more objective
analysis.
Characteristics of Quantitative Research

Quantitative research is commonly used in natural sciences research problems because of the
following characteristics:
1. Large Sample Size. To obtain more meaningful statistical result, the data must come from a large
sample size.
2. Objectivity. Data gathering and analysis of results are done accurately, objectively, and are
unaffected by the researcher’s intuition and personal guesses.
3. Concise Visual Presentation. Data is numerical which makes presentation through graphs, charts,
and tables possible and with better conveyance and interpretation.
4. Faster Data Analysis. The use of statistical tools gives way for a less timeconsuming data
analysis.
5. Generalized Data. Data taken from a sample can be applied to the population if sampling is done
accordingly, i.e., sufficient size and random samples were taken.
6. Fast and Easy Data Collection. Depending on the type of data needed, collection can be quick
and easy. Quantitative research uses standardized research instruments that allow the researcher to
collect data from a large sample size efficiently. For instance, a single survey form can be
administered simultaneously to collect various measurable characteristics like age, gender, socio-
economic status, etc.
7. Reliable Data. Data is taken and analyzed objectively from a sample as a representative of the
population, making it more credible and reliable for policymaking and decision making.
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8. High Replicability. The Quantitative method can be repeated to verify findings enhancing its
validity, free from false or immature conclusions.
Advantages of Quantitative Research

The following are the advantages of quantitative research or its strengths:
1. Very objective
2. Numerical and quantifiable data can be used to predict outcomes.
3. Findings are generalizable to the population.
4. There is conclusive establishment of cause and effect
5. Fast and easy data analysis using statistical software.
6. Fast and easy data gathering
7. Quantitative research can be replicated or repeated.
8. Validity and reliability can be established
Disadvantages of Quantitative Research

The following are the disadvantages of quantitative research or its weaknesses:
1. It lacks the necessary data to explore a problem or concept in depth.
2. It does not provide comprehensive explanation of human experiences.
3. Some information cannot be described by numerical data such as feelings, and beliefs.
4. The research design is rigid and not very flexible.
5. The participants are limited to choose only from the given responses.
6. The respondents may tend to provide inaccurate responses.
7. A large sample size makes data collection more costly.
Kinds of Quantitative Research

Quantitative research is a broad spectrum that it can be classified into smaller and more specific
kinds: descriptive, correlational, ex post facto, quasi-experimental, and experimental.
 Descriptive design is used to describe a particular phenomenon by observing it as it occurs in

nature. There is no experimental manipulation, and the researcher does not start with a
hypothesis. The goal of descriptive research is only to describe the person or object of the
study. An example of descriptive research design is “the determination of the different kinds of
physical activities and how often high school students do it during the quarantine period.”
 The correlational design identifies the relationship between variables. Data is collected by
observation since it does not consider the cause and effect, for example, the relationship
between the amount of physical activity done and student academic achievement.
 Ex post facto design is used to investigate a possible relationship between previous events
and present conditions. The term “Ex post facto” which means after the fact, looks at the
possible causes of an already occurring phenomenon. Just like the first two, there is no
experimental manipulation in this design. An example of this is “How does the parent’s
academic achievement affect the children obesity?”
 A quasi-experimental design is used to establish the cause-and-effect relationship of

variables. Although it resembles the experimental design, the quasi-experimental has lesser
validity due to the absence of random selection and assignment of subjects. Here, the
independent variable is identified but not manipulated. The researcher does not modify pre-
existing groups of subjects. The group exposed to treatment (experimental) is compared to
the group unexposed to treatment (control): example, the effects of unemployment on attitude
towards following safety protocol in ECQ declared areas.
 Experimental design like quasi- experimental is used to establish the cause-and-effect

relationship of two or more variables. This design provides a more conclusive result because
it uses random assignment of subjects and experimental manipulations. For example, a
comparison of the effects of various blended learning to the reading comprehension of
elementary pupils.

