IR mteun ational anisations

ASEAN

US g1mn_coID-1 Asean Respone Jund.

pce Ra malia
cemtualiy h 1
tonein poliu (SAGAR & Indo)
matimeAAiaM AOt of bada & eugt)
ennestt oppotunittes
wneative mkt
COuntAina chima (tan e s Las a
|Balancen)
tration wit Maenal fi qLobal se chatn
addresing nenomal u ent tues.
kaiue oSAARC Lodk oteide the
Aiqon
ay foRnOOrA
.bainaimg man m (sCRI
ultual connect
eiew F1A to AluematniM t
Aoia ASEAN Relauens
1992 2002
Paubni paubn
Abottgie
parbnir
Astan L Ym Lages tiading poaubnei

Ccopuauton Economic
pol 4Rcwity CARF. AD MM+
ADto cuurwal ro oliapea is în
Aeam
Connectvtty MT KMP )
Acitme a teoh
&ED Devt Fund
A-L
twionment CA-T Geen Fund)
 BRICS
d w eco Kowth
50
42 o pop

3 o w GDP n 2018

Agniticance
-

Aae apace to Tmodluulate abvou

20olt DOkloam)
eg: I-Chia eMagrd ewen ditma
- PMovtoluing a tnanucentimerttal aach
bDAtina la dol kov inatal nakms
im{in'al aeh.(NDË
Cenbi6" tn neatuia an ndue
Taade dapendency
SD e t
enpanMon agemdla to tme
cC,
focu on R4.0Q
membeu
anenr
Cholenge Despanities
Chnese negonal
qlobal
ambition

ApiCion about
mkoms no unanim
-

matal
-appAoach towonds aFc d&
inst" CGaouueng
- Dependina en c h e r qlobol
pnouny
ehanqing ooNd onde
NDB al eompaAed o hOB/ [MF)
Ho capial en
touo ntha COwta WAolee.

Athievements - NDB)
Obr Fo4 C4
62 l a g e PMojects
CRA BRIC
ceep'- CHa Deolaatun (201s)
1
medical
ootd n 2018
voccine RAD Cwd
2015
bRICS ST Innov ( STI) FAamewOAk Phoq,
- Enpanding toda lIO o, tnia B eapets tby us1.
BRICS Ropla mo Secuuy couuncu.

wE ottom uP Pa o pt 90)
ules basea
bAoiluaa Declara non PALAemted a vLLOn Ro
YOn dACUM. golba taode
opaAnt,
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0+ qw GDPJ *5+ qobaul uade, Got o pop
ob policy ceend"
a hacks
pAOm ote ginl
new ensthi pinal anch hnance Shepa

Smpotance 1 policy cohnnce, ananis to app

gowtn & devt n den counbies .
a b u m g enw t e nctuutve qtobol qaot & olew
uppos women iauu. Aqenda 2030, HaneNAM tC
4 GLoboal Mpm

ACteements 2008 GFC

timal etoRma (LCEPS)
bolteing tinal negulotey 6odies qualit
upport ecenamies dwung c-19.
TAaote tacuitation Agreement
amodir capacity lIMF
g l enoug to nmake piompt decsdons C20 membUu
Challengs - yo obj {l to a tqoals measuue oKua
evey onty odods neuw LMRA dnig i paAAÍAlun
vwirity membes
-mot aue alxou
tuly tmplemunted
weakened authoty ouue to domúnance tMtauoan
tusa

P Continuiu iues
PONLe Atuati io losionn
4 gthun tues with UN
obuust qtobal SS Chains
 SCo etu
muubal t u u t , bentit. equalt
Shanghaispisit
-

peunmunent bodte
Head Sat Secaut ut
Coune
RATS
councd
Stuce
424 pop". 201 GDP

ReLeance
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paticponi tm pol durami ARaha
pot: Auneud beO Lal t s
Atrataie: quout ibiity n ttauu
guastA i o .
M

conneebeiy TAPI. 1P1, CASA100D electjcity Ranm

Challenaes-DOminomee Chunaa
akistan spon0LA teinonism
contolng
- w r dezicid

4o connectivit witn CAR E betmd

maintaim ndepemont v o l
WE
i t a i z e Connertluty
covutuucbivey mgage Pouk
o k

Tenoni dleradtcal 4 O A
 SAARC M1985
Last summit in 2014
2016 summit cancelled due to Pathankot and Uri attacks
2020virtual conference and health ministers meet to
response. cooperate on covid

