December 5 2023

Rings and Fields

Definition
A R is a with
ring t set two 2
i
together
binary operations called addition and called
s t mult
the plication
following satisfiedaxioms are

1 R t
is an abelian group
2 Multiplication is associative that is for all
a b C E R Ca b a b c
3 For all a b CER a btc a b a c and
a b c a c bc left and right distributive
laws hold

Example
1 II is closed under the usual addition andmultiplication
1 I is an abeliangroup
2 is associative
3 left andright distributivelaws holds
II is a ring
2 Q R t and it are rings
 Remarks
1 If the operations and are clear from context we
R by R
denote the ring t

2 The identity of a group R t is denoted 0 and is

called the zero element of R
3 The inverse of a'in the group R t is denoted a
4 We write a b for a b
5 To simplify notations for a b we write ab
6 In the absence of parentheses multiplication is assumed
to be performed before addition that is ab to cab c

Definition
Let R be a
ring
1 If multiplication in R is commutative then R is called a
commutative ring
2 An element r s t re R Ipr r rlr is called a
multiplicative identity or a unity
3 If R has a multiplicative identity then R is called a
ring with unity
4 Suppose R is a ring w
unity 1 0 An element her is a
unit if u has a multiplicative inverse that is u e R s t
Uu 1 n n

Remarks
1 some rings are not commutative and some have no unity
2 If R has unity then this unity is unique
3 If R has unityT then R is a unit in R
4 If R has unity not all elements in thering are units
 Examples
1 I t
is a commutative ring w
unity 1
The units of II 1 1
2 Q t i
R t and E t s
are commutative

rings w unity 1 Every non zero element in these rings is

a unit
3 In n n is a commutative ring w unity 1 The
set of units of n is denoted Uln Exercise
the elements of U 4 and 415
4 21 is a commutative ring w no unity
5 Let Ma R
1 a b c d e R
g g
Define and on Ma R as

1 11 11 I
at bh
19
f fdg it an
faetbg
ce

Then M IR
is a noncommutative ring w unity
is associative and commutative exercise
is associative but not commutative exercise
left and right distributive laws hold exercise
zeroelt 0 0 add inverse b unity
O O
 slide 9121

Theorem 2.13
Let R be a 0 Let
ring w additive identity
a b C E R
1 A 0 0 a 0
2 are 9959 cab reefed
3 1 a b ab
4 a b c ab ac and ca b c ac be

proof
i a o t a o alo to a 0 By left cancellation
a 0 0 The proof for 0 a 0 follows analogously
12 ab al b a b b a 0 0 since the additive in
verse of ab is unique ab al b The proof that C a b
ab proceeds analogously
3 C a C b Lac b 1 ab AD
slide 10 21
Remarks
1 If R is a nonzero ring w unity then I 0 why
2 If R is a
ring w unity and at R then l 1 a a
in particular C1 1
3 Let R be aring and a CER If a 0 and ab
b
al the b and c are NOT necessarily equal
e g in 4 2 1 2 2.3 but I 3
4 In a
ring ab 0 does not necessarily mean that
either a o or b 0
e g in a 23 0
slide 11 21
Theorem 2.14
Let R be a ring w
unity The units of R form a
group under multiplication

Remark
The group of units of a
ring with unity R is
denoted U R

Proof
closure under multiplication Let a be UCR
WTS ab UCR

since a be UCR a b e R s t aa bb
Note that b a E R and
1
b_ a 1 ab b Caa b
b l b
b b 1
Thus ab b a and so abt UCR
Associativity of multiplication Follows from R2
Identity element under multiplication unity UCR hastheproperty that
AEU R ER a 1 1a a
Inverse under multiplication
Let a UCR Then a eR such that a a a a 1 From this we see
that a UCR

i
UCR is a group
 slide 13121
Examples
1 4121 1 1 2
2 U Q1 UCR UCC C
3 U In U n set of all elements
of In that arerelatively prime to n
4 U MAR GL 2 IR

slide 14121
Definition
Let R be a
ring w
unity 170 If every non zero
element of R is a unit then R is called a
division ring

