MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY

STA01a Lecture 4
Lecture Content
• Recap (Frequency Distribution)
• Measures of Central Tendency
• Mean
• Median
• Mode

STA01a Lecture 4
Recap
Array
• It is an arrangement of data according to size or magnitude.

• It is obtained by simply listing the values in either the ascending order

or descending order.

STA01a Lecture 4
Recap
Frequency Distribution
• A frequency distribution is a representation, either
in a graphical or tabular format, that displays the
number of observations within a given interval.

STA01a Lecture 4
Recap
Class Interval or Class Limit
The class interval or limit refers to the grouping defined by a
lower limit and an upper limit.

Class Boundaries
Class boundaries are the end points of an open interval which
contains the class interval such that the lower class boundary (LCB)
is the LCL minus one-half the tolerance and the upper class
boundary (UCB) is the UCL plus one-half the tolerance.
STA01a Lecture 4
Recap
Class Marks - the class mark is the midpoint or middle value of a
class interval. It is obtained by finding the average of the lower-
class limit and the upper-class limit.

Class Size - refers to the difference between the upper-class

boundary and the lower-class boundary of a class interval.

We use Sturge’s formula in determining the class size (k) of the

data.

k = 1 + 3.322 logN
STA01a Lecture 3
Recap
Class Frequency - means the number of observations belonging
to a class interval.

STA01a Lecture 4
Recap
Construction of Frequency Distribution
1. Determine the range of the data by subtracting the lowest
values from the highest values.

Range (R) = Highest value – Lowest value

STA01a Lecture 4
Recap
Construction of Frequency Distribution
2. Determine the number of classes (k). Using Sturge’s
formula.

k = 1 + 3.322 logN

STA01a Lecture 4
Recap
Construction of Frequency Distribution
3. Determine the class interval (i).

𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒
𝑖=
𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒

STA01a Lecture 4
Recap
Construction of Frequency Distribution
4. Construct the frequency distribution table (FDT).
Classes
Tally Frequency
Lower Upper

Total STA01a Lecture 4

Recap
Types of Frequency Distribution
1. Relative Frequency
A relative frequency distribution indicates how many percent fall
within each category.

The relative frequencies are obtained by simply dividing the class

frequencies by n and then multiplying by 100%; that is,
𝑓
𝑟𝑓 = 𝑥 100
𝑛
STA01a Lecture 4
Recap
Types of Frequency Distribution
2. Cumulative Frequency Distribution
Cumulative frequency is the running total of frequencies in a table.

3. Cumulative Percentage Frequency Distribution

This type of frequency distribution allows us to determine how
many percent fall above or below a class boundary.
𝑐𝑓
𝑐𝑝𝑓 = 𝑥 100
𝑛 STA01a Lecture 4
Recap
Data Presentation of FDT
1. Histogram

STA01a Lecture 4
Recap
Data Presentation of FDT
2. Polygon

STA01a Lecture 4
Measures of Central Tendency

STA01a Lecture 4
Measures of Central Tendency
• A measure of central tendency (also referred to as measures of
center or central location) is a summary measure that attempts to
describe a whole set of data with a single value that represents the
middle or center of its distribution.

• The purpose of the central tendency is to provide an exact

representation of the entire collected data. It is often defined as the
single value that is representative of the data.

STA01a Lecture 4
Mean

STA01a Lecture4
Mean
Mean is the average of the given numbers.

The mean is of the measures of central tendency that give an

indication of the average value of a distribution of figures.

The mean is sensitive to extreme scores when population samples

are small.

STA01a Lecture4
Mean

STA01a Lecture4
Mean (Ungrouped Data)
Find the mean of 4, 8, 20, 25, and 32.

4 + 8 + 20 + 25 + 32
𝜇=
5
𝜇 = 17.80 𝑜𝑟 18

STA01a Lecture4
Mean (Grouped Data)
Class Interval f x fx
15 – 19 1
20 – 24 2
25 – 29 2
30 – 34 4
35 – 39 4
40 – 44 3
45 – 49 2
50 – 54 2
Ʃ 20

STA01a Lecture4
Mean (Grouped Data)
Class Interval f x fx
15 – 19 1 17
20 – 24 2 22
25 – 29 2 27
30 – 34 4 32
35 – 39 4 37
40 – 44 3 42
45 – 49 2 47
50 – 54 2 52
Ʃ 20

