1

NsCIq wdl,am ixjO–kfhys ,d OïumoÜGl:dfjys we;=<;a l:djia;+kays

Wmfhda.S;dj ms<sn| mshj.a.h weiqßka úuiqula
úfoHdoh msßfjfKa wdpdhH_" fn!oaO yd md,s úYajúoHd,fha ndysr lÓldpdhH_" f.!rj
Ydia;%fõ§" Ydia;%m;s" rdclSh mKaä; fndaod.u iqukfcda;s ysñ
m%fõYh
Oïumoh jkdys iuia; fndÿkqjka w;frys w;sYh iïNdjkg m;a yia;idr .%ka:hls'
.sysmeúÈ fNaohla fkdue;s j iuia; Ôú; ilid .eKSfuys ,d mokï jk WmfoaYhka yd Ou–uh
újrK tys we;=<;a fõ' tlS Oïumo .d:djkag újrK imhñka iïmdokh jQ OïumoÜGl:dfjys
we;=<;a l:djia;+kaf.ka wF:–j;a NsCIq Ôú;hla f.dvkxjd .eKSug ,efnk msgqn,h buy;a h'
mqoa., Ôú; ;=< ksu–dKh jk úúO ixlSK_;d ufkdaúoHd;aul miqìula ;=< tys Ñ;%Kh ù we;'
ta wkqj fuys§ OïumoÜGl:dfjys mshj.a.h uq,afldg .ksñka OïumoÜGl:dfjys oelafjk
l:djia;+kays wka;._; iÿmfoaYhkays NsCIq wdl,am ixjO–kfhys ,d Wmfhda.S;dj ms<sn| úuiSula
lsÍug wfmaCId lrkq ,efí'
Oïumoh
iQ;%" úkh" wNsOu– khska m%fNao.; jk Y%S iïnqoaO foaYkdfjys iQ;% msgld.; Lqoaol ksldhg
wh;a jeo.;a lD;shls" Oïumoh' nqÿka jykafia ta ta wjia:dj," ta ta lreKq ksñ;s fldgf.K
foaYkd lrkakg fhÿKq oyïmo f.K Oïumoh ilid ;sfí' .d:d 423 lska mßñ; Oïumoh" ta
ta f;audj hgf;a foaYs; moH f.K j._ 26 la hgf;a iÙ.%y fldg we;'
Oïumoh jkdys ieoeyej;a fn!oaO ckhd w;r tlfia iïNdú; jk lD;shls' tksid u
Oïumoh fn!oaOhdf.a w;afmd; jYfhka i,lkq ,nhs' ls;=kqjka w;r nhsn,hg o" yska¥ka w;r
N.j;a .S;djg o" uqia,sï ,íêlhka w;r l=rdKhg o hïn÷ ;ekla ysñ ù weoao" thg fkd fofjks
;ekla fndÿkqjka w;r Oïumohg ysñ ù ;sfí'1 oyfï mrudF:–h ñksidg i;am:h yd wi;am:h
fmkajd §" ñksid i;am:fhys fhoùu hs' Oïumofhys wka;._; moH ms<sn| úuiSfï § ta nj m%lg
fõ' idudkH Ôú; .;lrk mqyÿq ka ñksiqkaf.a iajNdjh Oïumofhys uekúka ksrEms; h' ta ;=<
ñksiqkaf.a hy.=K fia u ÿ.=K o" Wiia nj fia u my;a nj o" mqoa., Ôú;hl wNsjDoaêh msKsi
mj;akd oE fia u mßydksh msKsi fya;=jk oE ms<sn| o újrKh ù ;sfí' fuys tk ish¨ u
b.ekaùï úuid n,k úpdrlfhl= Oïumofhka lshefjkafka ñksialu hehs újrKh l<fyd;a
tys jrola ke;'2
zOïuZ hk mofhys wF:– rdYshla .ema j ;sfí' m%Odk jYfhka nqÿrcdKka jykafiaf.a
b.ekaùu" Ou–h hkqfjka woyia lrkq ,efí' zmoZ hkafkys o wF:– lsysmhls' fuys§ fldgia hk
wF:–h;a ud._h hk wF:–h;a fhda.H nj fmfka' tu ksid zOu–fldgiaZ hk wF:–h;a zOu– ud._hZ hk
wF:–h;a .%ka: kdufha wF:–h f,i ie,lsh yelsh'3 zzOïfud p fid mo[apd;s OïumoxZZ hkq
Oïumo hk jpkfhys ksrela;sh hs' zOïuZ hkq fm< hs' zmoZ hkq msysg hs' ta wkqj msysg msKsi
mj;akd Ou–mo iuQyh Oïumo kñka y÷kajk nj o lshkq ,efí'4 Oïumofha wka;._; lreKq
wxY ;=klg fnod oelaúh yelsh'
1. fuf,dj idF:–l Ôú;hla .;lsÍug Wmfhda.S jk Wmfoia
2. mrf,dj iem ,eîug l<hq;= yd w;ay< hq;= foa .ek Wmfoia
3. ksjka ,eîu i|yd Wmfoia 5
Oïumoh jkdys úYaj idys;Hhg tla jQ m%uqL;u fn!oaO .%ka:h hs' fuu .%ka:h is;a.;a
lD;shla ùug n,mE fya;= iïmsKavkh fldg fufia mejish yelsh'
 2

1. NdIdfjys mj;akd ir, nj" iq.u nj yd jH[ackd Yla;sfhka mßmQK_ ùu'

2. iEu ck iudchlg u wod< jk wk.s WmfoaYj,ska hq;= ùu'
3. w;sYh WÑ; Wmud fhdackh'
4. m%fya<sld .Khg wh;a .d:d ;sîu'
5. rij;a l:djia;=j,g ysñlï lSu'
6. Ou–h myiqfjka W.; yelsùu'6
hkdÈh ta w;=frka m%uqL fõ' tu lreKq fya;=fjka .sysmeúÈ fn!oaO ckhd w;=frys
Oïumoh uy;a iïNdjkdjg md;% ù ;sfí'
