ĊÎËĬĖ ĖĦ FIJÌĒĞÎÌÊIĞĖÌĮÎ Ķ ÖÊĦĖĬĮÊİÖ ĖÌ ĖĦ ?

:

İĞİĮĖIÊ ĔĖ ÏÊĮĖÌĮĖİ ĖÌ ĖĦ ĆĖĬJ Z X

të
i

q+?H
ll
OM H
ĎDĆĊ
C ÀÅĆC Ǽ

ǼÄĊÂÁĆ B Ċ ĐǺ À ĆCDĊÂĊ Ç

ĚÍFÉĒÍ ĨÍĪ ĤÉ ĈÍIİĜĘĜËĜÉ ĎIĜĴĔĪĬĜĒÉĒ ÀÉİÎĤĜËÉ ĒĔĤ ĈĔĪIJO

BÊĬİĔĪ ĔI ÁĔĪĔËGÍ ĒĔ ĤÉ ĈĪÍĨĜĔĒÉĒ ÅIİĔĤĔËİĮÉĤ L ĒĔ ĤÉ ÀÍĦĨĔİĔIËĜÉ ĨÍĪ ĤÉ
ĈÍIİĜĘĜËĜÉ ĎIĜĴĔĪĬĜĒÉĒ ÀÉİÎĤĜËÉ ĒĔĤ ĈĔĪIJO
ĈĪÍĘĔĬÍĪ ĒĔ ÁĔĪĔËGÍ BĔĪËÉIİĜĤÑ ÁĔĪĔËGÍ ĒĔ ĤÉ ĈĪÍĨĜĔĒÉĒ ÅIİĔĤĔËİĮÉĤ L ĒĔ ĤÉ
BÉĔĬİĪĞÉ ĔI ĀĔĬİĜÎI L ĈÍĤĞİĜËÉ ĒĔ ĤÉ ÅIIÍĴÉËĜÎI L ĤÉ DĔËIÍĤÍFĞÉ ĒĔ ĤÉ ĈÍIİĜĘĜËĜÉ Â
ĎIĜĴĔĪĬĜĒÉĒ ÀÉİÎĤĜËÉ ĒĔĤ ĈĔĪIJO 8J
e
M
_\
R1
fk
8J
<
A
ĊDǼ ČĂCÑ
XS

İĮ
ĂŅ ĂÌĮĬÎĔIJĒĒĞĨÌŅ sf
Í
ĂĂŅ ĊÎËĬĖ ĦÊ ËÊİĖ ĦĖGÊĦ Ķ ÊIJĮÎĬĞĔÊĔĖİ ĖÌ ĆĖĬJŅ UX
r
8J
ĂĂĂŅ ŃĈIJĘ İÎÌ ĦÊİ ÏÊĮĖÌĮĖİ ĔĖ ĞÌĴĖÌĒĞĨÌN
8J
ĂĐŅ ŃĈIJĘ Ėİ IJÌÊ ĞÌĴĖÌĒĞĨÌN O
8J
ĐŅ BÎ ĞÌĴĖÌĒĞÎÌĖİŅ zl
RH
ŒŅ ÆÎİ ĔĖİĒIJËĬĞIĞĖÌĮÎİŇ ĦÊİ ĮĖÎĬĠÊİ ĒĞĖÌĮĠFĞĒÊİ Ķ ĦÎİ IĘĮÎĔÎİ IÊĮĖIĚĮĞĒÎİŅ ob
1
PŅ ÂĦ ĮÎĔÎ Î ÏÊĬĮĖ ĔĖ İĖĬĖİ ĴĞĴÎİ ĮÊĦ ĒÎIÎ İĖ ĖÌĒIJĖÌĮĬÊÌ ĖÌ ĦÊ ÌÊĮIJĬÊĦĖLÊŇ ĦÎİ r
_S

ÏĬÎĒĖİÎİ ËĞÎĦĨGĞĒÎİ ÌÊĮIJĬÊĦĖİŇ ĖĦ IÊĮĖĬĞÊĦ ËĞÎĦĨGĞĒÎ ĖKĞİĮĖÌĮĖ ĖÌ ĦÊ XS

ÌÊĮIJĬÊĦĖLÊ Î ÊĪIJĖĦ ĪIJĖ ÏIJĖĔÊ İĖĬ ÊĞİĦÊĔÎŇ ĞÌĒĦIJİĞĴĖ ĖĦ GĖÌÎIÊ Î Qb

sf
GĖĬIÎÏĦÊİIÊ ĔĖ ĒIJÊĦĪIJĞĖĬ İĖĬ ĴĞĴÎ ÌÊĮIJĬÊĦŅ
l
Ë
ÞŅ ÆÊİ ÎËĬÊİ ĦĞĮĖĬÊĬĞÊİ Ķ ÊĬĮĠİĮĞĒÊİ Î ĒIJÊĦĪIJĞĖĬ ÎĮĬÊ ÏĬÎĮĖGĞĔÊ ÏÎĬ ĖĦ ÁĖĬĖĒĜÎ ĔĖ Â
IJĮÎĬŅ aS