Issues with SAARC:

YColonial legacy: Still entrapped in colonial legacy of
boundaries, etc. communalism, unclear
Mutual mistrust: does not allow regional integration and
it
,Europe). cooperation (contrast
Trade: low regional trade leads to low integration, LSb &aus leobt ntgale
Domination: fear of India's
hegemonic role in the region. Btg DADthA
Bilateral issues: India-Pak rivalry remains biggest obstacle for SAARC
Charter: SAARC charter does not allow discussion
issues on contentious and bilateral
v u o ConnRstiitu
mo focus on pol i u e at eco
Need to revive SAARC:
aCommon issues: poverty, development, climate
Interdependence: cross-border rivers; landlockedchange.and Himalayas
members; lack resource self
sufficiency of
OEU and ASEAN: living examples of regional cooperation
Significance for India: bringing economic growth
Check China's influence by
engaging neighbors in economic cooperation
I t offers India a
platform to showcase its leadership abiliies.
Way forward:
Create mechanism for
informal discussions dPN S.nan tdenttu
Form Conflict conciliation groups for resolving disputes.
Expedite sub-regional initiatives like BBiIN motor eett imple q SAFTA.
vehicle agreement.
Inra IMS TEC ode CtH) Imtia SAARC thodils)
Notable Smetautiives) NEPAL
bSAU FGHANISTAN PAKISTAN
BHUTAN
Food bunk
pouwer MLK id iNDIA BANGLADES

SRI LANKA
ML VES

AMan agima coat a01 highl an Atan

Mains 2020
Class-48: Page 7 All Inclusive 1ASS
 14 Sect SAAimste
Chante
Dec M Phak a
BIMSTEC
Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperotion
be signed in January 2021.
BIMSTEC charter has been finalized and is expected to
I t will give BIMSTEC a long tern1 vision and clearly outlines the roles and
institutional structures.
responsibilities of different
Founded in 1997 through Bangkok declaration
Secretariat in Dhaka established in 2014.
Sri Lanka, Thailand Economic Cooperation
1997 June : BIST-EC; Bangladesh, India,
1997 December:Myanmar joins
2004: Nepal and Bhutan also join

Significancefor india:
No Pakistan, so a better alternative to SAARC. cooperation.
Restrict Chineseinfluence by stronger economic Supports India's neighborhood
Bridge between South Asia and South-East Asia.
first and Act East policies.
due to geographical
Bring more development opportunities to India's NE region
location
The region has huge untapped reserves of naturalgas.

Challenges
years.]Delay in setting up
Limited interaction: Only four summits in last 20
Secretariat. L20l4 the first military
did not participate in Milex-18,
Lacksunity: Nepal& Thailand
exercise by BIMSTEC.

Connectivity: Poor road and rail connectivity

Way forward: economic cooperation

ConcludeFTA for greater
Consider expandingmembership toindonesia, Malaysia,
Singapore

BIMSTEC

Class-48 : Page 8 All InclusivelAS

Mains 2020
 2 oCeans ane a Aingle, snoaad

Abategc apeAL E wnat haPPAMA mn

1 Aas inplicolioma w oth

Indo-Pacific conluence ohSeas
Indo-Pacific:
Area ranging from easterncoastof Africa towestern coast of Americas.
It signifies the interconnectedness of Indian and Pacific Oceans, and their
importance to security.and commerce.

Growing focuson Indo-Pacific: Quad 20

Quadrestarted in response to China's growing influence in Indo-Pacific (2017)
USA.renamed its Pacific CommandtoIndo-Pacific Command (2018)
MEA set up a separate division on Indo-pacific (2019)
Germany announced itsIndo-PacificstrategySept. 2020)

Global
Rise of
focus shifting to indo-pacific because:
majoreconomic powers e.g. China and India.
Formation of
Presence
important tradeblocseg.RCEP (world's largest)
ofnatural resources e.g. rare earth metals, methane.hydrates
Fear of Chinesedomination:
Militarization of South China sea islands
Refusal to follow PCA ruling on South China Sea
Leasing of islands(Maldives)and ports(SriLanka)

india'svision of Indo-Pacific: FO PIOP

Rules based order, respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity
nine dash line violates territorial integrity of SE Asian nations
Freedom of navigation
FONOPSs in South China Seaby US, UK,Australia, etc.
Responding power projections with partnerships
Quad in response to China'sdomination
What India wants from Indo-Pacific?
Reduce Chinese presence (ports, islands, submarines)
Enhance own presence (Assumption islandin Seychelles; Duqm port of Oman)
B e a net security provider for small nations and international shippingroutes.