OïumoÜGl:d
md,s Oïumoh fjkqfjka ,shejqKq wgqjdj OïumoÜGl:d kï fõ' wÜGl:d hkqfjka
.efkkafka uQ, .%ka:hl wF:– újrK bÈßm;a flfrk .%ka: úfYaIhka h'7 ,dxflah ckiudch
flfrys yd idys;H flfrys uy;a n,mEula l< wgqjd lD;s fol jkqfha OïumoÜGl:dj yd
cd;lÜGl:dj hs' cd;lÜGl:dj isxy, idys;Hfhys fmdaIKh flfrys uy;a fia Wmia:ïNl
jQjd fia u" OïumoÜGl:dj Ou–lÓl NsCIQkag yia;idr jia;=jla úh' Oïumofhys tk .d:d 423
újrKh lrñka rÑ; fyhska fuu wgqjdjg OïumoÜGl:d hehs lshkq ,efí' tysÈ" zz.d:d
ksoafoaih" mq.a., ksoafoaih" mÉpqmamkak jF:q" .d:d" wÜGl:d" ixfLmÜG" w;S; jF:q" ifudOdkhZZ
hk wÙ. wglska mßñ; fldg wgqjd újrKh isÿfldg ;sfí'
j;_udkfha wm yuqfõ mj;akd md,s wÜGl:djkaf.ka nyq;rhla rpkd lrk ,oafoa wF:–
l:dpdhH_ wkqnqoaO nqoaOf>daI ysñmdkka úisks' Bg wu;r j nqoaOo;a;" Oïumd," Wmfiak" uydkdu
wdÈ f;rjreka úiska o md,s wÜGl:d rpkh isÿfldg we;' f:rjd§ nqÿiuh wkq.ukh lrk
iuia; f,dajeishkaf.a hym; wruqKq fldg f.K" wkqnqÿ ñys÷ uyry;ka jykafia úiska /f.K
tk ,ÿj fy<nig k.d" ,dxflah uydúydÍh NsCIQka úiska mrmqfrka mrmqrg iq/lsj /f.k wd
fy<gqjd" fm< nig ke.Sfuka md,s wgqjd rpkh isÿfldg we;' OïumoÜGl:dj o tu wruqfKka
neyer ù fkdue;' tys m%drïNl .d:djkays" fy< niska mej;s wF:– jK_kdj fy< ni fkdokakd
jQ fiiq Èjhska jeishkag hym; Wod fkdlrk fyhska f:rjdÈ nqÿiufhys uOH NdIdj jk fm<
nig k.k nj i|yka j ;sfí'8 fuys,d wgqjdpdÍka jykafia ;;a ldhH_fhys m%hqla; lrkq jia
iudrdê; j ;sfnkafka l=udrliaim kï f;reka jykafia úisks'9
OïumoÜGl:dfjys l;_DFjh ysñ j ;sfnkafka wgqjdpdÍ nqoaOf>daI f;rekaf.a kug h'
fuys l;= ysñhka ms<sn| W.;=ka w;r talu;sl;ajhla fkdue;s w;r fmd,aj;af;a nqoaOo;a;
ysñhkaf.a woyi ù ;sfnkafka fuh nqoaOf>daIdpdhH_hkaf.a fkdjQj;a t;=udf.a Ôjk ld,h ;=<§
u lrk ,oaolehs is;u S g ldrKhla ;sfnk nj hs'10 uydpdhH_ T,sj¾ wfíkdhl uy;d
OïumoÜGl:dj nqÿf.dia ysñhkaf.a lD;shla f,i ms<s.kshs'11 Nr;isxy WmdOHdh ish zzmd,s
idys;H ld b;sydiZZ kue;s .%ka:fhys i|yka lrk wdldrhg OïumoÜGl:dj nqoaOf>daI
ysñhkaf.a o keoao hkak u;fNao nj;a" .hs.¾ uy;d o fuh nqoaOf>daI ysñhkaf.a wgqjdjla f,i
ms<sfkd.kakd nj;a i|yka fõ'12 tf;l=ÿ jqj;a idudkH idïm%odhsl ms<s.ekSu ù ;sfnkafka
OïumoÜGl:dj o nqoaOf>daI ysñhkaf.a u lD;shla nj hs' ta i|yd OïumoÜGl:dfjys wjik
oelafjk l;_D ikaoY_kh o Wmia:ïNl fjhs' tys oelafjk wdldrhg zzw;sYhska msßisÿ Y%oaOd nqoaê
ùhH_h iïmkak" YS,dpdr Rcq uqÿ wdÈ .=Kiïmkak" ish iuh iuhdka;rhkays nei.ekSfuys iu;a"
úh;a m%{djlska fyì" idÜGl:d ;%smsgl nqoaOfoaYkfhys fkdkefik [dKm%Ndjlska fyì" ukd
jHdlrK oekqulska hq;a" l%shdiïm;a;sfhka cks; iqjfhka kslauqKq uOqr Wodr jpk ,djKHfhka
hq;a WÑ; joka we;s jd§jr uydlú" Iâ wNs{d ms<sisôhdÈ .=Khkaf.ka hq;a W;=reñksia oyïys
uekúka msysá nqoaêh we;s ia:úr jxYhg m%§mhla n÷ uydúydrhSh NsCIQkaf.a jxihg w,`Ùldrhla
 3

jQ uy;a msßisÿ nqoaêhlska fyì nqoaOf>daI hehs .=rejreka úiska .kakd ,o kï we;s f;reka úiska
lrk ,o Oïumofhys wF:–jK_kdj hsZZ13 hkq fyhska fuys l;_D;ajh nqoaOf>daI ysñhkaf.a kug
mejÍ ;sfí' Wkajykafia úiska isßl=âV ^uydkdu& rcqf.a m%didofhys fjfiñka nKjr
ye;a;Efollska iukaú; fldg OïumoÜGl:dj rpkd lr ;sfí'14
Oïumofhys .d:d 423 la wka;._; jqj o" OïumoÜGl:dfjys oelafjkqfha l:dmqj;a 299