QŅ ÆÎİ ÏĦÊÌĖİŇ ĬĖGĦÊİ Ķ IĘĮÎĔÎİ ÏÊĬÊ ĖĦ ĖHĖĬĒĞĒĞÎ ĔĖ ÊĒĮĞĴĞĔÊĔĖİ ĞÌĮĖĦĖĒĮIJÊĦĖİŇ M

I)
HIJĖGÎİ Î ÊĒĮĞĴĞĔÊĔĖİ ĖĒÎÌĨIĞĒÎOĒÎIĖĬĒĞÊĦĖİŅ _S
sf
RŅ ÆÎİ ÏĬÎGĬÊIÊİ ĔĖ ÎĬĔĖÌÊĔÎĬĖİ Î ĖĦ İÎÏÎĬĮĖ ĦĨGĞĒÎŇ ĒÎIÎ ĮÊĦĖİŅ aS

ŔŅ ÆÊİ FÎĬIÊİ ĔĖ ÏĬĖİĖÌĮÊĬ ĞÌFÎĬIÊĒĞĨÌŅ ËĮ

_S
ĐĂŅ ÇĞÏÎİ ĔĖ ÏÊĮĖÌĮĖİ ĔĖ ĞÌĴĖÌĒĞĨÌŅ ]*]
ŒŅ ĆÊĮĖÌĮĖ ĔĖ ÏĬÎĔIJĒĮÎŅ <
:r
``
PŅ ĆÊĮĖÌĮĖ ĔĖ ÏĬÎĒĖĔĞIĞĖÌĮÎŅ
ĐĞĦŅ ČĖĪIJĞİĞĮÎİ ÏÊĬÊ ÎËĮĖÌĖĬ IJÌÊ ÏÊĮĖÌĮĖ ĔĖ ĞÌĴĖÌĒĞĨÌŅ
ŒŅ BÎĴĖĔÊĔŅ 5
ki8
PŅ BĞĴĖĦ ĞÌĴĖÌĮĞĴÎŅ
ÞŅ ĊIJİĒĖÏĮĞËĦĖ ĔĖ ÏĦĞĒÊĒĞĨÌ ĂÌĔIJİĮĬĞÊĦŅ Ė
ĐĂĂĂŅ ÂKĒĖÏĒĞÎÌĖİ Ê ĦÊ ÏÊĮĖÌĮÊËĞĦĞĔÊĔŅ Q
ĂEŅ ÁĖĬĖĒĜÎİ Ķ ĦĞIĞĮÊĒĞÎÌĖİ İÎËĬĖ ĦÊ ÏÊĮĖÌĮĖŅ kO
EŅ CĮĬÊİ ĒÊĬÊĒĮĖĬĠİĮĞĒÊİ ĒĦÊĴĖ ĔĖĦ İĞİĮĖIÊ ĔĖ ÏÊĮĖÌĮĖİŅ
EĂŅ IÎĔÎ ĔĖ ĒÎÌĒĦIJİĞĨÌŅ