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FORMULATING RECOMMENDATIONS BASED ON CONCLUSIONS
Importance of Quantitative Research Across Fields

The value of quantitative research to man’s quest to discover the unknown and improve underlying
conditions is undeniable. Throughout history, quantitative research has paved the way to finding
meaningful solutions to difficulties. For instance, the development of vaccines to strengthen our
immunity against viruses causing highly communicable diseases like polio, influenza, chickenpox,
and measles to name a few, underwent thorough experimental trials. You bet, scientists and medical
experts all over the world today are working their best to fast track the development, testing and
release of the vaccine for the Corona Virus Disease of 2019 (Covid-19) as the pandemic has
critically affected the world economy, education, as well as physical and emotional well-being of
people. The findings of the quantitative study can influence leaders’ and law-makers’ decisions for
crafting and implementing laws for the safety and welfare of the more significant majority. For
example, a community with high cases of Covid-19 positive patients is mandated by law to be under
Enhanced Community Quarantine where only the most essential businesses can operate. On the
other hand, cities with less or zero case will be under General Community Quarantine where some
businesses, public and private offices are already allowed to operate. Using quantitative design
helps us determine and better understand relationships between variables or phenomenon crucial to
reducing the range of uncertainty because the mathematics (more of this in the last module) behind
quantitative studies helps us make close estimates of the outcome (dependent variable) from a
given condition/s (independent variable). Relationship between demand and supply, age and health,
discipline and academic achievement, practice and winning at sports, depression and suicidal rates,
algae population and Oxygen demand are just few examples of real-life applications of correlation
studies in the past that we still apply today. Most inventions and innovations are products of
quantitative studies. Before you can enjoy the uses and features of a smart phone, it took years of
research to establish compliance to standards for interoperability, to find the most cost-effective raw
materials, and to identify the sleekest and sturdiest design, the fastest data saving and processing
power, and most marketable add-ons according to consumer needs. Indeed, mankind will dwell in
the darkness of ignorance if not for the people who conducted their research before reading about it
from books or manuals.
The table below shows some of the contributions of quantitative research to other fields and their
example.
SOURCES OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

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A Variable is anything that has a quantity or quality that varies. For instance, during the quarantine
period, your mother planted tomato seedlings in pots. Now common understanding from science
tells you that several factors are affecting the growth of tomatoes: sunlight, water, kind of soil, and
nutrients in soil. How fast the tomato seedlings will grow and bear fruits will depend on these factors.
The growth of tomatoes and the number of fruits produced are examples of the Dependent
Variables. The amount of sunlight, water, and nutrients in the soil are the Independent Variables. If
there is an existing relationship between the independent and dependent variables, then the value of
the dependent variable varies in response to the manipulation done on the independent variable.
The independent variable is also identified as the presumed cause while the dependent variable is
the presumed effect. In an experimental quantitative design, the independent variable is pre-defined
and manipulated by the researcher while the dependent variable is observed and measured. For
descriptive, correlational, and ex post facto quantitative research designs, independent and
dependent variables simply do not apply.
It is important to note other factors that may influence the outcome (dependent variable) not
manipulated or pre-defined by the researcher. These factors are called Extraneous Variables. In our
example above, the presence of pests and environmental stressors (e.g. pets, extreme weather) are
the extraneous variables. Since extraneous variables may affect the result of the experiment, it is
crucial for the researcher to identify them prior to conducting the experiment and control them in
such a way that they do not threaten the internal validity (i.e. accurate conclusion) of the result.
Controlling the extraneous variable can be done by holding it constant or distribute its effect across
the treatment. When the researcher fails to control the extraneous variable that it caused
considerable effect to the outcome, the extraneous variable becomes a Confounding Variable. For
example, if the tomato had been infested by pests (confounding variable) then you cannot conclude
that manipulations in sunlight, water, and soil nutrients (independent variable) are the only
contributing factors for the stunted growth and poor yield (dependent variable) of the plant or is it the
result of both the independent variables and the confounding variable.
The variables can also be classified according to their nature. The diagram below shows the
different classifications:
I. Quantitative Variables, also called numerical variables, are the type of variables used in
quantitative research because they are numeric and can be measured. Under this category are
discrete and continuous variables.
A. Discrete variables are countable whole numbers. It does not take negative values or values
between fixed points. For example: number of students in a class, group size and frequency.
B. Continuous variables take fractional (non-whole number) values that can either be a positive or a
negative. Example: height, temperature.
Numerical data have two levels of measurement, namely:

A. Intervals are quantitative variables where the interval or differences between consecutive values
are equal and meaningful, but the numbers are arbitrary. For example, the difference between 36
degrees and 37 degrees is the same as between 100 degrees and 101 degrees. The zero point
does not suggest the absence of a property being measured. Temperature at 0 degree Celsius is
assigned as the melting point of ice. Other examples of interval data would be year and IQ score.
B. Ratio type of data is similar to interval. The only difference is the presence of a true zero value.
The zero point in this scale indicates the absence of the quantity being measured. Examples are
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age, height, weight, and distance.
II. Qualitative Variables also referred to as Categorical Variables are not expressed in numbers but
are descriptions or categories. It can be further divided into dichotomous, nominal or ordinal.
A. Dichotomous variable consists of only two distinct categories or values, for example, a response
to a question either be a yes or no.
B. Nominal variable simply defines groups of subjects. In here, you may have more than 2
categories of equivalent magnitude. For example, a basketball player’s number is used to distinguish
him from other players. It certainly does not follow that player 10 is better than player 8. Other
examples are blood type, hair color and mode of transportation.
C. Ordinal variable, from the name itself, denotes that a variable is ranked in a certain order. This
variable can have a qualitative or quantitative attribute. For example, a survey questionnaire may
have a numerical rating as choices like 1, 2, 3, 4, 5ranked accordingly (5=highest, 1=lowest) or
categorical rating like strongly agree, agree, neutral, disagree and strongly disagree. Other
examples or ordinal variable: cancer stage (Stage I, Stage II, Stage III), Spotify Top 20 hits,
academic honors (with highest, with high, with honors).
Designing Research Topic
Steps in Developing Research Topic
Developing a research problem can be done in four (4) steps:

1. Choose a broad topic
2. Do a preliminary research
3. Define the problem
4. Refine the question
As a student researcher, let us go through these steps to guide us in choosing a quantitative

research topic related to our chosen field.
1. CHOOSE A BROAD TOPIC. The first step is quite simple. As a Senior High School student,
these tips will surely guide you in selecting a broad topic for quantitative research:
A. Choose an interesting topic.
Research is a very challenging task that demands your time and persistence. Your motivation to find
the answer to the problem should keep you going, thus building momentum along the way.
Therefore, your research topic must be something that you are passionate about. Review your
answers in activity 1, and it might lead you to the right path. After all, nothing is more satisfying than
accomplishing something that matters to you.
B. Select a significant topic.

A topic that is worth researching must be able to answer or solve problems in the community. No
one will take an interest in your topic if it is obsolete and does not address any real problem. To be
proactive and to take part in solving problems with socio-economic relevance gives a sense of
accomplishment. You do not even have to look far, just look at your household, neighborhood,
school, group of friends or local community for a common problem or difficulty. Activity 2 will help
you identify some main points that can serve as a basis for choosing your research study.
C. Choose a topic relevant to your field.