If R is a commutative division ring then

R is called a field

R div ring
a b CER a 0 R field
ab ca
ab c ab ac ab ac
a lab a c a lab a Cac
b a c b I a.tn
bg
slide 15121
Remarks
Let P be a ring with unity I 0
1 If R is a field we write for ab b a In
particular we write b
2 A division ring can be thought of as an algebraic
structure that is closed under addition subtraction multiplication
and division by non zero elements
3 R is a division ring if and only if R R 0 is a
group
4 R is a field if and only if R R 0 is an abeliangroup
slide
16121
Examples
1 II is not a division ring and hence not a field
2 Q R C are fields
3 I 4 is not a division ring why
4 Ig is a field
In Ig
3 54 3 4 2

1
213 2 5 2 53 2 52 4

slide 17 21

subrings
definition
A subsets of a ring R w c is also a ring itself
under the same operations as in R is called a

subring of R
 Theorem 2.15
Let R
be a ring and s a non empty subset of
R Then S is a
subring of R it a bes a bes

and ab ES

Proof
since s is a ring then S t is an abelian group
hence a bes Also abes since is a
binary operation on S

Slide 17 21
suppose a bes and abes taibes
R1 a bes albes s t is a subgroup of R t
Thus S t is an abelian group
follows since operations in S and R are thesame
Rpf MATT

slide 18121
Remarks
Let R be and S of R
a
ring a
subring
1 If R is commutative then S is also
comm tative
2 S may be w o unity even if R has unity
 Slide 19 21
SUBFIELDS
Definition
A subset S of a field F wic is also a field itself
under the same operations as in F is called a subfield
of F
s
Theorem 2.16 unity is in
Let F be a field and s a nonempty subset of F
Then s is a sub field of F if and only if the fit
hold
1 S 0
2 for all a b Es a be 5 and abes
3 for all OF aes a es

Proof Exercise
slide 20 21
Examples
1 If R is a ring then 0 trivial subring and
R improper subring are subrings of R
2 Q is field of R
a sub
3 For any ne II n II is a subring of II why
Note that if n 1 1 then nII has no unity

important remarks and results for next

discussion
4 Let D R
f9 a.be R let
1
ED IR a b

D2 IR is
1 8 s
ED.IR asubring of
MCR
1 1 1

End of Dec 5
Dec 7 2023 discussion
Math 110.1 fully copied
NOTET study last example in prev lecture
slides file was edited for some correction
and re uploaded this morning
Zero Divisors Integral Domains and
of a charact
ring ristic
Rings

Rings w unity

Interdomain
Q R divisionrings

2
4 Mar

commutative Non commutative

 Definition
Let P be a commutative ring
A non zero element at R called a
is zero divisor
or divisor of zero
a if there is a non zero element
a be R such that ab 0

Example
1 zero divisors of 12 2 3 4,6 8 9,10
2 I has No zero divisors
baka lumabas so
THEOREM 2.17 true or false
The zero divisors of n are its non zero elements
that are NOT relatively prime to n

PROOF
Let Of a In
suppose a'is a zero divisor of In
0 b E ns.t.ab 0
nlab
If a prime to n then n b
is rel b 0
i a is NOT rel prime to n
F suppose d god ain 1
Write a dk and n dkz where k R2 ETI
and kz In and kz 0
Thus aka Alk k2 d k2 k n k 0
i a is a zero divisor of In
Q E D
 Definition
A commutative ring with unity 1 0 is s.t.be
an integral domain if it has NO zero divisors

Remark
in an integral domain D if ab D then either 9 0
or b 0

Examples
1 II is an integral domain
2 Q R C are integral domains
3 In is an integral domain
n is prime highly likely sa T or F
e g in 7
2 5X 6 0
21 3 0
2 0 or 3 0
2 5 or 3 4
4 II II
a b c d bd
ac
a b c d Cate btd
unity 1,1
coin
t.IE
I is not an integral domain
5 Mz IR is not an integral domain since M1 IR is not comm
6 2 has no unity not an integral domain
THEOREM 2.18
Let R be a comm ring w unity I 0
Then the cancellation law for multiplication holds in R
R is an integral domain
PROOF
a b CER a 0 then a b a c b c