Challenges India foce:

Economically not big enough to match Chinese investments in small countries.
Low economic integration.India not part of RCEP.
Limited Naval capacity,e-g India has just 20submarines, China has 70
Aggressive maritimestrategy can create problems onland border
Way forward: .Pveo centialil
JoinBlue Dot networktocounterChineseBRI ASEAt.
Strategicuse of A&Nislands; more pacts like Comcasa, Lemoa, Beca
More collaboration with likeminded countries, e.g. Quad.. Quadt-
Autay
FAOLNC

Mains 2020 Class-49: Page 1 All Inclusive IAS

 Cuadl Summi
.ealobal health donatu .2bn ooSLS
VACcin
ee Heauth Sieumie uadrilaterasecurity Dialogue uw
oo day Quad:
MAO Quod: Australia.
VOX Informal strategic forum between India, USA, Japan,
Maintained by semi-regular summits, information exchanges and military drills.
a. Suad Started in 2007 bn initiative of Japanese PM Shinzo Abe, to establish an "Asian Arc

Sna ceo0d of Democracy" in

Goup Inactive for 10 years;revived in 2017,) to counter China's growing influence
3 uun t Indo-Pacific
Cuan ShPpy
V u can Significance of Quadfor India?
-3 aa Presents a lunitedfront against aggressive activities of China.
naval
ow tm Counters China's influence in_Indian Ocean; supplements India's limited
cORido" capabilities through joint patrols, infoexchange, etc.
-cimat o Deepen ties with US, Japan, Australia; help India secure a place in the new world
order. L Covid 1. coopenabion
N TF.
u e h - sG c challenges:
s uad fello Quadlacks institutional framework;meetings are ad-hoc; no joint statements.
Australia
Priorities differ, as India's priority lies in Indian Ocean, while Japan and
are concerned about the Pacific.

Way forward:
Set up mechanism for regular consultation.

Expand scope beyond Indo-Pacific (Cybersecurity, etc.)not too many)

56,
uaol+
Include other likeminded countries,like UK &Erance (but

October 2020:
Second meeting ofForeign Ministers of Quad) hosted by Tokyo. of their
In departure from earlier secrecy, FMs made public
a large part
deliberations.
EM's meet will become annualaffair; building infra and connectivity
in
Outcomes:
the region; cooperate on pandemic,
US said that it intends to develop quad into a coalition to counter China's
aRgression in the region.

7APAN USA

&UAD

Mains 2020 Class-49 : Page 2 All Inclusive TAS

Rewnat
Luuivwut

Donand ReNrlL
Snco pauhc pha
 WHO
WHO isaspecialized agency of UN, responsible for international publichealth.
Established in 1948 it is headquartered in Geneva, with six semi-autonomous.
regional offices.

Functions:
It sets internationalhealth standards
provides technical assistance to countries

Coordinate response to health emergencies

Structure:
making decision body
World Health Assembly: member states; supreme of programs
implementation
Executive Board: technical experts; oversee

the programs
Secretariat: headed by Director Generai; implements
Source offunds: member states based on GNP and
ASsessed contributions paid by
Population.
individuals,
Voluntary contributions paid by members states, organizations,
etc. V>A
Achievements:
eradication of smalilpox, near-eradication of polio.

issues: N(funds, functions, functionaries

o stable source of funds; dependent on voluntary contribution (20%

assessed, 80% voluntary)

No single document to outline its responsibilities.
Unlike WTO, it has no powers to bind or sanction members, can only advice.
for effective coordination; relies on
Lacks administrative strength
bureaucracy.
Criticism in handlingCovid: Taiwan informed
transmission.
Delay in acknowledging_human-to-human for Chinese
but WHO waited till mid-January
2019,
WHO of it in December
contirmation.
WHO urged countries not to spread by fear travel
imposing restrictions.
the same. WHO team went to
Relied on Chinese data, instead of verifying
Wuhan only in mid-February. Praised China for transparency and effective
covid control.