STA01a Lecture4
Mean (Grouped Data)
Class Interval f x fx
15 – 19 1 17 17
20 – 24 2 22 44
25 – 29 2 27 54
30 – 34 4 32 128
35 – 39 4 37 148
40 – 44 3 42 126
45 – 49 2 47 94
50 – 54 2 52 104
Ʃ 20 715

STA01a Lecture4
Mean (Grouped Data)
σ 𝑓𝑥
𝜇=
𝑁

715
𝜇= 𝜇 = 35.75
20

STA01a Lecture4
Calculate Mean
Class Interval f x fx
50 – 70 15
70 – 90 10
90 – 110 20
110 – 130 22
130 – 150 16
150 – 170 17
Ʃ 100

STA01a Lecture4
Calculate Mean
Class Interval f x fx
50 – 70 15 60 900
70 – 90 10 80 800
90 – 110 20 100 2000
110 – 130 22 120 2640
130 – 150 16 140 2240
150 – 170 17 160 2720
Ʃ 100 11300

11300
𝜇= = 113
100
STA01a Lecture4
Median
• The term median refers to a metric used in statistics.

• It is the middle number in a sorted ascending or descending list

of numbers and can be more descriptive of that data set than the
average.

• It is the point above and below which half (50%) of the observed
data falls, and so represents the midpoint of the data.

STA01a Lecture 4
Median

The median can be used to determine an approximate

average, or mean, but is not to be confused with the actual
mean.

STA01a Lecture 4
Median (Ungrouped Data)
6, 7, 8, 11, 13, 15, 20
When N is odd, the median is the middle score.

• There are 7 scores, therefore the median is 11.

𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = (𝑛 + 1)/2

𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = (7 + 1)/2

𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = 4𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟 (11)

STA01a Lecture 4
Median (Ungrouped Data)
7, 8, 8, 11, 14, 15, 18, 21
When N is even, the median is the average of the two middle scores.

• There are 8 scores and the median is the average

of 11 + 14 divided by 2 is 12.5.

STA01a Lecture 4
Median (Grouped Data)
Class Interval f cf<
15 – 19 1 1
20 – 24 2 3
25 – 29 2 5
30 – 34 4 9
35 – 39 4 13
40 – 44 3 15
45 – 49 2 18
50 – 54 2 20
Ʃ 20
STA01a Lecture 4
Median (Grouped Data)
𝑛
− 𝑐
𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = 𝑙 + 2 𝑥ℎ
𝑓

Where:
l = lower limit of median class
n = total number of observations
c = cumulative frequency of the preceding class
f = frequency of median class
h = class size (upper limit – lower limit)

STA01a Lecture 4
Median (Grouped Data)

In finding the median class.

• If n is odd, the median is the (n+1)/2th value.
• If n is even, then the median will be the average of the n/2th and
the (n/2 +1)th observation.

STA01a Lecture 4
Median (Grouped Data)
𝑛
−𝑐
𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = 𝑙 + 2 𝑥ℎ
𝑓

20
−9 𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = 34.5 + 1.25
𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = 34.5 + 2 𝑥5
4
1
𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = 34.5 + 𝑥5 𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = 𝟑𝟓. 𝟕𝟓
4
STA01a Lecture 4
Calculate Median
Class Interval f cf<
120-130 2
130-140 8
140-150 12
150-160 20
160-170 8
Ʃ 50

STA01a Lecture 4
Calculate Median
𝑛 50
𝑛 = 50, = = 25
2 2
Median class = 150 - 160

50
2
−22 25−22 3
𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = 150 + 20
𝑥 10 = 150 + 20
𝑥 10 = 150 + 20
𝑥 10 = 151.5

STA01a Lecture 4
Median vs Mean
• It's important not to confuse the terms median and mean.

• The two may sound the same (which is a common

misconception) but they are very different.

• A median is a number that falls in the middle of a group.

• Remember, this is done by ordering the numbers from smallest

to largest and locating the one that falls in the middle.