Let a b e IR w a 0
If ab 0 a
OF b 0
i a is
NOTa zero div
i
R is an int dom

suppose R is an int dom

Let a b C E R v t.at 0 and ab ac
ab ac ab ac o
a b c 0
b c 0
b C

Q E D
Remark
i If a'is a unit then a is not a zero div
ab 0 lab 0
a b 0

1 b 0
b 0
2 In an int dom R if a 0 ax D has
at most one soln in R
But if a'is a unit then ax b has exactly one soln in R
 Theorem 2 19
Every field is an integral domain
PROOF
Let F be a field F is a comm ring with 1 O s t every
non zero elt is a unit

Let aibefs.t.at 0 Remark

suppose ab 0 The converse is
ab o ab o NOT true
b 0
i
a is not a zero div
i F is an int dom

Theorem 2.20
Every ItintegraldomainD is a field

Proof
Let D be a finite int dom comm ring w 0
WTS D is ring a div
Let of a e D Define a function f Pax
suppose YED sit f x fly
ax ay E y
f is 1 1 f is onto

since f is onto be D s t f b
a b a is a unit in D
D is a field Q E D
Example p prime
p is an int dom Since Ip is finite then p is a field
 Recall
Let R be a
ring and a ER
If he N n a tna a a
atant.i.to n
0 0 A 0 Ifn
Example
1 In My IR

31 I 1 1 l
2 In 6
3ta3 0
IE
Remark
If R is a a b ER and mine
ring
then the f f hold
1 mtn a matna important
2 math matmb exercise properties
3 m n a min a for proving
4 m ab ma b a mb and Mani
5 match b mn cab pulation
for 4 and 5 hindi ba dapat
R must be a commutative ring
 Definition
The characteristic of a ring R is the least positive integer
n such that n a o for all at IR
If no such integer exists then R is s.t.be of
characteristic 0

Example
1 40,112,3 4,5
6 1 0 Indeed 6 9 0 at 6 and 6 is the smallest
Charl 6 6 such pos.int
2 char E 0 char Q char IR char C

Theorem 2.21
Let R be a
ring w unity 1
1 If 1 has an infinite order then char R 0
2 If 1 has order n then char R n

proof exercise

End of Dec 7 discussion

 December 12 2023 discussion
Math 110.1
Recall S subring of R

s
r s

IDE ALS and FACTOR Rings

Definition
A subring I of a ring R is called an ideal of R if
reR aeI raeI and are I

Example
1 Let R be a ring
0 and R are ideals of R
trivial ideals imprippera
ideal I sit I R is a properideal of R

2 Q R
I Q and R E IR
however V2 I Q1 thus Q is not an ideal

3 n NE II
i
n is an ideal of n is a subring of
If en is a subring of nk for some KEII
Let retI Then rix rink n rk Ent Also Xr rxen
Theorem 2.23
R be a
let
ring and 0 I IR Then I is ideal if and
only if the f f hold
used for testing
1 a b E I a be I
ideal of a ring
2 ER AEI ra EI and are

Let R be a commutative ring w unity Let at R

consider I a ar relR
It 0 a 1 a EI Thus a is non empty
Let X y EI ar y arz for some r r E R
x y ar are c I
911 2

Let re R EI ar for some r E R

rx rear Cra r car r a c I
refg
I is an ideal of R
I is called the principal ideal generated by a
denoted a or a

Example
Leinne The principal ideal of gen by n
an nk KEE ME
 consider s a subring of R
S t is an abelian subgroup of the abelian
group R
Note SIR
Is rts reR is an abelian group under
addition of left cosets
r S rats r trz S
Define
r 5 112 5 r r 5
multiplication of additive left cosets of S

Lemm a 2.24
Let R be a ring and I an ideal of R Then multiplication
of left cosets of I is a well defined operation on the set
R a I AER
I