Way forward: (In December 2020, India submitted

9 pointreform plan)
to declare Public Health EmergencY of
Empower WHO Director-General in IHR Emergency
without consensus
International Concern (PHEIC)
even

Committee that
F o r funding of WHO programs, un-earmark voluntary
contributions) so

most.
money can be used where it is needed the
tor ereater transparency and
Monitor expenditure at micro level.
accountability in use of funds.
Executive Board to supervise member
Set up a Standing Committee ofrecommendations.
states' implementation of WH0's
Set up mechanism for fair and equitable access to vaccines and diagnostic
tools (prevent vaccine nationalism).

Class-50 Page 4 All Inciusive lAS

Mains 2020
 Brexit
EuropeanUnion and Britain:
1957: European Economic Community (Treaty of Rome)
1963 & 1967: Britain tried to join, blocked by France
1973 Britain joined
1975: Referendum. Britons endorsed staying
2007: Lisbon Treaty (exit by negotiation)
2016 Referendum
2020: 'British Exit' from the European Union

Why Britain quitEU?

Monetary contributions to EU seen as financial burden. (net 9 billion pounds)
Refugee crisisin EU and rising threat ofterrorisminEU.
Political parties using populist nationalism and anti-EU sentiments
Notintegratedenough:did notuse Euro currency, not part of Schengenarea.
Impacton EU:
Weaken EU's reputation and strength at
global forums.
Promote further disintegration, other countries too may be tempted to quit.
EU will no longer get the financial contributions from UK.

impact onindia:
India considers Britain as a gateway to EU. Now with Brexit, India loses the
advantage.
There are more than 800 Indian companies in Britain. With BREXIT, the business of
these companies will be affected.
Could lead to the movement of skilled labour from India to Britain.
A new trade agreement with UK will be negotiated.

CrOSs Bondes Floocl mamt

w t m foos CC
Longe p o upend en rivens l801: 4 majoa W r )
Cnttgnatnd apAOaeh
Koi teay, S
Maakatl Araima data lto
WT 6O P mmety -

uper tpaian
Pok atoks > Lowe
Chi Mo no regeral agKil
Suttg
w a t nout 2g: fak hallene
angla I Dagiuhu dam on Chenab ujos
ehutan Jir Gou o,Epe poe implerent
ReginaL aquo
POL wuu how m
ePAazon Ceep: +8 Map.
MUKo Comm"

Len m plonn
Mains 2020 Class-50 : Page 3 All inclusive'lAS
 Dispute settlement system of WTO Alsoseeclass-45
Ministerlal
Conference

Appellate Body General Council

Dispute Trade PolicCy
Settlement Body Review Body

Panel

Intellectual
Goods Council Services Council Property Council

Consultation (60days) Panel(6 months)Appellate Body (30 days)

With the retirement of two of the remaining three members, AB has been
dysfunctionalsince December 2019.
Some member states have established a temporary arbitration mechanism, lndiai
and US are not part of it. ChMa Us.
Appointment:
Problem: Appointmentis by consensus method. So, even a single member can block
appointments.e..USA
Suggestions: Make appointment by_ majority, not consensus. Increase term and

number of AB members.Automaticlaunch of selection process before expiry of

term.

Delays:
Problem: Increase in procedural delays in past few years.
Suggestion: Increase administrativestaffand lawyers, streamline the process

Precedent
Problem: AB treats its decisions as precedents for future disputes. But AB has no
such powers. Also, most trade disputesare unique.
Suggestion: Allow AB to consider extent to which prior decisions_ can be used for
new disputes.

Othea pablems failuRe. og negotiatiom

e: Doa o u d . hohnp AubiëdH vaccine poHnt
trode abee t c
ovonth m
taad r HApRrt oR les e OS Chima kosle ha

ables pea push kov ntin U agfnda Ecommoac

dom. sekoemsIT, Crw ociutotion
1ecou viaopaJue Calict pocesS DG o TO
ol GUCs Yon t o i t ba ilu to bode
n p t pouaty Re ilatiral H muutilatR na FTAS..
mptt poety Mains 20020 Class-S0: Page 5 All Inclusive IAS
tndtig
epots doubled
in lThem a decode
 UNHRC
re-appointed to UNHRC despite poor hurnan rights record
Pakistan has been

What are Human Rights? be granted by any state.

that all humans have; need not
They are inherent rights
and same for everyone.
They are universal,
Rights was adopted by UNGAin 1948.
Universal Declaration of Human

UNHRC rightshuman around the globe.