la muKs' thg fya;= ù ;sfnkafka iuyr .d:d lsysmhla u tl ksodk l:djla yd iïnkaO j ;sîu
hs' ta wkqj - hul j._fhys ^.d:d 20& l:d 14 la o" wmamudo j._fhys ^.d:d 12& l:d 09 la o" Ñ;a;
j._fha ^.d:d 11& l:d 09 la o" mqmaM j._fha ^.d:d 16& l:d 11 la o" nd, j._fha ^.d:d 16& l:d 14 la
o" mKaä; j._fha ^.d:d 14& l:d 11 la o" wryka; j._fha ^.d:d 10& l:d 10 la o" iyiai j._fha
^.d:d 16& l:d 14 la o" mdm j._fha ^.d:d 13& l:d 12 la o" oKav j._fha ^.d:d 17& l:d 10 la o" crd
j._fha ^.d:d 11& l:d 09 la o" w;a; j._fha ^.d:d 10& l:d 10 la o" f,dal j._fha ^.d:d 12& l:d 11
la o" nqoaO j._fha ^.d:d 18& l:d 09 la o" iqL j._fha ^.d:d 12& l:d 08 la o" msh j._fha ^.d:d 12&
l:d 09 la o" fldaO j._fha ^.d:d 14& l:d 08 la o" u, j._fha ^.d:d 21& l:d 12 la o" OïuÜG
j._fha ^.d:d 17& l:d 10 la o" u.a. j._fha ^.d:d 17& l:d 10 la o" mlsKaKl j._fha ^.d:d 16& l:d
09 la o" ksrh j._fha ^.d:d 14& l:d 09 la o" kd. j._fha ^.d:d 14& l:d 08 la o" ;Kayd j._fha
^.d:d 26& l:d 12 la o" NslaLq j._fha ^.d:d 23& l:d 12 la o" n%dyauK j._fha ^.d:d 41& l:d 39 la o
jYfhka l:d mqj;a 299 la we;=<;a j ;sfí'15
OïumoÜGl:dj yeoEÍu ;=<ska wm Ôú;j,g ,`.d lr.; yels m%fhdack rdYshls' ta ;=<ska
Ou–{dkh" NdId{dkh fuka u idys;H{dkh o ixjO–kh lr.ekSug yelshdj ie,fia' Oïumo
.d:djkays mqoa.,hdf.a byf,dl mrf,dl WNhdF:– idOkhg fuka u ixidr úuqla;shg wod< Ofu–
damfoaY o we;=<;a jk fyhska ta ms<sn| újrK we;=<;a wgqjdj yeoEÍu ;=<ska ish Ou–{dkh ÈhqKq
lr.kakjd fia u" Wodr mqreIdF:–hkaf.ka fyì iudchlg wjeis udj; o újr fldg Èh yelsh'
fuys idys;Hhsl w`Ù. ióCIKh lrkakjqkag merKs ck iudch" rdcOu–" pdß;%" jdß;%" oY_k"
weoySï" foaYdka;r m%jD;a;s" l,d" Ys,am" Wmud" Wmfïh wdÈ fkdfhla lreKq /ialr .; yelsh'
ish wF:–jK_kd l%uh ;=< wgqjdpdÍka jykafia Ndú; l%ufõoh Ydia;%Sh h'16 tfuka u NdIdj iq.u
h' tksid ish NdId{dkh ÈhqKq lr.ekSfuys ,d W;aiql jkakjqkag fï ;=<ska ,eìh yels msgqn,h
buy;a h'
wÜGl:d md<sh yeoEÍfuys jákdlu
f:rjd§h nqÿoyfuys NdId udOH jkqfha md,s NdIdj hs' th fm<" wgqjd" àld wdÈ
idys;Hhkaf.ka fmdaIs; jQjls' tksid md,s NdIdj wd.ñl NdIdjla f,i y÷kd.ekSu ksjerÈ h'
fuhska fm< hkafkka woyia lrkafka uydldYHm uyry;ka jykafia we;=¿ mkaishhla uyry;a
W;=uka úiska m%:u Ou–i`Ù.S;sfhys§ iqksYaÑ; lrk ,o ;%smsgl nqoaOfoaYkh hs' thg lrk ,o
újrKhka wgqjd yd àld idys;Hhkays úoHudk fõ' wÜGl:d idys;Hd`Ù.h ìysjkqfha wF:– lSu
wruqKq fldgf.k h' nqÿka jykafia Orudk wjêfhys§ u nqÿka jykafia fláfhka foaYs; we;eï
Ou–lreKq úia;r lr.ekSu wjYH lreKla úh' idßmq;a;" uydfldÜÀ;" uydlÉpdkdÈ uyry;a
W;=uka fj;ska ta wjYH;dj iïmQK_ úh' nqoaOmßksj_dKfhka wk;=rej iuia; ;%smsglhg u wF:–
jK_kdjka iïmdokh fldg wdhH_hka jykafia,d úiska mrmqfrka mrmqrg /f.K tk ,È' wkqnqÿ
ñys÷ uyry;ka jykafia ,laÈjg jevu lrk úg idÜGl:d ;%smsglh ,laÈjg /f.K tk ,o
w;r miqj ,dxflah NsCIQkaf.a m%fhdackh msKsi tu wgqjd fy¿nig k.k ,È' ta nj
iqu`Ù.,ú,disks kï §>ksldhÜGl:dfjys m%drïNl .d:djkays i|yka fõ' 17 miq ld,hl§
Ndr;fhka tu wF:–jK_kd w;=reoyka ù hk w;r ,dxflah NsCIQka úiska l%s'j 5 ishji f;la tajd
iq/lsj /f.K tk ,È' wo wm yuqfõ úoHudk jk md,s wgqjd tu fy<gqjd wdY%fhka ilid
.;a;ls' fy<gqjd uQ,dY%h fldg.;a md,s wgqjd weÿrka úiska md,s wÜGl:d rpkd lsÍfuys wruqK