Proof
suppose at I I and b I dtI
WTS a I DTI CTI ATI
i e ab I ed I
i e abted I
at I at CEI ate for some EI c xta

b I d I b d EI Dtd
y y EI a ytb
Thus d tallytb bty a x b y catx b t
atx
lately

abtxbtaytx
abted so
EE.tk tEftI
I ERIN
abt I ca
The rem 2.25
Let I be an ideal of aring R Then att a ER
is a ring under addition and multiplication of left cosets

proof Note that add'n multin of left cosets

are bin opns on R I
R
R we know that I t is an abelian
group

R2 Let a I b I I R
I
a I b INCTI ATI DC I
9 DC I ab c I
Cab I CTI ATI DTI CTI
R
Rz Let a I btI I I
a I DTI CTI ATI DTC I
albte I abt a c I lab I cacti
att b I ATI CTI
Right distributive law is proven analogously
INSET
Exercise f

Remark
R
1 If R is commutative then I is commutative
2 If R has unity 1 then R I has unity 1 R
 Examples
1 I 3 3 1 3 2 3
commutative has unity 1 3

32 1 3 2 3 32 1 3 2 3
32 3 1 311 2 31 32 3 3 3
1 31 1 311 2 3 1 32 1 31 311 1731 2 311
2 311 2 311 31 1 311 2 311 311 2 311 1 31

11 317 12 311 3 31 311 12 311712 31 4 31

12 311 12 317 1 31 I 311

31 50 is a
I 1 311 3 field
12 311 2 311

Exercise
2 consider 8 2 8 is an ideal of 211
2
a Determine the elements of 8
2
b construct the t and_tables for 8
2
c Is 8 an integral domain
December 14 2023
Ring Homomorphisms

Definition
A homomorphism from a ring R to a ring R is a
ring
mapping from R to R that preserves both ring
operations that is a be R

atb a b and
ab a 0 b

Remarks
Let R R be a ring homomorphism
1 If 0 is 11 is a ring monomorphism
2 onto is a ring epimorphism
then is called a riffomorphism
Iiiective and R R then is called a

ring automorphism

Definition
Two rings R and R are s.t.be isomorphic written RER
if there exists an isomorphism from R to R

Remarks If R R is a ring homomorphism then

R Ris a grouphomomorphism In particular
t
1 If 0 and O'are the zeroelts of R and R then 010 O
2 If a ER then 01 a a
3 It aeR he then na n a
 Theorem 2.26
Let Q R R
be a ring homomorphism
1 If at R and new then an a
2 If S is a subring of R then 0 S a des
is a subring of R
3 If R is commutative then R is commutative
4 If I is an ideal of R then I is an ideal of the ring
R but not necessarily of R TRY as exercise
5 If S is a subring of R then S a ER a es is
a subring of R
6 Let R be a ring w unity
a Then OCR is a
ring w unity Ir
b If a is a unit in R then 019 is a unit in the
ring R w

0cal a

Proof Exercise

5 suppose s is a subring of R show S is a

a subring of R

Note that S is a subgroup of R t since is a group

homomorphism S t is a subgroup of CR
It remains to be shown that S is closed undermultiplication
Let x y S WTS ye 0 s ie Xy 0 5
Now x y s x y es xy x y
E S since s is a subring of R Thus S
ye
S is a
subring of R
Examples
1 Consider the map 21 given by k 2k
Let a b E I Then
a b 2 a b 29 2b a b
ab Lab but a b 2920 4ab
Thus is not a ring homomorphism
2 Consider the map 0 I I II given by 0 x x 0
Then is a ring homomorphism why
II IX 0 c I is a commutativering w unity 1 1,0
The units of II are 11 1,0 and 1 1 L 1,0

KERNEL of a HOMOMORPHISM
Definition
Let R R berings with O the zero elt.in R _Let 0 R R be a ring homomorphism
The kernel of is the set
ker 0 a ER a O 0
inverseimages of 0

Remarks
1 is 1 1 if and only if ker 0
2 is a ring isomorphism if and only if is onto and ker 0
3 If AER and a a then
ca reR 0in a atker
The kernel is an deal
Theorem 2 27
Let R R be a ring homomorphism Then ker is
an ideal of R

Proof
Let 0 be the zero elementof R sinceis a subring of
0
R then 0 ker is a subring of R by Thm 2.26

Let at her and re R WTS ar ra eker ie ar 0 0 ra

ar a per O r 0 similarly pera O

Ker is an ideal of R

First Isomorphism Theorem for Rings

The 0rem 2.28

Let R R be a ring homomorphism Then

µ R ker R
minism
given by Mcatkero 0cal is a ring
In particular R ker R as rings
Proof It follows from the First Isomorphism Theorem for
Groups that µ is a group isomorphism µ preserves multifi
WTS
Let atkero biker ER kerf Then µ at kero Cbt Ker0