Ç Í Ě Ī Ĕ ĔĤ Ę Į I Ë Ĝ Í I É Ħ Ĝ Ĕ I İ Í L Ó É Ĥ Ĕ Ī İ É Ĭ Ô ĔI ĔĤ Ĭ Ĝ Ĭ İ Ĕ Ħ É ĒĔ Ĩ É İ Ĕ I İ Ĕ Ĭ ĔI ĔĤ Ĉ Ĕ Ī IJ ŦŤÜ
 =% =BHFC8I77=xB
Ci Bbob`elabi^Nolmfba^a Gkqbib`qr^i mrbab
pbo a fs fa fa l  bk alp do^kabp o^j^p, Nlo rk
i^al* qbkbj lp bi Bbob`el ab i^ Nolmfba^a
Gka r pqof^ i v i^ lqo^ o^j^ i^ `l kpqfqr vbk  ilp
Bbob`elp ab ?rqlo, Bbkqol ab i^ Nolmfba^a
Gkarpqof^i bp nrb pb bk`rbkqo^k i^p m^qbkqbp
abfksbk`fÉk*i^pm^qbkqbpabjlabilpabr qf+
ifa^a vbi obdfpqol ab afpbÇlp fkarpqof^ibp, Ck
bimobpbkqb^oqÅ`ril*^_loa^objlpÑkf`^jbkqb
i^pm^qbkqbp ab fksbk`fÉk,
Ck dbkbo^i* pb mrbab ^cfoj^onrb i^p m^qbkqbp
plk j b`^kfpj lp m^o^ m ol qb d b o `ob^`flkbp
Pbsfpq^ bafq^a^ mlo^irjklp ab i^ D^`riq^a ab Bbob`elabi^ Skfsbopfa^aab Jfj^
qb`kliÉdf`^p9lqlod^kalabob`elpabbu`irpfs^
m^o^nrbbi qfqri^omrba^ bumilq^oi^pb`lkÉjf+
`^jbkqb*irbdlabil`r^i*i^p`ob^`flkbpplkab
if_obrpl9bpab`fo*abalj fkflmÑ_if`l,
Aljli^cfk^ifa^aabipfpqbj^bp`ljmibg^*mrbp
_rp`^dbkbo^ork_^i^k`bbkqoblqlod^omolqb`+
`fÉk ^iqfqri^ov*^ i^sbw*bpqfjri^obiabp^ooliil
`fbkqÅcf`l, Cufpqbk `fboq^p m^oqf`ri^ofa^abp abi
pfpqbj^nrbprbibkpboafcÅ`fibpab`ljmobkabo,
Ck bpqb _obsb ^oqÅ`ril* bumilo^objlp ^idrk^p
`^o^`qboÅpqf`^pabiBbob`elabN^qbkqbp*nrbplk
fjmloq^kqbp`lkl`bom^o^qo^jfq^oi^p*obp^iq^k+
al^nrbii^p`^o^`qboÅpqf`^pnrbprbibkpbosfpq^p
`ljl qo^jm^p mlo^nrbiilp nrb kl e^k pfal
bkqobk^alpbk i^ j^qbof^abm^qbkqbp,?af`e^p
qo^jm^p i^pobp^iq^objlp^ili^odlabi^oqÅ`ril
_^gli^abkljfk^`fÉkab ^iboq^p ,
Cpfj mloq^kqbabpq^`^onrbpf_fbk e^vmbopl+
k^pnrb`lkpfabo^knrbbipfpqbj^abm^qbkqbp
`lkqfbkb qo^jm^p * bpq^p `^o^`qboÅpqf`^p nrb
j bk`flk^j lp kl pb qo^ q^k  bk ^ _plirql ab
afpmlpf`flkbp fibd^ibp* kf q^j ml`l j^i afpb+
Ç^a^p* plk plil m^oqf`ri^ofa^abp abi pfpqbj^
nrb* j^i j^kbg^a^p* mrbabk `lkpqfqrfopb bk
l_pq~`rilp m^o^ nrb bi p l if`fq^ k qb  ildob i^
molqb``fÉk abpb^a^,G,
:=OH<:MNL  /1.
==% GC6F9@565G9@9;5@M5IHCF=8589G
9BD9Fy
/, ?kfsbifkqbok^`flk^i*i^pkloj^pdbkbo^ibpj~pfjmloq^kqbplkbiAlksbkflabN^oÅpvbi?`rboal?BNGA,
ŦȚT ?icobal K^o^sÅ Alkqobo^p
Ck krbpqol m^Åp* i^p kloj^p mofk`fm^ibp nrb
ofdbk ^ i^p m^qbkqbp plk alp8 ^ kfsbi obdflk^i
qbkbjlpi^Bb`fpfÉk264*PÄdfjbkAljÑkpl_ob
Nolmfba^a Gkarpqof^i ab i^ Aljrkfa^a ?kafk^
ab L^`flkbp &Gkqbdo^a^ ^`qr^ijbkqb mlo NboÑ*
C`r^alo* @lifsf^vAlilj_f^'v^ kfsbi k^`flk^i*
qbkbjlp bi Bb`obql Jbdfpi^qfsl /.53, ?j_^p
kloj^p pb ^mif`^k `l kgrk q^j bk qb  mrbp* bk
dbkbo^i*mlabjlpab`fonrbpb`ljmibjbkq^k/,
J^p ^rqlofa^abp bk bi obdfpqolvabcbkp^ ab i^p
m^qbkqbpplki^Bfob``fÉkabGksbk`flkbpvLrb+
s^pRb`klildÅ^p abi GLBCAMNG &`ljl Nofjbo^
Gkpq^k`f^' vbiRof_rk^i abi GLBCAMNG* bpmb`Åcf+
`^jbkqb*i^Q^i^abNolmfba^aGkqbib`qr^i&`ljl
Qbdrka^ Gkpq^k`f^',
===% tEIhGCB@5GD5H9BH9G89
=BJ9B7=xB3
Sk^m^qbkqbpfdkfcf`^nrb*pl_obrk^klsbalp^
`ob^`fÉk qb`kliÉdf`^* pb lqlod^k abob`elp ab
bu`irpfs^ mlo rk mi^wl abqbojfk^al* bk q^kql
i^ `ob^`fÉk `rjmi^ `lk `fboqlp obnrfpfqlp nrb
i^ ibdfpi^`fÉkbpq^_ib`b,
Ro^af`flk^ijbkqb* i^ iÉdf`^ abqo~pab molqbdbo
i^pfksbk`flkbpo^af`^bki^pfdrfbkqbfab^8abp^+
oolii^ork fksbkqlobnrfbobrk^crboqbfksbopfÉk
bk qfbj ml v afkbol bk fksbpqfd^`flkbp* mbol
rk^ sbw abp^oolii^a^ i^ `ob^`fÉk* Äpq^ bp c~`fi
ab `lmf^o* mlo il `r^i* kl e^v fk`bkqfslp m^o^
e^`boj~pfksbpqfd^`flkbp,Ckq^ipbkqfal*mloi^
fksbk`fÉk*pb_ofka^ rkqfbj mlabbumilq^`fÉk
bu`irpfs^*ab j^kbo^ nrbaro^kqbbpb mi^wlpb
mrba^k ob`rmbo^oilp`lpqlpfksboqfalpvdbkb+
o^ork^d^k^k`f^nrbjlqfsb^ifksbkqlo^pbdrfo
`ob^kal,Cil_gbqfslbp_bkbcf`f^o^i`ob^alombol
q^j _fÄk _bkbcf`f^o ^ i^ pl`fba^a* v^ nrb Äpq^
`lkq^o~`lk j^vloqb`klildÅ^,
=J% tEIh9GIB5=BJ9B7=xB3
W^ nrb i^ molqb``fÉk pb abklj fk^ m^qbkqb
fksbk`fÉk * `^_b mobdrkq^opb çnrÄ bp rk^ fk+
sbk`fÉk=
Ci ^oqÅ`ril /2 ab i^ Bb`fpfÉk 264 pli^j bkqb
fkaf`^nrb8
Efj IXxj\j F`\dYifj fkfi^Xive gXk\ek\j
gXiX cXj `em\eZ`fe\j' j\Xe [\ gif[lZkf f
[\gifZ\[`d`\ekf' \e kf[fj cfj ZXdgfj [\
cX k\Zefcf^xX' j`\dgi\ hl\ j\Xe el\mXj'
Qf _fbk kl bufpqb rk^ abcfkf`fÉk bk i^p kloj^p
pl_ob il nrb ab_b bkqbkabopb mlo fksbk`fÉk*
i^ Bb`fpfÉk 264 `lkqbj mi^ bk pr ^oqÅ`ril /3
rk ifpq^alab^nrbiilnrb kl pb`lkpfabo^ rk^
fksbk`fÉk8
ĎDĆĊ
(% @]aRSaQcP`W[WS\b]a#ZOabS]`lOa C ÀÅĆC Ǽ