Established by UNGAin 2006to protect
by UNGA, by simple majority.
I t has 47 members, elected for 3-yearterm,
recommendations nut binding.
to UNGA;
i t investigates violation of HRs; reports
UN member state. (closs-1 UBI)
Through UPR, it reviews human rights record of each

Issues: themselves systematic offenders. (Pakistan, Chine)

Many UNHRC members are system.
Many countries get elected unopposed due to geographical quota
countries not
rights violators get elected (China),
Secret ballot allows
publically accountable for their votes.

of human rights in most countries.

t has failed to prevent violation
high
It has disproportionately focus on Israel US quitfrom UNHRCin 2018,
elderly, children, PwDs.
*Largely ignores riRhts violation against weakersections like

Way forward: children & elderly, instead of country specific violations.

Focus general issues, like which have significant human rights
like biotech & Al,
Focus on thematic issues,

implications.
effectiveness, connect
HRC's work with other UN organs.
To ensure

yLostOt- china, oopac.

ndia-EUI
AOs C0cp-ELonomic

De SOG angtt FRI

L c c CRAan Ena L ev opw GSP
D Kuily F
LOunl piloC
THOion aDAD
I Audents im n o Un.
5D,00

- tad lhdia L / , Cwa 13/)

eD eAR on cAA, R3to ete
-CouudBTIA - BALxit
pottetionin, NBs. ti mipouou.
I e ED, wao m 2D0t, 1S ands
sof
Kpoed FTA btw
STIA V 1. EUhnta Roues taiks on winel daimtl outo
clausi HR, lateo
Loueisg e s do. by I, 4legaly blvdina
All IinclusiveIAS enwal sta
Mains 2020 niak IPR tn L Class-50 Page6

I wants acces n d n MIEMU, EO uMg.

ce AetU
w e i o r buta s l m e n t e c
4. DR w

lna Amiuted B1 u t Uk, FAamu

 UNSC
Recently, India became UNSC member for the 8th time.
India's overali objective during the two-year tenure will be achievement ofNORMS.

NewOrientotion for a Reformed Multilateralsystem:

1) New opportunities for progress
innovative solutions for inclusive development
2) Effective response tÙ terrorism)
greater coordination to check terror financing & use of ICT
3 Reforming multilateral system
UNSC should reflect contemporary realities;
inadequate existing mechanisms e.g. weak Covid response
4) International peace and security
law
commitment to international
reforms in UN peacekeeping operations
5) (Technology with a human touch
use of tech to reduce human suffering

In achieving NORMS, India's efforts will be guided by the 55 approach: Samman

(Respect); Samvad (Dialogue); Sahyog (Cooperation); Shanti (Peace); Samriddhi
(Prosperity)

What should beindia's approach with differentcountries?

With P members, avoid the temptation of taking sides.
With non-permanent members, aspire for their leadership.
With non-UNSC members, be the voice of the weaker nations.
Our success will depend on effectiveness in raising issues that go beyond the interest
of the big five
Suak l- Max auPpota uNGA
Why UNSC need reforms? Min tsCstance tn UNSC
UN members increased from 113 to 193, but UNSC composition remained same.
While Europe is over-represented, Asia is under-represented. Africa and South_
America have no representation at all.
Does not reflect contemporary realities (India, Japan, Germany)
Use of veto power ends up blocking key decisions. e: US m 1att

What constitutes UNSCreform agenda?

Fivesets of issues have been identified by the GeneralAssembly.These are
1) Regional representation
2) Categories of membership
3) The question of the veto
4) Size of an enlarged Council and its working methods
5) UNSC-UNGA relationship.

Credentiols for India's bid for permanentseat:

Founding member of UN.
World's largest democracy; one of the fastest growing large economies
india is a responsible nuclear weaponsstate.
One of the largest contributors to UN peace keeping missions.
India is seen as a responsible power, which adheres to global rules and norms.
(Italian marine case; South China sea case)
Issues: poorsocio-economic indicators; military projection limited to IOR; NPT; China
Mains 2020 Class-50: Page 7 All Inclusive IAS
 UN Peacekeeping forces
UN Peacekeeping: help countries torn by conflict to create conditiorns for
Formed in 1945;lit aims to

lastingpeace. Peacekeepers remain

members of their respective
armed
I t is not "UN Army".
force.
of UN members
Financing it is collectiveresponsibility
Leone (1999 to 2005), Burundi (2006)
Major successes: Sierra Srebnica massacre 1995
Major failures: Rwanda genocide 1994;