One of the goals of this course is for you to be able to produce a quantitative research study that is
aligned to your chosen track. An SHS student under ABM must choose a topic related to business
and management while students taking HUMSS may consider choosing a topic about politics,
culture, and arts. Choosing a topic that you can relate will certainly make your research project less
challenging.
In the event, that the three tips above do not shed some light on your minds, do not despair; other
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sources of ideas like the ones below may be available for you.
i. Department of Science and Technology (DOST) Harmonized National R & D Agenda for 2017-
2022. Early in 2017, DOST, together with researchers from the health, agriculture, industry, and
academe, released research priorities for 2017 to 2022 that are relevant for the economic growth of
the country. Visit this link https://bit.ly/3hHTf2Yfor a list of suggested studies.
ii. Review of Literature. Some researchers reveal that reading previous studies fueled their minds
with tons of research topics. Reviewing the literature lets them know what has been studied, what is
not yet done, and what other researchers suggest working on. Journals, periodicals, and peer-
reviewed articles are a good read.
iii. Field experts. Gather up some guts to approach anyone you know that are experts on the field of
your choice because they may give valuable inputs or may currently be working on a study where
you can collaborate. Your instructor may also give you some advice, especially on the possible
obstacles, resource limitations, and expanse of the study.
iv. Brainstorming. Do not underestimate the ideas from classmates, friends, and family members.
You may be overwhelmed at first by the outpouring of ideas, just build a list, then cross off any topic
unrelated to your field or not so interesting to you. Of course, you must take precautionary measures
in doing this by observing physical distancing. You can use any social media platform to do this.
2. DO A PRELIMINARY RESEARCH. The second step is much more time-consuming. Once you
have chosen a broad topic, you need to have a better understanding of it by reading some more
articles, journals, and related research studies. Find out how other researchers gathered their data,
what research instruments were used, how the data were analyzed, and what important findings
they shared. Take note of every relevant research study for future reference. If you started the topic
search (first step) by doing a literature review, the second step is just a continuation of what you
started. A much deeper discussion of the literature review will be done in module 3.
3. DEFINE THE PROBLEM. After getting enough information, you may be able to list some
questions or problems that you want to research. At this stage, you should be able to narrow down a
broad topic into feasible and manageable research questions. A broad topic can be narrowed down
by limiting the population, place, period, or a certain characteristic. However, be very mindful that
your problem may not be too narrow that it becomes very simple and does not need to collect unique
data or does not generate new information. A very narrow research question can be developed by
doing a comparative study or expanding the scope of the study.
4. REFINE THE QUESTION. This step lets you evaluate the questions formulated. What specific
questions should you ask? How should you gather your data sufficient to answer the questions? Are
the questions too narrow, or does it need to be trimmed down? While evaluating the research
question, consider the requirements of the course. How much time are you given to finish the
research? What resources do you need and are they available? You will learn more about research
questions in lesson 4.
Research Title
Basic Guidelines in Make Research Title
The following are the basic guidelines in making a research study title:
1. Use an accurate description of the subject and scope of the study instead of using general terms.
2. Do not use abbreviations except for commonly known ones like DNA and ICT.
3. Do not include words like “The study of,” “analysis of,” “an investigation of” or similar construction
as these would only lengthen the title.
4. Include the main dependent and independent variables.
5. Be mindful of the proper use of grammar and punctuation.
6. Capitalize all nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs as well as the first letter of the first and
last words.
7. State in a declarative form, although you may also see titles in question form from time to time.
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8. The year the study has been conducted should not be indicated unless it is a historical study.
9. Use current terminology.
10. Depending on the institutional requirements, 5 to15 words are sufficient to describe the research
study.
11. Use the common name instead of chemical formula (e.g., NH4)
12. Write and italicize the full scientific names.
13. Must reflect the tone of the paper. An academic research paper has title that is not casual, or
informal, or does not contain humor.
The following steps can guide you in writing your research title:
1. Determine what it is that you wish to accomplish or know from your study. Write one to two
sentences to state the main objectives of your research project.
2. Include important keywords and variables. Revise the sentences into one complete sentence that
includes important keywords and variables of the study.
3. Shorten the title by eliminating unnecessary words. You may also shrink a phrase into a simpler
phrase or a single word. In doing this, make sure that the main thought of the research study is
retained.
4. Correct grammar and punctuation errors if there is any.
5. Observe proper formatting. The format may vary according to the requirements of the course or
school. Please seek guidance from your professor.
Background of Research
Background of the Study

The background of the study is the part of your paper where you inform the reader of the context of
the study. When we say context, it means the situation or circumstances within which your research
topic was conceptualized. Ideally, this part is written when you have already conducted a literature
review and has a good perception of the topic so you can articulate the importance and validity of
the research problem. It is also in this part of the paper where you justify the need to conduct a
research study about the topic selected by establishing the research gap.
A research gap is an under or unexplored area of a topic that requires further exploration. The gap
can be in a form of other variables, conditions, population, methodology, or test subject. To identify
research gaps, an exhaustive literature review regarding the topic is required. You may have to look
for similar or related studies employing quantitative, qualitative, or mixed methods from legitimate
sources and examine the gray areas. Reading through the Discussion, Conclusion, or the
Recommendations sections of the articles will help you know potential areas of study that need
further attention. Identifying research gaps sometimes would even make researchers modify their
research problem as they get noteworthy ideas from fellow researchers.
While both the Background of the Study and the Review of Related Literature involves reading past
related studies, they differ in some aspects. The former is at the introductory part of the paper, with
the purpose of relaying the importance of your research study; the latter is more comprehensive and
thoroughly discuss the studies mentioned in the background of research. Moreover, the background
of the study will answer the following questions:
1. What is already known about the topic?
2. What is not known about the topic?
3. Why do you need to address those gaps?
4. What is the rationale of your study?
While answering these questions, keep in mind that the studies you include in this part of the paper
are laid down as part of the introduction and should not be discussed in great detail. The depth and
length of the background information largely depend on how much information you think the reader
needs to know to have a full grasp of the topic being discussed.
Research Questions

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Nature of Quantitative Research Problem

Once a person encountered uncertainty, being inquisitive, you will find ways for answers or solution.
Ignited by interest, curiosity, or need you will find yourself pondering about the current problem you
are facing. When you are thinking and behaving this way, you are then confronted by a problem that
can be a source of a research problem.
A research problem is simple as a problem you would like to research. Quantitative Research
Problem dealt more with the precision and specificity of the problem. Furthermore, the quantitative
research problem describes the trends and patterns of a phenomenon.
When you have identified your quantitative research problem, you can now state it and make sure to
establish its place in your study. In your written paper, this can be found as Statement of the
Problem, where it formally introduces the problem that you want to investigate or address. Then you
will start specifying what you want to answer in your study.
Research Problem and Research Questions