 4

kï f:arjdo nqÿiuh wkq.ukh lrk wka Èjhska jeis NsCIQkag o m%fhdackh f.k fok whqßka
fmf<ys tk ÿrjfndaO jpkj, iy i`Ùl,amj, woyia újrKh lsÍu hs'18 tfia nqoaOo;a;"
nqoaOf>daI" Oïumd,dÈ f;rjreka úiska iïmdokh lrk ,o md,s wÜGl:d idys;Hh yeoEÍu úúO
me;slvhka Tiafia m%fhdackh i,ikakls' wgqjd idys;Hfhys jeo.;alu ksK_h lsÍfï§ woyia
lsysmhla fm<.eiaúh yelsh' tkï"
1. f:arjdoh fyj;a f;rjrekaf.a iïm%odh ;yjqre lsÍu i|yd m%Odk;u uQ,dY%h jYfhka
l%shd lsÍu'
2. nqoaOjpkh ms<sn| meje;s úúO u;su;dka;r ms<sn| wjfndaOhla ,nd.ekSu yd tajd
ksrdlrKh lr.ekSug lsishï wdf,dalhla iemhSu'
3. ;%smsglh yd iïnkaOj f.dvke.=Kq miqld,Sk ixjO–kd;aul woyia ms<sn| wjfndaOhla
,nd.ekSug Wmldr ùu'
4. nqÿoyfï m%dfhda.sl l%shdldß;ajh yd uQ,sl nqÿiufhys l%shdldß;ajh yd ksj_dKh"
máÉpiuqmamdoh" p;=rdhH_ i;Hh jeks nqÿoyfï yrhka ms<sn| ksoiqka u.ska fmkajd §u'
5. nqÿiufha b;sydih yd ,laÈj fn!oaO b;sydih iïnkaO j lghq;= lsÍfuys ,d uQ,dY%hj,g
m%Odk ;ekla ysñlr §u'
6. úúO jK_kdl%u u.ska .eUqre Ou–mohka újrKh lsÍu'
7. mqrdK wgqjd yd mqrdK wgqjd ,CIK .ek f;dr;=re iemhSu'
8. ixialD; wgqjd ,CIK .ek f;dr;=re iemhSu19 hkdÈh hs'
wgqjd rpkfha§ wgqjdpdÍka jykafia,d .=refldg .kakd ,oafoa uydúydr kh hs' uydúydr kh
hkq tjl úiQ NsCIQkaf.a u;su;dka;r fkdj nqoaO ld,fhys mgka mej; wdjd jQ wF:–l:k l%ufõoh
hs' wkqnqÿ ñys÷ ysñhka ,laÈjg f.fkk ,o wF:–l:k iuQyh nqoaOld,hg iuld,Sk" nqoaOjpkh
ms<sn| jvd;a ksjerÈ W;=uka úiska f.dvk.k ,oaols' tksid tys úYajikSh Ndjh ms<sn| .eg¨jla
we;s fkdfõ'
uydmßksj–dK iQ;%fhys oelafjk wdldrhg nqÿka jykafiaf.a wfmaCIdj jQfha NsCIq" NsCIqKs"
Wmdil" Wmdisld hk isõjKla msßi zzjHla;" úkS;" úidro" nyqY%e;" Ou–Or" Ou–dkqOu–m%;smkak"
iuHlam%;smkak" wkqOïupdÍ" iajlSh wdpdhH_jdoh bf.k mjik" foik" mKjk" msysgqjk" újD;
lrk" fnod olajk" m%lg lrk" my< jk mrm%jdohka lreKq iys; j ì|fy<k" ksjk wruqKq
fldg oyï foikZZ msßila jkq oelSu hs'20 Ydik b;sydih úuiSfuys § tys,d jeä ldhH_Ndrhla
mejÍ ;snqfKa NsCIQka w; nj fmfka' by; wruqKq iM, lr.ekSfuys ,d ukd Ou–djfndaOhla fia
u iqmika Ou–phH_djla o wjYH flf¾' Ou–h ms<sn| úúO úlD;s woyia fyda ;u oekqug yd
wdl,amhkag wkqj kdkd,íê fyda fkdf.k" Ou–h ms<sn| ksYaÑ; wF:–l:k wgqjd ;=<ska bÈßm;a
j we;s fyhska NsCIqjla jYfhka wgqjd mßYS,kh lsÍu ;=<ska Ou–h ms<sn| meyeÈ,s ksrjq,a
wjfndaOhla we;s lr.; yelsh' ksoiqkla f,i Oïumofhys msh j._fha tk zziS,oiaikiïmkakxZZ
hk .d:dfjys oelafjk zzw;a;fkd lïul=índkxZZ21 hkak oelaúh yel' tys ;ukag wh;a
ldhH_Ndrh l=ula oehs jgyd .ekSug wgqjd újrKh w;sYfhdamldÍ ù ;sfí'
ft;sydisl lreKq .fõIKh lsÍfuys ,d uQ,dY%h .%ka: jYfhka o wgqjdjkays we;s
jákdlu buy;a h' l%s'j 5 ishji f;la ,dxflah ckÔú;h" rdcH md,kh yd Ydiksl ;;aFjh
.fõIKh lsßfuys§ f;dr;=re rdYshla wkdjrKh lr.; yelsh' tysÈ"
1. wd¾Ól ;;aFjh 4. iduhsl ;;aFjh
2. foaYmd,ksl ;;aFjh 5. isß;a úß;a
3. idudðl ;;aFjh 6. mqrdúoHd;aul
 5

wdÈ jYfhka úúO f;audjka Tiafia lreKq wkdjrKh lr.; yelsh' tksid ft;sydisl uQ,dY%hla
jYfhka o wgqjd iqúfYaIs jákdlula orhs'
md,s idys;Hfhys ixjO–kh úIfhys o md,s wgqjd idys;Hfhka uy;a fufyhla isÿúh'
úfYaIfhka f,!lsl idys;Hhlg WÑ;dldrfhka md,s idys;H" wgqjd idys;Hfhys m%Njh;a iu.