µ lab tker ab a b µ catker 4 µ b ker

i
µ is a ring isomorphism
 Canonical Isomorphism
Remark
Theisomorphism µ is called the natural or canonical isomorphism from
Riker to R
Examples
1 let In be the mapping such that m the remainder
when m is divided by n
Then is a ring epimorphism Iverify this
ker n

By the FITR
I n I kero II In

Thus
I n In as rings

2 consider the ring homomorphism 0 I II where

01 7 1 10
her 0
BY the FITR
I 0 I ker II 1 10 EI
Noting that I 0 II we get
I 1 10 EI
Theorem 2.29
Let I be an ideal of a ring R Then 8 R R I given

by f a a t I is a ring nomomorphism w kerf I

Proof
It follows from theorem 2.12 that 8 is a group homomorphism
w Ker 8 I WTS 8 preserves multiplication
Let a b e R Then lab abt I att b I a 8lb
8 is a ring homomorphism QED

Remark The ring homomorphism 8 is called the natural or

canonical homomorphism from R to R I

End of Dec 14 disc On Ring Homomorphisms

December19 2023

Prime and Maximal Ideals

Ideals and FactorRings
Given R a commutative ring w unity
I ideal of R
R I is a commutative ring with unity
Question If R is a field what are the possible factorrings RII
Question 2 when is the factor ring R I a field
Question 3 when is the factor ring R I an integral domain
ideals field
of a

Theorem 2.30
Let R be a ring with unity 1 and let I be an ideal of R If I
contains a unit of R then I R

Proof
suppose neI is a unit of R Then U ER s t I U u I since I is
an ideal of R Thus 1 E I

Clearly I R NTS REI

Letre R Now r r 1 I since I is an id of Iii r I and
so I R QED

Corollary 2.31
A field has no proper initiitial ideals That is theonly ideals
of a field F are 40 or F itself

Proof
Let F be a field and I an ideal of F Note that either I is trivial
that is 40 or I is non trivial
suppose 0 let 0 a EIEF Thus a'is a unit of F
Hence I F QED

Remark Let f be a field and I an ideal of F Theneither 04 or

I F
Then the factor rings F I are
F 0 IF
F F E 0
 Maximal ideals

Definition
A proper ideal M of a ring R is said to be maximal it whenever
I is an ideal of R such that METER either Mor J R

Examples 3 and 41 are ideals of I

Note that 41 C 22 C 1 thus 4 is not a maximal ideal of II
suppose n is an ideal of II vt 3I n ÉEI since 3 3 e
n II then n 3 Hence n 3 or n 1 Son 3 or n II Thus 31
is a maximalideal of II

Remarks Let R be a ring

1 The only ideal that properly contains a maximal ideal of R is R
2 A maximal ideal of R may not be unique That is R mayhave more
than one maximal ideal Ie 9 2 and 5 are both maximal ideals
of II

Maximal deals of 12
Example consider the ring 1,2 0,1 2,3 4,5 6 7 8 9,10
The ideals of 12
In Is 4 a maximal ideal
427 0 2 4 6 8,10 of 1,2
37 0 3 6,9 Is 447 a maximal ideal
47 0,4 8 of 27
67 0 6 what are the maximal
0 ideals of 12
 factor rings from maximal ideals are fields
Theorem 2.32 Let R be a commutative ring with unity
let be an ideal of R Then

R 1 is a field is a maxima ideal of R

Proof
I suppose that RII is a field e an ideal of R s t
I E J E R NTS Either J I or I
Let
suppose J I Then be JII I b I E R I bt is a
unit in R I Fat ER I sit bt 1 at It bat 1 CJ
Thus 1 ba bat 1 E J R I is a maximal ideal of R