The research questions help to clarify and specify the research problem. Research questions are
also considered as sub-problems of your research problem. These questions are informative. It
specifies the method of collecting and analyzing data and the type of data to be collected since you
are exploring a quantitative research problem.
Characteristics of Good Research Questions

Once you have already enumerated your research questions for your study, you must consider its
quality to answer and explain your research problem. The following are good characteristics of
research questions, as described by Fraenkel and Wallen (2020).
Feasible. Consider the amount of time, energy, money, respondents, and even your current
situation as a student-researcher. Is the research problem possible? Will it not spend an
unreasonable amount? Consider these examples: “How do parents feel about the blended learning
modality for elementary learners?” and “How would giving each learner their laptop to be used in this
blended learning modality affect their performance tasks?” The first example is a more feasible
research question. Considering the resources, it is more possible to gather the data needed to
answer the question.
Clear. The readers of your study have a uniform agreement as to the meaning of the questions
stated. Since your research questions are also considered as the focus in the gathering and
analyzing of the data, it is therefore very important that these are stated clearly.
Significant. Ask if your research questions are relevant or important to ask. Will answering these
questions provide an additional contribution to address the given research problem? In other words,
are the research questions worth investigating?
At this point, you do not just consider the time and money that you will spend, but more importantly,
the value of what you are trying to investigate. So aside from the reason that your chosen research
problem is within your interest, you should also provide a sound justification of your choice as a
researcher.
Ethical. Always consider the welfare of people, animals, or who so ever involved in your study. Look
into ways of answering the research questions without inflicting physical and psychological harm to
persons involved.
Formulating Research Questions

Research questions can be generally classified into two: general and specific. The general question
of the study is derived from the research problem while the specific questions are anchored on the
general research problem.
For example:
This study aims to determine the relationship between the types of learning delivery mode and
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students’ learning styles. Furthermore, it seeks to answer the following research questions: (1) What
are the different learning delivery modes of the school? (2) What are the various learning styles of
the students? (3) Is there a significant relationship between the different learning delivery modes of
the school and the learning styles of its students?
Notice that a general problem was presented first. Then it was followed by the specific questions
considered as research questions of the study.
In stating quantitative research questions, you should also consider the design of your quantitative
research. To write your research question, here is a quick guide of research questions for descriptive
research, correlational research, Ex Post Facto research, Experimental, and Quasi-experimental
research.
Research Questions for Descriptive Research focuses on observing and reporting factors or aspects
of the research problem. Phrases such as how often/frequently, how many/much, what is/are, to
what extent/degree and the likes are used in these questions. For example, you study the use of
social media among Senior High School Students, you can ask the following questions:
 What are the various social media platforms used by Senior High Students?
 How many hours students do spend on social media per week?
Research Questions for Correlational Research aim to determine the relationships among two or
more variables in your research problem. Correlational research questions usually begin with the
phrases “Is there a significant relationship” or “What is the relationship between/among”. In the study
of use of social media and level of digital literacy of students following questions can be asked:
 What is the relationship between the length of hours spent on social media and level of digital
literacy of students?
 Is there a significant relationship between the type of social media used and the level digital
literacy of students?
Research Questions for Ex Post Facto Research attempt to identify the causes of the phenomenon
in the context of your research problem. It is also assumed that no control or manipulation of variable
has been done in order to cause the effect. It is understood that the cause of the problem already
exists before you conducted your study. For example, ex post facto study on family background and
digital literacy of students, the following questions can be asked:
 Is there a difference in the literacy level of students between their cultural and educational
family background?
Research Questions for Experimental and Quasi-experimental Research suggests that answers to
these questions are brought about by manipulation or control of a certain variable during the conduct
of the study. These questions provide explanation to the causal relationship of variables. The
following research questions can be asked on studies on elementary student’s remedial sessions
and academic performance of students:
 Is there a significant difference in the posttest scores of the control group and experimental
group?
Scope and Delimitation of the Study