k\e^Xe e`m\c`em\ek`mfpj\Xe jljZ\gk`Yc\j QWS\blTWQOafZ]a[kb]R]a[ObS[jbWQ]a%

[\Xgc`ZXZ`ze`e[ljki`Xc )
Aljl mlabjlp ^mob`f^o* kl pb bpq^_ib`b rk^
abcfkf`fÉk ab ilnrb`lkpqfqrvb rk fksbkql* pfk
bj_^odl* i^ al`qofk^ prbibabcfkfoil`ljl rk^
fab^ nrb `lkpfpqb bk rk^ obdi^ m^o^ bi l_o^o
erj^klbki^nrbpbfkaf`^ i^plir`fÉkm^o^ rk
Jlp abp`r_ofjfbkqlp plk ilp e^ii^wdlp q^i `r^i
pbbk`rbkqo^k bk i^ k^qro^ibw^* mlo il `r^i* kl
e^vrk^i^_lo`ob^qfs^,Nlobgbjmil*pfabp`r_ol
rk krbsl qfml ab af^j^kqb* bi af^j^kqb bk pÅ
jfpjlklilmrbalm^qbkq^o*mbolmrbal`ob^o
rk^ j~nrfk^mboclo^alo^nrbrqfif`bbpqbkrb+ _\