STA01a Lecture 4
Median vs Mean
Example: 3, 5, 7, 9

3+5+7+9 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 = 8.50

𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 =
4

5+7
𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = 𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = 6.00
2

STA01a Lecture 4
Median vs Mean
Example: 3, 13, 2, 34, 11, 26, 47

• Sort in ascending number: 2, 3, 11, 13, 26, 34, 47

• Find the middle number: 2, 3, 11, 13, 26, 34, 47

2 + 3 + 11 + 13 + 26 + 34 + 47
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 = = 𝟏𝟗. 𝟒𝟑
7

STA01a Lecture 4
Median vs Mean
Example: 3, 13, 2, 34, 11, 17, 27, 47

• Sort in ascending number: 2, 3, 11, 13, 17, 27, 34, 47

• Find the middle number: 2, 3, 11, 13, 17, 27, 34, 47

13 + 17
𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = = 𝟏𝟓. 𝟎𝟎
2
2 + 3 + 11 + 13 + 17 + 27 + 34 + 47
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 = = 𝟐𝟑. 𝟎𝟎
8
STA01a Lecture 4
Median vs Mean
When Are the Mean and Median Different?
• In a skewed data set, the mean and median will typically be
different.

• The mean is calculated by adding up all of the values in the data

and dividing by the number of observations.

• If there are sizable outliers, or if the data clumps around certain

values, the mean (average) will not be the midpoint of the data.
STA01a Lecture 4
Median vs Mean
Example: 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 2, 10, 10

0 + 0 + 1 + 1 + 2 + 10 + 10
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 = 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 = 3.00
8

1+1
𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = 𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = 1.00
2

STA01a Lecture 4
Mode
• Mode is one of the measures of the central
tendency of a given dataset which demands the
identification of the central position in the data set
as a single value.

STA01a Lecture 4
Mode
• In ungrouped data, the mode is that single
measure of score that occurs most frequently.
1. A set of numbers 11, 12, 13, 16, 16, 16, 19, 20.
Among these numbers 16 is its mode.

2. A set of numbers 45, 49, 52, 55, 58.

It has no mode.

3. A set of numbers 4, 6, 8, 8, 9, 9, 9, 10.

Has modes of 8 and 9 and is called bimodal.
STA01a Lecture 4
Mode
• For grouped data, the mode is calculated using
the formula:
𝑑1
𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑒 = 𝑙 + 𝑥𝑖
𝑑1 + 𝑑2
Where:
l = lower class boundary of the modal class
d1 = difference between the frequency of the modal class and the frequency
before the modal class
d2 = difference between the frequency of the modal class and the frequency
before the modal class
i = interval size
Calculating Mode
Intervals f x fx cf>
15-19 1
20-24 2
25-29 3
30-34 4
35-39 10
40-44 5
45-49 3
50-54 2
Ʃ 30
Calculating Mode
Intervals f x fx cf>
15-19 1 17
20-24 2 22
25-29 3 27
30-34 4 32
35-39 10 37
40-44 5 42
45-49 3 47
50-54 2 52
Ʃ 30
Calculating Mode
Intervals f x fx cf>
15-19 1 17 17
20-24 2 22 44
25-29 3 27 81
30-34 4 32 128
35-39 10 37 370
40-44 5 42 210
45-49 3 47 141
50-54 2 52 104
Ʃ 30 1095
Calculating Mode
Intervals f x fx cf>
15-19 1 17 17 1
20-24 2 22 44 3
25-29 3 27 81 6
30-34 4 32 128 10
35-39 10 37 370 20
40-44 5 42 210 25
45-49 3 47 141 28
50-54 2 52 104 30
Ʃ 30 1095
Calculating Mode
𝑓𝑥 1095
𝓊= 𝓊= = 𝟑𝟔. 𝟓𝟎
𝑛 30

𝑛 30
−𝑐 − 10
𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = 𝑙 + 2 𝑥ℎ 2
𝑓 𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = 34.5 + 𝑥 5 = 𝟑𝟕
10
Calculating Mode
𝑓𝑥 1095
𝓊= 𝓊= = 𝟑𝟔. 𝟓𝟎
𝑛 30

𝑛 30
−𝑐 − 10
𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = 𝑙 + 2 𝑥ℎ 2
𝑓 𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = 34.5 + 𝑥 5 = 𝟑𝟕
10

𝑑1
𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑒 = 𝑙 + 𝑖
𝑑1 + 𝑑2
Calculating Mode
𝑓𝑥 1095
𝓊= 𝓊= = 𝟑𝟔. 𝟓𝟎
𝑛 30

𝑛 30
− 𝑐𝑓 − 10
𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = 𝑙 + 2 𝑥ℎ 2
𝑓 𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = 34.5 + 𝑥 5 = 𝟑𝟕
10