Scope and Delimitation
In doing a research study, we make sure that we have certainty and reasons for drawing the
inclusion and exclusion of research variables. We do not write for the sake of writing the parts of the
research paper, such as setting the scope and delimitation of your study. It is important because it
draws the boundary of your study. Without doing so, research procedures and results will not be
coherent to the goal of your study.
The scope specifies the coverage of your study such as variables, population or participant, and
timeline. Delimitation cites factors of your study that are not included or excluded or those you will
not deal with in your study.
In this section of your research paper, you may also state the reasons why you did not include the
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variables. A clearly written scope and delimitation of the study will make it easierto answer questions
that are related or not related to your study.
Components of Scope and Delimitation

In writing the scope and delimitation of your study, you are also asking the basic profile questions of
your research. The following are the components of the scope and delimitation of the study but not
limited to:
Topic of the Study. What are the variables to be included and excluded?
Objectives or Problems to be Addressed. Why are you doing this study?
Time Frame. When are you going to conduct this study?
Locale of the Study. Where are you going to gather your data?
Characteristics of the Respondents. Who will be your respondents?
Method and Research Instruments. How are going to collect the data?
Difference between Delimitation and Limitation of the Study

The limitation of the study describes the various restrictions that are out of your control. These
limitations arise as you conduct your study. Limitations will affect the design and findings of your
research study; hence, it must be included in your research report.
On the other hand, the delimitations are constraints in the study that are within your control. An
example of this are the variables included and excluded in your study. The delimitation defines the
scope of your research study.
Presenting Statement of the Problem

Getting this far means you have already completed the first part of the research paper. The next step
is to present your Statement of the Problem. The following topics were already discussed and
practiced so it is time to present your output for this Module.
 Research Title
 Background of the Research
 Research Questions
 Scope and Delimitation of the Study
 Significance of the Study or Beneficiaries (if applicable)
Activity 1. Personal Work Evaluation

Direction: Rate your paper using the rubric below. For improvement, rate your output as honestly as
you can. Use the following scale in evaluating your paper.
5 – Very Good, 4 – Good, 3 – Fair, 2 – Poor, 1 – Needs Improvement
How much have you learned- (quizzes, activities)

A. Directions: Group the following word clues if they are characteristics of Quantitative Research
(Box A) or Qualitative Research (Box B).

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Answer keys:
B. Directions: On the space provided, write TRUE if the statement describes quantitative research
and FALSE if it is incorrect.
_______1. Quantitative data can be presented using tables and graphs.
_______2. The results of quantitative research can be used to generalize and predict.
_______3. Quantitative research is flexible so at any stage, the study may change.
_______4. Quantitative data are more credible, reliable, and useful than qualitative data.
_______5. The research study cannot be replicated or repeated because it is unique in every case.
_______6. Data are in the form of numbers and analyzed statistically.
_______7. Data analysis is an on-going process. It can be done at any stage of the process.
_______8. The behavior of the participants is observed and is critical to the analysis of results.
_______9. Analysis of data is less time-consuming.
______10. In quantitative research, the researcher participates and engages the participants in the
study
Answer keys:
C. Directions: Take time to identify the things that matter most to you by filling out the following
information:
1. My chosen SHS track is: ____________________________________.
2. The top three things that I excel doing are ________________, ________________ and
______________________
3. The top five (5) things that make me happy are ____________ , ___________, ____________,
________________, and ___________________.
4. The three things that I find interesting are _____________, ______________ and ____________.
How do you apply what you have learned - (Performance task- with rubrics)
A. Briefly explain the importance or contribution of quantitative research to each of the following
fields of study.

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B. Directions: Identify the following variable as either qualitative or quantitative. Then, classify which
specific category they belong.
Answer keys:
C. Directions: Choose one broad topic related to your track that interests you. Do preliminary
research on this topic. Take note of at least three related studies with its corresponding author/s,
then list three (3) quantitative research questions related to the topic. Follow the format below. Write
your answers in a separate sheet of paper.
Broad Topic: _____________________________________________________________
References:
1. Title: _______________________________________________________________
Author/s: ____________________________________________________________
Year of Publication:____________________________________________________
Name of Journal/Publication: ____________________________________________
Link: _______________________________________________________________
Notes/ Important information: ____________________________________________
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2. Title: _______________________________________________________________
Author/s: ____________________________________________________________
Link: _______________________________________________________________
3. Title: _______________________________________________________________
Author/s: ____________________________________________________________
Link: _______________________________________________________________
Question 1: _______________________________________________________________
Question 2: _______________________________________________________________
Question 3: _______________________________________________________________
D. Directions: Let us expand the research topic and title you did in the activities by composing a one
to two-page Background of the Study. Print it on a short bond paper in the format below:
Font: Arial, size 11
Spacing: double
Margin: Normal: 1” all sides
Name: _________________________ Section: ___________________ Date: _______________