I suppose is a maximal ideal of R Since R is

comm tative
w unity then so R 1 Note also that I R since is
maximal and so 1 1 Thus I I
what does thisimply
NTS Every non zero element of R I is a unit
let at be a non zero element in R I li.e.ae R but a 1
Form J rat b re R be 1 Claim J is an ideal of R
If e then D a EJ I E J E R J 1 or R However
a 1 but 9 1 a 0 EJ Thus J R
Now TER 1 ratb for some reR be rat 1 b I
rat 1 1 I r I a I a Ilir I 1 I
a I is a unit
i
R I is a field QED
understand the proof
Proof that J is an ideal of R

claim J rat b re R beI is an ideal of R

Proof
J is non empty O O a t O E J s
If X Y E J show that ye J exercise
If SE R and EJ show that sxeJ and S E J
E J rat b for some re R be 1
so SX stratb sr at sb EJ Note that R is
commutative so s SX E QED

Application of Theorem 2.32

consider the ideals 31 and 411 of II

II 311 3 is a field thus 3 is a maximal ideal of II
thus 4 ideal of II
IIIII
is not a m
If
Remark nI is a maximal ideal of II if and only if n is prime

converse of corollary 2.31 holds

corollary 2.33 A commutative ring w unity is a field
if and only if it has no proper nontrivial ideals
Proof Follows from corollary2.31

suppose a commutative ring R w unity has no propernontrivial

ideals Then 01 is a maximal ideal Thus RER 07 is a field QED
prime ideals

Definition A proper ideal P of a commutative ring R is sit.b

prime if whenever a b e R s t ab e P then either at P or be P

Examples
1 Consider 61 Note that 2 3 GI but neither 2 nor 3 are in 611
Thus GII is not aprime ideal of GII
2 consider the trivial ideal 0 in 112 1540 a primeidealof 12
3 40 is a prime ideal of an integraldomain D
Let a b E D such that ab e 90 an 0 a 0 or b 0
a e 0 or be 0

Factor Rings from Prime ideals

The ore m 2.34

Let R be a commutative ring w unity and let be an ideal of R
Then R I is an integral domain is a prime ideal of R

Proof
I I suppose R I is an integraldomain Let a b R a t ab e l
Then abt cat 1 btl since all is an integral
domain either at 1 or Pt w e means that either
a or be 1
I suppose is a prime ideal of R since thenR is a commutative
ring w unity 1 then so R 1 Note also R since is prime and
so I 1 Thus it 1
NTS R I has no zero divisors
Let at bt ER I such that att btl Then abt a bet
since I is prime then either act or bet at or bt
i
R I is an integraldomain que

Applications of Theorem 2.34

Examples
1 I 4 II Ia is not an integral domain Thus 41 is not a prime

ideal of II Indeed 2 2 411 but 2 411

Remark n is a prime ideal of II if and only if n is prime
2 I i x Ol c I II then is an ideal of II II
suppose a b c d E II such that a b c d Cac bd
Then bd 0 b 0 or d D a b or c d Hence I is prime

Thus II II 1 is an integral domain

Exercise Use FITR First isomorphism Theorem for Rings to show
that II II I II

Maximal Ideals are Prime deals

corollary 2.35 Everymaximal ideal of a commutative ring R with unity

is a prime ideal of R

Proof
Let 1 be a maximal ideal of R By Theorem 2.32 R 1 is a field
Hence R l is an integral domain Thus I is a prime ideal of R quel
Remarks
1 The converse of corollary 2.35 does NOT hold That is a primeideal
of a commutative ring R w unitymay not be a maxima ideal of R
eg X0 XE is a prime ideal of XII w e is not a
maximal ideal of IX why
2 Corollary 2.35 does not hold if R has no unity
eg 21 has no unity and 41 is a maximal ideal of 21 but 4 is not
a prime ideal of 21 why

Dec 21 2023
Fields of Quotients of Integral Domains and Prime Fields

R with unity contains a homomorphic image of I

Lemma 2.36 Let R be a ring with unity 1 The mapping

R given by 0cm m 1 is a ring homomorphism

Proof
Let mine Then

mtn Mtn I m t t n 1 01m n

mn Mn 1 m 1 n 1 m n god

Remark
Note that II is a subring of R
The characteristics of Rings with Unity
char R smallest positive integer n such that
n a 0 a E R
If no such positive integer exists then
char R 0