ixjO–kh úh' fmf<ys tk ir, rpkd ffY,sh fjkqjg ixlSK_ ´fcda .=Kh iys; jK_kd;aul
NdId ffY,shla o we;eï wgqjd jK_khkays wka;._; fõ' tfia u ffjosl ixialD;fha meje;s
ksrela;s l%uh fjkqjg md,shg úfYaI ksrela;s l%uhla oelaùug reÑ lrñka kdu jrke.Sïys
úNla;s wg zzmÉp;a;" Wmfhd." lrK" iïm%odk" ksiailal" idñ" N=ïu" wd,mkZZ hkqfjka olajd
we;' fï ksid md,s NdIdfõ l%ñl l%uúldYh yd wgqjd rpkfhys§ Ndú; l%uYs,am yd ksK_dhl
wOHhkh o wgqjd idys;Hh ;=<ska isÿl< yelsh' fun÷ lreKq /ila ksidfjka wgqjd idys;Hh
yeoEÍu iqúfYaIs jákdlulska hq;= nj y÷kd.; yelsh'
NsCIq wdl,am ixjO–kfhys ,d OïumoÜGl:dfjys we;=<;a l:djia;+kays Wmfhda.S;dj
wgqjd l:djkays wka;._; WmfoaYhka NsCIq Èúh Tmj;a lr.ekSug fldf;la ÿrg jeo.;a
fõ o hkak msh j.a.hg wh;a my-yh-y; ^wks;aÓ.kaO l=udrhdf.a l:djia;=j" tla;rd
nuqfKl=f.a l:djia;=j" mkaishhla orejkaf.a l:djia;=j& hk l:d ;=K weiqfrka fuys§ úuid
n,kq ,efí' nqÿoyu ;=< meúoao wF:–j;a ù we;af;a u ixidr úuqla;sh mokï fldg f.K h' ta
i`oyd mdol jkqfha Ôú;h yd f,dalh ms<sn`o j mj;akd jQ h:djfndaOh hs'
iuia; i;aFj m%cdj u fï ;=ka f,dalh yd we|ne| ;ndf.K isákqfha ;DIaKdj úisks'
ÿlaL iuqoh wdhH_ i;Hh hgf;a nqÿka jykafia újrKh lrk ,oafoa tu lreK hs' msh j.a.fhys
miajk yd yhjk l:djia;+ka ;=<ska nqÿka jykafia fmkajd § ;sfnkafka zzldufhys yd
;DIaKdfjysZZ wd§kjh hs' ldujia;k + ays iajNdjh kï ;uka wfmaCId lrk whqßka tajdfhys
l%shdldßFjh bgq jk f;la iqjhla f.K§u;a" tfia fkdjk l,ays ÿl" fYdalh yd Nh f.K§u;a
h' ta nj wjOdrKh lrk nqÿka jykafia iq;a; ksmd;d.; wÜGl j._hg wh;a ldu iQ;%fhys §
zzjia;=lduh leue;s jk mqoa.,hd yg bÈka ta lduh iuDoaO jkafka kï" tl,ays ta mqoa.,hd
leue;s jQ jia;=j ,en taldka;fhka i;=gq is;e;af;la jk nj;a" tfia u jia;=lduh leue;s jk"
Wmka ;DIaKd we;s tu mqoa.,hdf.a ta lduiïm;a msßfya kï tl,ays Tyq yS myr ,oafol= fuka
mSvdjg m;alrk nj;aZZ22 fmkajd ÿkay'
wksFÓ.kaOl=udrhdf.a l:djia;=j úuiSfï§ by; nqoaOdkqYdikh uekúka úYo fõ' ñksi;a
Njhg meñKSug fmr ldu i`Ùl,amkd úrys; n%yau f,dalhl jdih l< o" ñksi;a Njh ;=<
lduh úiska Tyq j .%yKhg k;=lr .kakd ,o wdldrh ;=<ska wNdú; is;la hï hï wdldrfhka
hgm;a lrk ldui[afÉ;kdjka kej; kej; biau;= ùfuys ,d wjldY mj;akd nj uekúka
lshd fohs' m[apkSjrK Ou– ;djld,sl j hgm;a l< o th ienE úuqla;sh fkdfõ' tksid NsCIq
Ôú;h ;=< jqj ksrka;r Ndú; is;la we;slr.ekSug hful= wiu;a jQfha kï Tyq lduhg k;=ùug
wjldY mj;sk nj y÷kd.; yelsh' ukdj fifj,s fkdl< f.h jeis oyr úiska úksúo hkakd
fia ukdj fkdjevQ is; rd.h úiska úksúo hk nj uq,ska ckmo l,Ksh flfrys;a miqj
ÈjHdmairdjka flfrys;a we¨Kq kkao f;reka ksñ;s fldg nqÿka jykafia foaYkd l< fial'23
f,!lslFjh ;=< ñksid úiska f.dvk.k wfkalúO wfmaCIdjkays wdjidksl m%;sM,h
fndfyda úg ÿlaLodhl úhyels nj tla;rd n%dyauKfhl=f.a l:djia;=fjka mila fõ'
M,ksIam;a;sh olajd u W;aidyfhka wfmaCId iy.; j lghq;= l< nuqKdf.a ish¨ wfmaCIdjka
úkdY jQfha tl u tl isÿùulsks' ;uka úiska fndfyda fjfyi uykais ù uy;a wfmaCId iuQyhla
isf;ys ordf.K ilia l< l=Uqf¾ wiajekak fk,Sug tla Èkla ;sìh § rd;%sfhys jg uyjeiaig
yiqj úkdY ù .sfhah' thska wm%udK ÿllg m;aùug Tyqg isÿúh' tu nuqKdf.a Ôjk w;aoelSu
 6

´kEu fudfyd;l wmf.a o Ôjk w;aoelSula úh fkdyels hehs wm lsisfjl=g;a iaÓr j mejish
yels fkdfõ' ;uka úiska uy;a wfmaCId iy.; j isÿlrk ´kEu lghq;a;la fudfyd;lska úkdY