Research topic:___________________________________________________________
Research title:____________________________________________________________
Background of the Study

_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________.
How well do you perform-(Posttest)

A. Directions: Read the sample scope and limitation and identify the boundaries of the study by
writing the corresponding components on the table below.
Sample Scope and Delimitation of the Study
The main objective of this study is to provide information about students’ knowledge and perception
of genetically modified foods and their family health practices. The study also includes the student’s
personal information and the occupation of their parents and siblings. This study is limited to the 120
Grade 12 males and females enrolled in the First Semester, School Year 2019-2020 of Gusa
Regional Science High School – X. Each of the respondents is given a questionnaire to answer. The
students selected came from six different sections to prevent subjective perceptions.

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B. Direction: Get ready for presentation of your written statement of the problem. The rubrics below
will serve as a guide on how you will be rated by your teacher. The 4C (content, coherence,
creativity, communication) technique will be used so that you can easily remember.
Rubrics for Written Statement of the Problem
C. Directions: Read and analyze the statements below. Encircle the letter of the correct answer.
1. Which of the following is NOT an essential characteristic of a researchable question?
A. The question is answerable by some sort of data that can be collected.
B. Answering the question provides a positive outcome to society.
C. The question is comprehensive.
D. The question is interesting.
2. Which of the following questions is most suitable for quantitative research?

A. Will the colors of the wall affect children’s preference and engagement during playtime?
B. Is there a relationship between soil components and the shape of seeds?
C. Do online materials enhance the performance of students?
D. What are the features of herbal plants in the province?
3. If you are going to look for a topic idea for your research study, what is the most reliable source
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you are going to consider?

A. Review of literature
B. Folklores
C. Wikipedia
D. Blogs
4. Which of the following best describes the development process for a research question?
A. To focus your literature review, the research topic must be refined first before doing preliminary
research.
B. Preliminary research helps trim down a broad topic to a more manageable question.
C. A specific question can be broadened to make the study more significant.
D. A broad topic is trimmed down to make it more interesting.
5. What refers to an issue that has not been fully addressed by previous studies?
A. Research problem
B. Research topic
C. Research question
D. Research gap
6. Which of the following statements is a characteristic of a good research title?

A. A short but accurate description of the content of the study.
B. Use abbreviations to shorten the number of characters.
C. All beginning letters of each word is capitalized.
D. Indicates all variables in the study.
7. Which of the following is the most common form of the research title?
A. Interrogative
B. Phrase
C. Question form
D. Declarative
8. What part of the research expresses the context of the problem that will support the validity and
rationale of the study?
A. Research title
B. Research topic
C. Background of the study
D. Research problem
9. Which of the following characteristics describes a good research question?

A. Feasible, clear, significant, and includes a hypothesis
B. Feasible, clear, significant, and ethical
C. Clear, significant, and ethical
D. Feasible, clear, and ethical
10. Which if the following statements is NOT true about the background of research?
A. It elaborates on the findings or information from the literature cited.
B. It explains how the research question was derived.
C. It justifies the need to conduct the study.
D. It establishes the research gap.
11. What part of the research study states rationale of the problem and basic literature background?
A Statement of the Problem
B. Significance of the Study
C. Background of the Study
D. Scope and Delimitation

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12. Quantitative research problem dealt more with

