Professional Documents
Culture Documents
By
Juma Wabwire
1
Example 1
The nominal voltage at busbar A is 220 kV
and actual voltage at A is 200 kV. The per unit
voltage at A is:
Voltage in kV 200
VA( pu ) = 0.91 pu
Base voltage in kV 220
2
S P jQ
S P jQ S pu
Sbase Sbase
P Q
S pu Ppu jQ pu j
Sbase Sbase
Thus, Sbase Qbase Pbase Vbase I base ............... (1)
SV I
S pu
Sbase Vbase I base
Thus, from (1) the current base is given by
Sbase
I base ................................................. (2)
Vbase
V Z I
V pu
Vbase Z base I base
5
Z R jX
Z R jX Z pu
Z base Z base
R X
Z pu R pu jX pu j
Z base Z base
The impedance base is given by
2
Vbase Vbase
Z base ...................................... (3)
I base Sbase
and Z base Rbase X base
I base Sbase
Ybase 2 and Ybase Gbase Bbase
Vbase Vbase
3
Single phase networks
Sbase VAbase (1 ) kVAbase (1 )
I base (A)
Vbase Vbase ( LN ) kVbase ( LN )
2
kVbase ( LN ) kVbase
Z base ( )
( LN )
2
Vbase old Sbase new
Z pu new Z pu old
Vbase new Sbase old
2
Vbase new Sbase old
Y pu new Y pu old
Vbase old Sbase new
8
8
4
Per unit impedance of a transformer
Let the total series impedance of a two-winding
transformer, referred to the primary be Ze1.
Z Z I V1 I 2 N 1
Z e1( pu ) e1 e1 1base
Z base V1base V2 I1 N 2
The total series impedance referred to the secondary Ze2 is
given by N2
2
Z e 2 Z e1
N1
2
Z Z I N I
Z e 2( pu ) e 2 e 2 2 base Z e1 2 2 base
Z 2 base V2 base N 1 V2 base
V I I I
Z e1 2 base . 1base . 2 base Z e1 1base
V1base I 2 base V2 base V1base
Z e1( pu ) Z e 2( pu )
9
Example 2
A 5 kVA, 400/200 V, 50 Hz single-phase transformer has
a primary and secondary leakage reactance each of 2.5
. Determine the total reactance in per unit.
Solution
Sbase = 5 kVA
Total reactance referred to primary
2
N
X e1 X 1 X 2 1 12.5
N2
V2
X base base 32
Sbase
X e1
X e1( pu ) 0.39 pu
X base
10
5
Per unit voltages in a transformer
V1( base ) N1
V2( base ) N2
V1( pu ) V1 V1( base ) V1 V2( base ) N 1 N 2
. . 1
V2( pu ) V2 V2( base ) V2 V1( base ) N 2 N 1
V1( pu ) V2( pu )
11
I1( pu ) I 2( pu )
12
6
Per unit quantities in three-phase systems
In a Y-connected system,
VL 3V ph VLbase 3V phbase
VL 3V ph
VL( pu ) =V ph( pu )
VLbase 3V phbase
I L I ph I Lbase I phbase
IL I ph
I L( pu ) =I ph( pu )
I Lbase I phbase
I L( pu ) I ph( pu )
The per unit voltage and current are the same as the per unit
phase values.
Show this is true for a -connected system
13
S3 3VL I L 3V ph I ph
S3 base 3VLbase I Lbase 3V phbase I phbase
S3 3VL I L
S pu VL( pu ) I L( pu )
S3 base 3VLbase I Lbase
3V ph I ph
S pu V ph pu I ph pu
3V phbase I phbase
S pu VL pu I L pu V ph pu I ph pu
The per unit phase and line apparent power are the same
irrespective of whether connection is Y or .
Unless otherwise specified, base voltage in a 3- system is
line-to-line voltage and base VA is the total 3- base VA.