ù hd yelsh' fï ms<sn| .eUqre Ôú; mß{dkhla ish oyr wjêfhys mgka f.dvkxjd .ekSu NsCIq
Ôú;hla w,afmaÉP ika;=Iaá;d§ .+Khkaf.ka fmdaIKh lr.eKSug w;sYfhdamldÍ fõ'
iuia;hla f,i tu l:djia;= fol u wjOdrKh lrkafka f,!lsl wfmaCIdjkaf.a wd§kj
iys; nj hs' fï jkdys ish ÔjkoY_kh lr.; hq;a;ls' wm úiska ,nk wOHdmkh wdÈ ish,a,l
u uQ,sl wruqK úh hq;f a ;a yqÿ oekqu muKla fkd j ÔjkoY_kh o mq¿,a lr.ekSu hs' nqÿka
jykafia NsCIQka jykafia,dg wjOdrKh lrk ,oafoa zzm%{dj ke;s ;eke;a;dg OHdkhla ke;s
nj;a" OHdkhla ke;s ;eke;a;dg m%{djla o ke;s nj;a h' tfia u hful= ;=< OHdk m%{d fol u
fõ kï Tyq taldka;fhka u ksjkg ióm j jdih lrkafkl= nj;a h'ZZ24 iuh iuhdka;rhkays
m;< mq¿,a oekqula we;s fndfyda fokdf.a Ôú;fhka iekis,a, m,df.dia ;sfnkafka fuu
wjfndaOh is;a i;kays ;yjqrej fkdmj;akd neúks' tksid wfmaCId iy.; ´kEu fohl wysñ
ùu fYdalh yd ìh msKsi mokï jk nj wjfndaO lr.ekSug wksFÓ.kaO l=udrhdf.a yd tla;rd
nuqfKl=f.a hk l:djia;= foflka NsCIq Ôú;hg ukd mdvula lshdfohs'
nqÿoyu uki uQ,sl fldg.;a oyula jk fyhska wksFÓ.kaO l=udrhdf.a l:djia;=j yd
tla;rd n%dyauKfhl=f.a l:djia;=j mqoa.,hd uqyK q fok fndfyda ixlSK_;djkays udkisl miqìu
uekúka ksrEms; h' wm úiska ish,a,la u w,a,d f.K isákafka ish is;sks' Oïumofhys m<uq
.d:doajfhka wjOdrKh ù we;s wdldrhg wm Ôú;fhys ish,a, l%shd;aul jkqfha uki uQ,sl
lrf.K h' tksid hï m%Yakhla .eg¨jla we;s jQ ;ek wjfndaOfhka uki úksúo oelsh yels kï
tajd ish,af,ys uQ,sh ie`.j mj;skqfha ish is; ;=< u nj mila lr.; yelsh' nqÿka jykafiaf.a
Ou–djjdohka Y%jKh lsÍfuka miq j ish is; Tiafia h:dF:–h úksúo ÿgq wksFÓ.kaO l=udrhd fia
u ish l=Uqr úkdY ùu fya;=fjka ÿlg m;a ù isá n%dyauKhd o isf;ys iykh w;aúkafoah' nqÿka
jykafia fï i|yd NsCIQkag ks¾foaY fldg ;sfnkafka zzm%;HfõCIKhZZ hs' tkï kqjKska úuid
ne,Su hs' nqÿka jykafia l=vd rdyq, ysñhkag wkqYdikd lrk ,oafoa ldhsl" jdpisl yd udkisl
l%shdjka úuid n,d l%shd;aul lrk f,i hs'25 ish oyr wjêfhys isg u meúÈ Èúh wF:–j;a
lr.ekSfuys,d by; l:doajh ufkdaúoHd;aul j úuid n,k l,ays ,eìh yels msgqn,h buy;a
nj mila fjhs'
l,a h,a n,d lghq;= lsÍu" m%fhda.YS,s nj Ôú;hl w;HjYHfhka ixjO–kh lr.; hq;=
.=Kd`Ù.hls' wksFÓ.kaO l=udrhd ish ;reK úh f;la u ldka;djka flfrys fkd we¨Kq is;ska
hq;= j jdih lf<ah' foudmshka újdy fhdackd f.Ktoa§ tajd m%;sfCIam lf<ah' ;jÿrg;a m%;sfCIam
fkd l< yels ;;aFjhla Wod jQ l,ays Tjqkaf.a is;a fkd ßojd ;ukaf.a o wruqK bgqlr.eKSug
m%fhda.hla fhoùh' foudmsfhda o ;u W;aidyh w;a fkd y<y' tys m%;sM,hla jYfhka l=urd
bÈl< rka rejg;a jvd refjka nenf<k l=ußhla fidhd.eKSug Tjqkag yelsúh' refjka rkarej
mrok ;reKshla fidhd.sh fiajl msßi uÿ rg id., kqjrg f.dia rka rej .x bjqfrys ;enQy'
tys m%;sM,hla jYfhka rkarej n÷ ;reKshla fjfik ia:dkh fidhd.eKSug yelsúh' fï ish¨
lreKq wmg tla lreKla m%;HCI fldg fohs' tkï" keye-neye hehs fkd mjid ish ldhH_M,h
idF:–l lr.eKSug wjxlj lemù l%shdl< hq;= nj hs' kqjK jkdys Whdf.k lEug fkdj úuid
n,d lghq;= lsÍu i|yd jk nj l=Kav,flaiS l:djia;=fjys i|yka fjhs' tksid NsCIq Ôú;hla
;=< wfkaldldrfhka mek k.sk .eg¨ l<ukdlrKh .eKSfuys ,d fuka u ÈhqKq lr.; hq;=
.=Kd`Ù. jvjd .eKSug by; l%shdldßFjhka ;=<ska fmkajd fok m%dfhda.sl nqoaêfhys w.h
jgyd.; yelsh'
wjk; Ndjh jQ l,s Ôú;hlg wjYH jk ;j;a .=Kd`Ù.hls' wksFÓ.kaO l=udrhd ;u