mol_ibj^qÄ`kf`l0, sljfkbo^i, Ckbpqb`^pl*i^ j~nrfk^mrbabpbo á

RC
m^qbkq^a^^rknrbbiaf^j^kqbkl, Qb
2$
Sk^abcfkf`fÉk _^pq^kqb`ljmibq^ i^ mlabjlp R1
GRH
bk`lkqo^obk @lq^k^ ?do~* nrfbk abcfkb i^p fk+ ?iboq^ 0 8 Ck obi^`fÉk `lk il^kqboflo*`^_b M
sbk`flkbp`ljl8 j bk`flk^o nrb bk i^ Alj rkfa^a ?kafk^ MG
<
kl pb molqbdbk ilp pbdrkalp rplp, {pqlp Ë
NeXZi\XZ`ze[\c`ek\c\Zkf_ldXefZfej`j( pbobcfbobk^ i^ppfqr^`flkbpbk i^p`r^ibppb
k\ek\\eleXi\^cXgXiX\cfYiXikwZe`Zf'ef abp`r_obklqo^p^mif`^`flkbpm^o^fksbk`fl+ :r
+M
ZfefZ`[X'hl\`e[`ZX[\k\id`eX[fjd\[`fj kbpnrbv^e^kpfalm^qbkq^a^p2,Aljlrkl +/rÍ
gXiXcXXZklXZ`zejfYi\cXj]l\iqXj[\cXGX( abilpl_gbqfslpabi pfpqbj^abm^qbkqbpbp Qb
kliXc\qXp [\cXhl\j\[\i`mXlei\jlckX[f c^slob`bobiabp^ooliil`fbkqÅcf`lob`lj mbk+ Qb
M
[`i\ZkXd\ek\Xgc`ZXYc\\ecX`e[ljki`X ). p^kal i^ fksbopfÉkb fksbkqfs^*pbaf`bnrb* Qb
úM
^kqbilppbdrkalprplp*klab_blqlod^opb .0
_\

?iboq^ / 8 ?`lpqrj _o^alp^ qbkbork^ m l + rk^ krbs^ m^qbkqb v^ nrb i^ ob`ljmbkp^ $
r
_obqÄ`kf`^ ibdfpi^qfs^ bk krbpqo^p kloj^p* &sÅ^^Çlpabbu`irpfsfa^a'v^ pbl ql od É `lk _\
E^'
`r^inrfbo^ mlaoÅ^ mbkp^o nrb i^ ^rpbk`f^ i^ mofj bo^ m^qbkqb v* l ql od ^ o rk^ krbs^
ab rk^ abcfkf`fÉk ibd^i abfksbk`fÉk bp rk m^qbkqb mlaoÅ^ abpfk`bkqfs^o bi abp^ooliil AB
M
boolo l s^`Ål ab i^ obdri^`fÉk, Ck ob^ifa^a `fbkqÅcf`l,Cklqo^pm^i^_o^p*^rknrbpbe^v^ ^c
M
Ë
kl bp ^pÅ* i^ kloj^ e^ pfal `ob^a^ ab bpq^ fk sboqfal qfb j m l  v bpcrbowl bk bk`lkqo^o á
$
j^kbo^ mlonrbpbqbj bnrbrk^abcfkf`fÉk rk krbsl rpl m^o^ bi molar`ql m^qbkq^al* &M
ibd^i mlaoÅ^ obpqofkdfobi ~j _fql ab ^mif`^+ bkbiclkal*pb`lkpfabo^kabp`r_ofjfbkqlp, M
d(
`fÉk ab i^p m^qbkqbp v* `ljl j bk`flk^ bi _\
R1
^oqÅ`ril /2abi^ Bb`fpfÉk 264* i^pm^qbkqbp Nob`fp^jbkqb*bpq^pfqr^`fÉkcrbsfpq^bkNboÑ^ _\

pb lqlod^k bk qlalp ilp `^jmlp ab i^ qb`+ o^Åwabnrbpb`lk`bafÉrk^m^qbkqbabpbdrkal <M
klildÅ^, rplpl_obbimolar`ql`lkl`fal`ljlTf^do^*bi _\