14
7
The base impedance using per phase values
2
V ph base
Z ph( base )
Sbase (1 )
The base impedance using line values
2 2 2
VL base 3V ph base V ph base
Z L( base )
Sbase ( 3 ) 3 Sbase (1 ) Sbase (1 )
Z ph( base ) Z L( base )
For a 3- system
Sbase (1 ) Sbase (3 )
I base
V ph( base ) 3VL( base )
Thus, the per unit impedance of a 3- transformer is the
same irrespective of the winding connections e.g. Y-Y, Y-,
- . 15
8
Base quantities in terms of kV and MVA
MVAbase
I base kA
kVbase
kVbase
2
Z base
MVAbase
2
kVbase old MVAbase new
Z pu new Z pu old
kVbase new MVAbase old
17
17
Example 3
A portion of a power system consists of two generators
G1 and G2 in parallel, connected to a step-up
transformer that links them with a 230 kV transmission
line. The ratings of the components are:
G1: 10 MVA, 12% reactance
G2: 5 MVA, 8% reactance
Transformer: 15 MVA, 6% reactance
Transmission line: (4 + j60) , 230 kV
Where the percentage reactances are computed on the
basis of individual component ratings.
Express the reactances and the line impedance in per
unit with 15 MVA base.
18
9
Solution
Sbase(new) = 15 MVA
Sbase ( new ) 15
X G 1( new ) X G 1( old ) 0.12 0.18 pu
Sbase ( old ) 10
Sbase ( new ) 15
X G 2( new ) X G 2( old ) 0.08 0.24 pu
Sbase ( old ) 5
X tx ( new ) X tx ( old ) 0.06 pu
20
10
Advantages of p.u. system
1. If the base quantities are properly specified the
ideal transformer winding can be eliminated as the
electrical parameters are the same when referred
on either side of the tx.
2. Device parameters tend to lie within a relatively
narrow range hence it is easy to detect errors.
3. Per unit phase quantities are the same as per unit
line quantities regardless of connection. Minimises
confusion.
4. Reduced computational effort.
21
21
- Auto transformer
- Fuse
- Line, cable or busbar
22
11
- Current transformer
- 3- 3- wire delta connection
- 3- star neutral ungrounded
- 3- star neutral solidly grounded
- Isolator
- Circuit Breaker
23
Example of one-line diagram system representation
24
12
Example 5
The one-line diagram of a 3-bus system is given in Fig. E5.
Following are the ratings of the various components:
G1 = 50 MVA, 13.8 kV, X" = 0.15 pu
G2 = 40 MVA, 13.2 kV, X" = 0.20 pu
G3 = 30 MVA, 11 kV, X" = 0.25 pu
T1 = 45 MVA, 11 kV /110 kV Y, X = 0.1 pu
T2 = 25 MVA, 12.5 kV /115 kV Y, X = 0.15 pu
T3 = 40 MVA, 12.5 kV /115 kV Y, X = 0.1 pu
The line impedances are shown in the figure. Draw the
impedance diagram showing all components’ impedances
computed based on 50 MVA and 13.8 kV as base quantities
in G1.
25
T1 T2
ZL1 = j50
G1 G2
ZL3 = j25
ZL2 = j25
T1 T2
T3 T3
G3
13
Solution
MVAbase = 50 MVA ; kVbase = 13.8 kV
2
kVbase ( old ) MVAbase ( new )
Z pu( new ) Z pu ( old ) . .
kV
base ( new ) MVAbase ( old )
X G1( new ) X G1( old ) 0.15 pu
For TL1
110
kVbase ( new ) 13.8 138 kV
11
For G2
12.5
kVbase ( new ) 138 15 kV
115
2
50 13.2
X G 2( new ) 0.2 0.1936 pu
40 15
27
For TL3
115
kVbase ( new ) 15 138 kV
12.5
For G3
12.5
kVbase ( new ) 138 15 kV
115
2
50 11
X G 3( new ) 0.25 0.2241 pu
30 15
2
50 11
0.1 0.0706 pu
45 13.8
XT 1
2
50 12.5
0.15 0.2083 pu
25 15
XT 2
28
14
2
50 12.5
0.1 0.0868 pu
40 15
XT 3
For TL
MVAbase
ZTL( pu ) Z act 2
kVbase
50 50
ZTL1( pu ) j j 0.1313 pu
1382
25 50
ZTL 2( pu ) j j 0.0656 pu
1382
25 50
ZTL 3( pu ) j j 0.0656 pu
1382
29
ZL3= j0.0656
X"G3= j0.2241
15