wNsu;h mfilska ;nd foudmshkaf.a wNsu;hg wkqj l%shdlsÍug lghq;= lf<ah' foudmsfhda o ish
 7

;reK mq;Kqjkaf.a fldkafoaishg tl`. jQy' ´kEu iudc ixia:djl ta ta wjêfhys l%shd;aul
jk mqoa., ufkdaNdjhka y÷kd.eKSfuys ,d jk yelshdfjys jeo.;alu fï lreK wmg mila
fldg fohs' wfkHdakH wjfndaOhlska msß .=re-isiq ine¢hdjla we;slr.eKSug kï" ñksid
fjkqfjka ;j;a ñksfila ksu–dKh lsÍug kï Ydiksl iïm%odh ;=< tlsfkldg wjk; j
tlsfkld y÷kdf.K ksjerÈj lghq;= lsÍu b;du;a jeo.;a fjhs'
ye¢ fkd.d yok lsß fydoao;a" o`vqjï fkdfldg yok orej;a tl jf.a hehs lshukla
iudcfhys mj;s' tlS lshufkys i;H;dj mila lrkakls" id., kqjr ;reKshg w;a jQ
wjdikdjka; brKu' wksFÓ.kaO l=udrhdf.a ìß| jYfhka weh /f.k tk .ufka§ we;s jQ .uka
fjfyi ksid weh ñh .shdh' Ôú;fhys lsis÷ fjfyila fkdú| iqfldu, whqßka .;lrk whg
ÿIalr wjia:djkag uqyqK§ug wmyiq nj bka mila fõ' NsCIq Ôú;h jQ l,s tfia úh hq;= fkdfõ'
´kEu ÿIalr wjia:djl oDV wêIaGdkfhka hq;= j ldhslj;a" udkislj;a th ordf.K lghq;=
lsÍfuys yelshdjla NsCIqjlg mej;sh hq;=h' nqÿka jykafia fõr[acdfjys jia t<U úiQ iufhys
we;s jQ ÿ¾NsCIh fya;=fldgf.K wdydr imhd.eKSu b;du;a ÿIalr lghq;a;la úh' jia ;=kaudih
mqrdjg nqÿka jykafia we;=¿ NsCIQka jykafia,d wdydrh imhd .;af;a fj<| lKavdhula úiska
,ndÿka hjyd,a fldgd ilid .eKSfuks' fuda,a .ia jxf.äj, .efgk Yíoh wid wdkkao
ysñhkaf.ka ta lreK úuid oek.;a nqÿka jykafia th b;du;a w.h l< fial' zzi;amqreI jQ
Tn,d úiska ÿ¾NsCIh;a" f,daNh;a Èkk ,o nj;a" mYaÑu ck;dj uia yd ye,aid,an;g mjd wjuka
lrkq we;ehsZZ mejiQy' fooyia jilg jvd furg fn!oaO b;sydih iqrCIs; jQfha o tjeks NsCIQka
jykafia,df.a l%shdldß;ajh ksidfjks' tksid Ydiksl j;ams<sfj;ays Wlg,S fkd ù" ,dN
f,daNhkag ji`. fkdù wd;audF:–h yd mrdF:–h úIfhys fhduq jQ is;ska hq;=j il%Sh Ôú;hla
.;lsÍfï w.h bka y÷kd.; yelsh'
tla;rd n%dyauKfhl=f.a l:djia;=fjys oelafjk wdldrhg i;amqreIlfuys wñ, jákdlu
o uekúka mila lr.; yelsh' Èk lsysmhla ;uka lrd meñK lrk ldhH_ ms<sn| úuiSu u nqÿka
jykafiaj ish ñ;%fhl= f,iska ie,lSug nuqKdg m%udKj;a úh' nqÿka jykafia n÷ W;a;ufhl=
ish ñ;=frl= f,iska i,ld Ôú;hg ,x lr.ekSug l,amkd lsÍfuka nuqKdg wñ, iïm;la
Wodlr .ekSug yelsúh' meKj;d meKj;d f,iskq;a" .=Kj;d .=Kj;d f,iskq;a oek y÷kdf.K
weiqre lsÍfuys jákdlu thska wmg lshdfohs' iyDo;ajfha ienE jákdlu /£ mj;skqfha mqoa.,hd
iefmka Ôj;a jk wjia:djg jvd ÿlg m;a jQ wjia:djkays§ h' nqÿka jykafia foaYkd lrk ,oafoa
iuia; nqoaOYdikh l,HdK ñ;%;ajh u; r|d mj;sk nj hs' 26 tksid l,HdK ñ;%fhl= ùfï
jákdlu fuka u l,HdK ñ;%hka Ôú;h jgd tl;= lr.ekSfï jákdlu o tla;rd
n%dyauKfhl=f.a l:djia;=j wmg uekúka mila fldg fohs'
mkaishhla orejkaf.a l:djia;=fjka fmkajd fokqfha .=Kh lrKfldg fï iudchg u
m%shukdm NsCIqjla úh yels nj hs' f;f<ia Oq;dÙ.hka wkqj ish Ôú;h meje;ajQ uydldYHm
uyry;ka jykafia f,dl= l=vd" foõ ñksia fNaohla fkdue;sj ish,a,kaf.a f.!rjdorhg m;a jQ
uyry;ka jykafia kuls' ´kEu pß;hla ukdj f.dvkxjd .ekSfï§ wdoY_ pß; Wmfhda.S
lr.eKSu w;sYhska jeo.;a jkakls' ta wkqj j;au;a oyr NsCIQkag uydldYHm uyry;a pß;fhka
.;yels wdoY_ fndfyda h' nqÿka jykafia jod< wdldrhg hï NsCIq Ôú;hla ;=< zzYS,h" iuH.a
oY_kh" h:dF:– oY_kh" ;%sYsCId mQrKhZZ hk .=KdÙ.hka m%lg fõ kï tu NsCIq Ôú;h .=Kiqj¢ka
msß Ôú;hla njg m;a fõ' tksid meúÈ Èúhla kï fujka .=Khkaf.ka fidaNs; jQjla úh hq;= nj