A. description and general explanation of phenomena
B. description and explanation of situations
C. precision and specificity of the problem
D. trends and patterns of the chosen group
13. “What are the various learning modalities offered in Gusa Elementary School for SY 2020-21?”
This is an example of a research question of what type of quantitative research?
A. Quasi-experimental research
B. Descriptive Research
C. Correlational Research
D. Ex post facto
14. “What is the relationship between time spent in texting and spelling ability? This is an example of
a research question of what type of quantitative research?
A. Correlational Research
C. Experimental research
D. Ex post facto
15. “Is there a difference in the scores of group A from group B after the special tutorial program?
This is an example of a research question of what type of quantitative research?
A. Correlational Research
C. Experimental research
D. Ex post facto
Answer keys:
References:
CIRT: Center for Innovation in Research and Teaching. no date. "An Overview of Quantitative Research."
Grand Canyon University. Accessed June 1, 2020. https://bit.ly/2LUP3ye
I Hope. 2019. " Quantitative Research: It’s Characteristics and Strenghts." YouTube. Accessed June 3, 2020.
https://bit.ly/2LWH6bR
"Introduction to Quantitative Research." SAGE Publication. Accessed June 1, 2020. https://bit.ly/2B2867y
Baraceros, Esther L. Practical Research 2. Sampaloc, Manila: Rex Bookstore, Inc., 2016.
Barrot, Jessie S. Practical Research 2 for Senior High School. Quezon City, Philippines: C & E Publishing,
Inc., 2017.
Caintic, Helen, E. and Cruz, Juanita, M. Scientific Research Manual. C&E Publishing, 2018.
Fraenkel, Jack R. and Wallen, Norman E. How to Design and Evaluate Research in Education.
Asia: Mc-Graw Hill Companies, Inc., 2006.
Fraenkel, Jack R. and Wallen, Norman E. 2020. "Chapter 2 Multiple Choice Quiz." McGrawHill Global
Education Holdings, LLC. Accessed June 1, 2020. https://bit.ly/2zxLYS5
Fraenkel, Jack R. and Wallen, Norman E. 2020. "Chapter 2 True or False Quiz." McGraw-Hill
Global Education Holdings, LLC. Accessed June 1, 2020. https://bit.ly/2M2lfzC
Fraenkel, Jack R. and Wallen, Norman E. 2020. "Chapter 24 Preparing Research Proposal and Reports."
McGraw-Hill Global Education Holdings, LLC. Accessed June 1, 2020. https://bit.ly/2TFhfcy
I Hope. 2020. "Statement of the Problem." YouTube. Accessed June 2, 2020.https://bit.ly/3emud6T
I Hope. 2020. "Scope and Delimitation of the Study." YouTube. Accessed June 1, 2020.https://bit.ly/3el7Ui4
RCampus, Reasonz System, Inc. 2020. “Rubrics for Research Proposal and Presentation.” Accessed June 1,
2020. https://bit.ly/2Aat7fW
Verbo, Ryan Jay. 2020. “Practical Research 2 – Choosing Research Topic.” LRMDS. Accessed June 1, 2020.
https://bit.ly/2ZF6tXK

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Approved by
MANOLO SANTOS ROSANNA A. BUZETA
Acad/TechVoc Director Vice President
NB.

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Document CASAP-01-02

College of Arts and Sciences of Asia and the Pacific

Date Effective : 2023

Subject Code: Strand: Year/Semester:

2. In an experiment, which group does not receive intervention?

4. Which statement below illustrates a weakness of quantitative research?

5. Which of the following is NOT a strength of quantitative research?

Date Effective : 2023

For items 10 to 12, determine if the statement is:

10. A nominal variable is expressed in numbers.

12. Dependent variables can be manipulated.

15. Which of the following is an example of a continuous variable?

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What you need to know- (Lesson Proper)

INTRODUCTION TO QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

Characteristics of Quantitative Research

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Advantages of Quantitative Research

Disadvantages of Quantitative Research

Kinds of Quantitative Research

 Descriptive design is used to describe a particular phenomenon by observing it as it occurs in

 A quasi-experimental design is used to establish the cause-and-effect relationship of

 Experimental design like quasi- experimental is used to establish the cause-and-effect

Original – Head Office Duplicate – Teachers

Date Effective : 2023

FORMULATING RECOMMENDATIONS BASED ON CONCLUSIONS

Importance of Quantitative Research Across Fields

SOURCES OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Original – Head Office Duplicate – Teachers

Date Effective : 2023

Numerical data have two levels of measurement, namely:

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age, height, weight, and distance.

Designing Research Topic

Steps in Developing Research Topic

Developing a research problem can be done in four (4) steps:

As a student researcher, let us go through these steps to guide us in choosing a quantitative

B. Select a significant topic.

C. Choose a topic relevant to your field.

Date Effective : 2023

Basic Guidelines in Make Research Title

Date Effective : 2023

Background of the Study

Original – Head Office Duplicate – Teachers

Date Effective : 2023

Nature of Quantitative Research Problem

Research Problem and Research Questions

Characteristics of Good Research Questions

Formulating Research Questions

Date Effective : 2023

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

Date Effective : 2023

Components of Scope and Delimitation

Difference between Delimitation and Limitation of the Study

Presenting Statement of the Problem

Activity 1. Personal Work Evaluation

How much have you learned- (quizzes, activities)

Original – Head Office Duplicate – Teachers

Date Effective : 2023

Original – Head Office Duplicate – Teachers

Date Effective : 2023

Date Effective : 2023

Name: _______________ Section: _ Date: _______