Recall R a ring with unity 1

char R n 111 n in the group R t
char R 0 1 has infinite order in the
group R t

Structure of R based on its Characteristics

Theorem 2.37
let R be a ring with unity
1 Char R n 1 R containsa subring isomorphic to IIn
2 Char R 0 R contains a subring isomorphic to II

Proof
consider the ring homomorphism 0 R givenby 1m m 1
By the FITR I ker II
Note that ker 0 me I 0cm 0 me m 1 0
suppose char R n 1 So 11 n That is n 1 0
and m 1 0 nlm men

Thus ker nI Hence by FITR

I I ker II n In
 suppose char R 0 Then I has infinite order
Thus m 1 0 m 0

Thus ker 0 Hence by FITR

II I ker I 0 II

Example
consider the ring R MalR w unity o
Note that the order o is infinite Why

Hence char Mz IR 0
Thus Mz R has a subring isomorphic to II by
Theorem 2.37
This subring is II where 0 McCR is
given by 01m
MI 1 I
Thus II 01m ME 1 8 MEI

field quotients of an integral domain

consider the integral domain II
Note that II is n'if a field but is a subring of Q
question Given any integral domain D is there a field F that
contains D If so what is the smallest field that will contain
D
 construction of Q from II
I C a b 1 a b b 0 gla.be b 0

a b c d ad be bd t
adpt
a b c d cac bd G f of
1 2 13 4 5,6
a b c d ad be f ad be

Theorem 2.38
Let P be an integraldomain Thenthereexists a field that contains
a subring w c is isomorphic to D
proof
consider S a b I a be D D 0 C DX D
Define the relationon 5 by a b cc d ad be
claim is an E R on S exercise
Denote the equivalence class of a b by a b
Note that a b c d ad be
let F a b a b 5
Define the f f operations on F
addition a b c d adt be Dd
multiplication a b c d ac bd

claim 2 the definedoperations are well defined binaryoptiation's nF

claim 3
a If 0 be D then 0 b 0,1
b If 0 KED and a b F then ka Kb a b
C If OF AED then a a 1 I
Exercise
proof continuations

MAI
Remarks
1 The field Fin Theorem 2.38 is called the field of quotients of D
a We say that the integraldomain D is embedded in its field of quotients

F and we write D F

Example
Q is the field of quotients of II

Theorem 2.39
let D be an integral domain and F its field of quotients suppose
K is a field that contains D Then K contains a subfield L such that
DE LE K and L is isomorphic to F

Remark The field of quotients F of D is the smallest field that

contains D and is unique up to isomorphism

Proof
Let a b F Then a b ED and b 0 Thus a b Ek and
b is a unit in K
Define F K given by a b ab Then is
a well defined monomorphism Exercise
set F By FITR
L F F kerd F 0 F
Thus L is a subfield of K which is isomorphic to F
For every aeD a a 1 a 1 a 1 Thus DELEK
god
 prime subfield of a
field
Recall
The characteristic of an integral domain is either 0 or prime p
Theorem 2 40
Let F be a field
1 F is of prime characteristic p F contains a subfield
isomorphic to Ip
2 F is of characteristic 0 F contains a subfield isomorphic
to Q

Proof
1 Since char F p F contains a subring S isomorphic to Ip
Since p is prime Ip is a field Thus S is a subfield of F
isomorphic to Ip
2 If char F is 0 then F contains a subring S isomorphic to II so
S is an integral domain contained in the field F
By Theorem 2.39 F contains a subfield L w c is isomorphic to the
field of quotients Fs of S
since SEII Fs Q Thus L Q quel
Definition The subfield of a field F that is isomorphic to either
p or Q is called a primesubfield of F

Remark A primesubfield of F is the smallest subfieldof F

Equiv lently
everysubfield of F mustcontain the primesubfield of F

Examples
1 Identify the primesubfield of the field T2 atbkla.be Q
2 Suppose F is a field with 81elements The prime subfield of F is
isomorphic to whichfield
solution
1 Theunityin Q T2 is 1 since order of 1 is infinite char E D
Thus the primesubfield of T2 is Q
2 Note order of F is 81
order of 1 charF p for some prime p

p divides 81 34 p 3
Thus the primesubfield of F is isomorphic to 13