mkaishhla orejkaf.a l:djia;=fjka wmg lshdfohs'
uydldYHm uyry;ka jykafia flfrys m%ikak jQ orejkaf.a l%shdl,dmh iïnkaOfhka
fiiq NsCIQka jykafia,d úiska bÈßm;a l< fpdaokd mqyÿq ka ñksia Èúfhys ;j;a tla me;slvla
újrKh lrkakls' idudkH ñksid fndfyda úg mCI.%dyS j yd oDIaá.%dys;ajfhka hqla; j lghq;=
 8

lrhs' ta jkdys wfma Èúhg o fmdÿ úh yelalls' hï hï woyia" i`Ùl,am ish uki ;=< r|jd
f.K lghq;= lsÍu ksid ñksia Èúfhys fndfyda ixlSK_;d ksu–dKh lrk whqre nqÿka jykafia
iq;a; ksmd;d.; wÜGl j._hg wh;a iQ;% lsysmhl§ u fmkajd § we;' tksid hula ÿgq muKska"
weiq muKska ndysr jYfhka muKla .%yKh fldg fkdf.K wNHka;rhg f.dia úksúo oelSfï
yelshdj ÈhqKq lr.eKSu lsisfjla yd lsisjla iu. fkd.eà isáfï yelshdj ÈhqKq lr.eKSug
msysg msKsi mj;S'
ks.ukh
OïumoÜGl:dfjys tk fndfyda l:djia;= úuiSfï§" tajd NsCIq Ôú;h Tmj;a
lr.ekSfuys,d idoY_ jYfhka Ndú; l< yels ukd foaYkd yd l:dmqj;a jk nj fmfka' ish Èúh
;=< y< hq;= ÿ.=K yd jvjd .; hq;= iq.=K uekúka fmkakï flfrk tlS l:djia;+kays mqoa.,
l%shdldß;ajhka ufkdaúoHd;aul j ú.%y ù ;sfí' oDIaá.%dys;ajh" mCI.%dys;ajh yd wdodk.%dys;ajh
jkdys mqoa., Ôú;hg ydkslr nj uekúka mila lrjk wksFÓ.JO l=udrhdf.a wdÈ l:djia;=
;=K NsCIq Ôú;hg iÿmfoaYhka f.Kfok" NsCIq wdl,am ukdj ixjO–kh lr.eKSfuys ,d
Wmfhda.S;dfjka hq;a idoY_j;a l:djia;= nj i|yka l< yelsh'
wdka;sl igyka
1. [dKr;k kdysñ" je,s.u" ^1995&" isxy,dkqjdo iys; Oïumoh" fn!oaO .%ka: m%ldYk iñ;sh" ¸« msgqj'
2. Oïudkkao ysñ" ul=remafma" Oïumo úpdrh" 1993" 1 msgqj'
3. [dKiSy kdysñ" uqj.u" ^2015&" ufkdarxckS isxy, Oïumoh" weï' ã' .=Kfiak iud.u" ¸¸ msgqj'
4. úu,[dK ysñ" kdTgqkafka" ^1995&" Oïumoh ^úuY_kd;aul wOHhkhla&" iuhjO–k uqøKd,h" ¸º msgqj'
5. [dKiSy kdysñ" uqj.u" ^2015&" ufkdarxckS isxy, Oïumoh" weï' ã' .=Kfiak iy iud.u" ¸¹ msgqj'
6. Oïudkkao ysñ" ul=remafma" ^1993&" Oïumo úpdrh" 15 msgqj'
7. Oïumd, ysñ" w¨;a.u" ^2014&" ishjil Wreuh - m%dÖk m%drïN idys;H ióCId" Y%S Ou–md, uymsßfjK" 98
msgqj'
8. OïumoÜGl:d ¸" fyajdú;drK .%J:Ndrh" 01 msgqj'
9. tu - 1 msgqj'
10. nqoaOo;a; kdysñ" fmd,aj;af;a" ^2007&" md,s idys;Hh" r;ak fmd;a m%ldYlfhda" 197 msgqj'
11. m[a[dr;k ysñ" uyñ;j" Oïñl ysñ" my<.u" ^2009&" uydpdhH_ T,sj¾ wfíkdhl md,s wOHhk úuY_k"
úfÊiQßh .%ka: flaJøh" 50 msgqj'
12. m[a[dls;a;s ysñ" ysßmsáfha ^mß&" ^2003&" md,s idys;Hfha b;sydih" weia' f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda" 441 msgqj'
13. OïumoÜGl:d ¸¸" fyajdú;drK .%J:Ndrh" 693 msgqj'
14. tu - 693 msgqj'
15. tu - 693 msgqj'
16. jkr;k" rkað;a" ^2002&" OïumoÜGl:d jkr;k jHdLHd" iuhjO–k uqøKd,h" 13 msgqj'
17. iquå.,ú,diskS kdu §>ksldhÜGl:d" fyajdú;drK .%ka: Ndrh" 01 msgqj'
18. tu - 01 msgqj'
19. Wmr;k ysñ" fldáhd.," ^2007&" md,s wÜGl:d idys;Hh m%Njh yd úldYh" weia' f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda"
81-82 msgq'
20. oS'ks ¸¸" uydmßksíndk iQ;%h" nq'c';%s'uq" 176-178 msgq'
21. OïumoÜGl:d ¸¸" fyajdú;drK .%ka: Ndrh" 488 msgqj'
22. iq;a; ksmd;h" wÜGl j._h" lduiq;a;x" nq'c';%s'uq" 242 msgqj'
23. [dKr;k kdysñ" je,s.u" ^1995&" isxy,dkqjdo iys; Oïumoh" hul j._h" fn!oaO .%ka: m%ldYk iñ;sh"
09 msgqj'
24. tu - NsCIq j._h" 372 msgqj'
25. u'ks ¸¸" NsCIq j._h" wïn,ÜÀl rdyqf,djdo iQ;%h" nq'c';%s'uq" 130-140 msgq'
26. ix'ks ¸" fldai, ixhq;a;h" l,HdKñ;a; iQ;%h" nq'c';%s'uq" 162 msgqj'