𝑑1 6
𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑒 = 𝑙 + 𝑖 𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑒 = 34.5 + 5
𝑑1 + 𝑑2 6+5
Calculating Mode
𝑓𝑥 1095
𝓊= 𝓊= = 𝟑𝟔. 𝟓𝟎
𝑛 30

𝑛 30
−𝑐 − 10
𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = 𝑙 + 2 𝑥ℎ 2
𝑓 𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = 34.5 + 𝑥 5 = 𝟑𝟕
10

𝑑1 6
𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑒 = 𝑙 + 𝑖 𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑒 = 34.5 + 5 = 34.5 + 2.73
𝑑1 + 𝑑2 6+5
Calculating Mode
𝑓𝑥 1095
𝓊= 𝓊= = 𝟑𝟔. 𝟓𝟎
𝑛 30

𝑛 30
−𝑐 − 10
𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = 𝑙 + 2 𝑥ℎ 2
𝑓 𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = 34.5 + 𝑥 5 = 𝟑𝟕
10

𝑑1 6
𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑒 = 𝑙 + 𝑖 𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑒 = 34.5 + 5 = 34.5 + 2.73 = 𝟑𝟕. 𝟐𝟑
𝑑1 + 𝑑2 6+5
Calculate Mode
Interval f x fx cf>
80-85 2
86-91 8
92-97 19
98-103 21
104-109 25
110-115 52
116-121 12
122-127 11
Ʃ 150
Calculate Mode
Interval f x fx cf>
80-85 2 17 34 2
86-91 8 22 176 10
92-97 19 27 513 29
98-103 21 32 672 50
104-109 25 37 925 75
110-115 52 42 2184 127
116-121 12 47 564 139
122-127 11 52 572 150
Ʃ 150 5640
Calculate Mode
𝑓𝑥 5640
𝓊= 𝓊= = 𝟑𝟕. 𝟔𝟎
𝑛 150

𝑛 150
− 𝑐𝑓 − 75
𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = 𝑙 + 2 𝑥ℎ 2
𝑓 𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = 109.5 + 𝑥 5 = 𝟏𝟎𝟗. 𝟓𝟎
52

𝑑1 27
𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑒 = 𝑙 + 𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑒 = 109.5 + 5 = 109.5 + 2.01 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟓𝟏
𝑑1 + 𝑑2 𝑖 27 + 40
Any Questions?

STA01a Lecture 4
In Summary - Mean
• The median is the number that lies in the middle of an
ordered dataset that goes from lowest to highest.

• It should not be confused with the mean, which is

determined by adding the numbers in a set together and
dividing by the total number of data points.

• Many experts prefer using the median over the mean

because it often provides a more accurate representation
of the distribution in a data set.
STA01a Lecture 4
In Summary - Median
• The median is the number that lies in the middle of an
ordered dataset that goes from lowest to highest.

• It should not be confused with the mean, which is

determined by adding the numbers in a set together and
dividing by the total number of data points.

• Many experts prefer using the median over the mean

because it often provides a more accurate representation
of the distribution in a data set.
STA01a Lecture 4
In Summary - Mode
• The median is the number that lies in the middle of an
ordered dataset that goes from lowest to highest.

• It should not be confused with the mean, which is

determined by adding the numbers in a set together and
dividing by the total number of data points.

• Many experts prefer using the median over the mean

because it often provides a more accurate representation
of the distribution in a data set.
STA01a Lecture 4
In Summary
• The mean is the average that appears in a set of data.

• The median is the midway point above (below) where

50% of the values are in the data set.

• The mode refers to the most frequently observed value

in the data (the one that occurs the most).

STA01a Lecture 4
Quiz
1. It is the summary measure that attempts to describe a whole set
of data with a single value that represents the middle or center of
its distribution.

2. It is the average that appears in a set of data.

3. It is the midway point above (below) where 50% of the values

are in the data set.

4. It refers to the most frequently observed value in the data (the

one that occurs the most).
Quiz - Answers
1. Measures of Central Tendency
2. Mean
3. Median
4. Mode

STA01a Lecture 4
Assignment
1. What is the measure of variation?
2. Define the following:
a. Range
b. Quartile Deviation
c. Mean Deviation
d. Variance
e. Standard Deviation

STA01a Lecture 4