India: missions
M o r e than 200,000 Indians have served in 49 of the 71 UN peacekeeping
established around the world since 1948. to a UN
India became the first country to deploy an all-women contingent
In 2007,
peacekeeping mission.
in Sudan South were awarded UN medal for
Recently, Indian peacekeepers serving
in the country.
their contribution to building peace

Additional comments:
nation's voice is in proportion to
what it contributes.
In practice, a
peacekeeping mandates.
Chinese funds gives it arole in formulating
much say in power politics.
alone does
not give
Troop contributions
.US28%, China 15%, India 1%

TPNWI to ICAN c a m p U n
n ao1H diuu
adopted
86umed
t c e m mdi s1 A a i t e d
- no
vs chival Inda l SMaell N- KeLa
e i t a i w \ Rance
Vok
- P O n t o s pottes to deN
acqun
Poduuc thaN NM.

NPT TNW
bT N N W S P o n i b i u Nw
eloaes legaul gticacy wdey
ha qap o N, R|sn as noP5
d u o Nu. al HumanÚtarnian |membe 6 a r
Ht otw NNS ha
NNS h a
oCu m
u bT aL
a tqquueenne
cus

ant a ue d
aa Providso t
vtim aALt o cloriy om
oppoau betw EA
rmidiatum tchnico
9olla
uweuA omty'comHnLn o mesage to N &uno
bso omunt. pouCs

All Inclusive IAS

Class-50: Page 8
Mains 2020

N u c l i o

weapem

dig . KoLAa

Rwna US
 NPT
Non-Proliferation Treaty:
Proliferation increase in number
Nuclear proliferationspread of nuclear weapons to non-nuclear weapon states.
NPT: signed in 1968 to prevent spread of nuclear weapons; inforce since 1970

NPT

NPT Nuclear NPT non-Nuclear

Non-NPT states
weapon states weapon states
tested nuclear weapon vowed never to India, Pakistan,
before 1January 1967 (P5) acquire/develop nuclear Israel, North Korea,
will eliminate their weapons South Sudan
nuclear weapons will be helped by P5 in
peaceful nucleartech
NucLeay
Successes Apantheid

Number of nuclear weapons reduced.70k in 1986, 14k now.J

Controlled number of countries with nuclear weapons.

Issues:
Notime limit for P5 to eliminatetheir nuclear weapgns.
Could not prevent China from helping Pakistan and North Korea build nuclear
weaponS.

Why isIndia not signing NPT?

Discriminatory?
NPT is discriminatory; divides world into nuclear"haves' and 'have-nots'
Neighbours:
Signing NPT would require India to destroy its nuclear weapons.
But India has two nuclear neighbour_; Pak's is India specific

2008 India
dea no longer needs to sign NPT asIndo-US Nuclear dealJand subsequent
(NSG waivenhas given it access tointernationalnuclear cooperation.

ComprehensiveNuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT)

It bans all nucleartests, for all purpose,in allenvironments.
After Ww-2: hundreds of nuclear tests were polluting environment / destroying life
1954: Castle Bravo tests by USA. Nehru called for standstill agreement.
1955: Nikita Khrushchev proposed CTBT. Negotiations began.
Problem? can't verify other's underground tests.
> Result? PTBT 1963 banned nuclear tests in underwater, atmosphere, outer space.
Problem? underground tests continued.
1980s: USSR and USA agreed on comprehensive ban.
1996: UNGA adopts CTBT
CTBT is still notin force, why? Because 8 countries have not ratified it.
Signed but not ratified: USA, China, Israel, Iran, Egypt
Not signed:India, Pakistan, North Korea
Mains 2020 Class-50 Page 9 All Inclusive IAS
 Foreign Policyin a changingworld
Diferent phases of Indian diplomacy:
1947-62: Optimistic Non-Alignment
phase were to resist dilution of its sovereignty.
India's objectives in this
Independent stand taken in Korean war &Suezcanal crisis 1956

1962-71:Decade of Realism and Recovery

Concluded defence agreement with the US in 1964.
From 1965 Tashkent agreementindia started tilting towards USSR,
SignedIndo-Soviet treaty 1971.
1971-91: Greaterindian Regional Assertion
Remarkable use of hard power in 1971,
Faced US sanctions after 1974 Pokhran-
US-China-Pakistan axis seriously threatened India's prospects as a regional power.

1991-99: SafeguardingStrategic Autonomy

Emergence of unipolarworld encouraged India to change its approach.
Increased engagement with Israe!,USA, ASEAN.

2000-2013: India, aBalancingPower

Indo-US nucleardeal; strengthened ties with Russia coordinated with China on
climatechange and trade; made BRICSinto amajor global forum
2014-until now:Energetic Engagement
India's stature evident from world overlooking abrogation of Article 370
India's policy ofNon-Alignment hasturnedinto Multi Alignment.

Way forward
Need for greater realismin policy: Do s oDedhi
India needs to change the image of a reluctant power.
Discomfort with hard power isreflected by lack ofconsultation with military.
Soft power diplomacyis notsufficient to protect the country.

Need forStrongeconomy:
An expansionary foreign policy needs a strong economy.
China'sassertivenessinforeign_policy is derived from its economic power.

Needfor Multi
alignment:
Today's world is characterized byComplexinterdependence
Indian foreign policy requireistrategichedaing like, Howdy Modi &Mamallapuram
(informal meetings with US and China); Quad and 5cO; Istaeland Palestine

Mains 2020 Class-50: Page12 All Inclusive IAS

 Cross-border river watercooperation
Need:
Rivers are notconfined to national boundaries
Construction of upstream damaffectsdownstream countries.
Climatechange is affecting glaciers and water flow in rivers.
Water scarcity can push countries to war.
Change in river's coursecan create boundary disputes.

Way forward:
Countries must adopt certain minimum systems of watergovernance.
Create multilateral mechanism where all co-riparian countriesget due representation
Bring transparencyin data collection on river water flow.

India'sriver watercooperation with neighbours:

indus Water Treaty 1960 with Pakistan.
GangaTreaty 1996 with Bangladesh.
Treatieson
Koshi. Gandak, Mahakaliwith Nepal.
Data sharing pact signed with Chinain 2006, for Brahmaputra and Sutlej
fon Conclusion (Gen Frounneuerk)
Uniiateral -*nal dotune Ao poues, aid
silatenal Jopam tteh cOUab
Hegional sAARC. MSTEC
ubegionoul -BBIN
4bans n q i e n a l - Sco. RCEP. S u a d

.knlihtmed k mtHeAt
Hesttations ot Aokoux | Dogmas ek
Dethi
Rlt n o t tem nucipMOty, 6ot
cOLntMes ahOuldd eue a
lomg temm w m
win fameseik.
AS-9mt peace
MuunouLamment auka Bi>maueke Web ot
Hliovces.
Fai Mt free Taade
need ko Cxeative DipLemar
OBOR x Many Rmds, Many Belts MB.MRv
Censent o AL, Mot Power o Few
Aa o xivaly will o l u aask, Aua
Coepxatim l l ahape ttis cenuu
Mains 2020 Class-48: Page 9
All Inclusive lAS
 SECURE stateaY o scD but ))
S Secuiy ok citizen
E- Ecenemic oleelopment
C- Connectivty
U- Uniting o PLopte
R- Resptct hor Teanitonial integrity
E- Enarommental protestien.

Detfvesy Deficit
Che andia paones E China odelvers
Multivecto

MultirplaMultpler

Btpolas |wipolar\
1a-1 Cl1-aOOB
vera is the essenoe setp reliance
Ma an enception to the nule h o t
R
u ase no permanena uendls
n hin| LoLe Lose attuatLon A matton uwttnglobal
ambiionA caannot continue
Reqonal LnK weAt wit nsetttedl boaol
wninkegaled ngiom &e wndu
hottwou Ecenom
Ecenomie eploited oppotuniies.
o CPR
1 -

MEA S. JatharnRas
Neeola $ghanistar
And a
bemporotic e mot AeW vS-Chma
s
onl bett
ainin gont. nivalmy wll pay
& cBM
how th m i d d l plays
4nkka
upport
conomic
twodu
pouwes wtll play
bse ton
any county
ndios nat Lou behind t s
ambituons Shyam SaAan.
-

TAade
DnenaCons egiona Foupima |Miilatu
Connectiy qoldilbc option
Age opo|ataltaic

Dmpora nodian Ouan | hal pAc

Dettc
Ruule baped oduy
Nucleas UN ROMs