`r^iv^pbbk`lkqo^_^m^qbkq^alm^o^j^ibp`^o+ <
J% BC=BJ9B7=CB9G af^`lp&^kdfk^abmb`el',Cpq^pbdrka^m^qbkqb &&Qb

l
`l

0,! PMBPóESCX! +! A?LM!@CPAMTGRX*! ?i_boql,! E f j i\ h l `j `kf j  g f j `k `m f j  [ \  cX  g X k \ e k X Y ` c ` [ X [  \ e  \ c [ \ i \ Z _ f  X c\ d v e )!

k
K^aofa8!Q~bw*!/747*!m,!51!v!pp,
+
1,! @MR?L?!?EP?*!K^krbi!v!lqolp,! F X e l X c[ \ cX I i f g `\ [ X [ Be [ l j ki`X c ) K^aofa8!K^o`f^i!Nlkp*!0..7*!m,73, kO
2,! ?idrklp!m^Åpbp!`ljl!Cpq^alp!Skfalp!pÅ!lqlod^k!m^qbkqbp!ab!pbdrkal!rpl, ((

Q l _ o b ! bi ! c r k ` f l k ^ j f b k q l ! v! í ^ i b o q ^ p ì! b k ! bi ! p f p q b j ^ ! a b ! m ^ q b k q b p ! b k ! bi ! N b o Ñ ! 10/
 qrslnrbpbo^kri^a^`ljl`lkpb`rbk`f^abrk R^jml`lpb`lkpfabo^k fksbk`flkbpilpmol`b+
mol`bpl nrb abqboj fkÉ bi fk`rj mifj fbkql ab plp _fliÉdf`lp k^qro^ibp* mlo bgbjmil* i^ cl ql +
NboÑabi^pkloj^p^kafk^p3*i^p`r^ibpmoleÅ_bk pÅkqbpfpnrbob^ifw^k i^pmi^kq^p6,
i^pm^qbkqbpabpbdrkalrpl4,
Ck`r^kql^idbklj^vdbojlmi^pj^*bidbkl+
Ck `r^kql ^ i^p qbloÅ^p `fbkqÅcf`^p* Äpq^p plk j^ bp i^ qlq^ifa^a ab i^ fkcloj ^`fÉk dbkÄqf`^
abp`ofm`flkbpvbumif`^`flkbpabi^ob^ifa^a&mlo ab rk lod^kfpjl bk m^oqf`ri^o &mlo bgbjmil*
bgbjmil* i^RbloÅ^abi^ Pbi^qfsfa^a' mbolklpb bi j^m^ dbkÄqf`l abi pbo erj^kl' jfbkqo^p
`lkpfabo^kfksbk`flkbpmlonrbbkpÅjfpj^pkl nrb bi dbojlmi^pj^ bp bi j^qbof^i `^m^w ab
plk^mif`^_ibpafob`q^jbkqbbkbi~j _fqlabi^ qo^ kpj fqfo ilp `^o^`qbobp ebobafq^oflp ab rk^
qÄ`kf`^*pli^jbkqbbumif`^k i^ k^qro^ibw^, dbkbo^`fÉk ^ lqo^, Ll pb `lkpfabo^ fksbk`fÉk
bi dbklj^ kf bi dbojlmi^pj^ fk`irpl pf Äpqb
Nlopr m^oqb* ilp jÄqlalp j^qbj~qf`lp &`ljl bp^fpi^alabi obpqlabi`rboml^qo^sÄpabrk^
biRblobj^abNfq~dlo^p'`lkpfpqbkbklmbo^`fl+ j ^kfmri^`fÉk erj^k^v`fbkqÅcf`^,
kbpl o^wlk^jfbkqlp jbkq^ibp ^_pqo^`qlp nrb
Pbsfpq^ bafq^a^ mlo^irjklpab i^ D^`riq^a ab Bbob`el ab i^ Skfsbopfa^aab Jfj^

pfosbk^j^kbo^abfkaf`^`flkbp*mloilnrbbkpÅ *% @Oa]P`OaZWbS`O`WOafO`blabWQOa]QcOZ_cWS`

jfpjlpq^j ml`lqfbkbkrk^^mif`^`fÉkqÄ`kf`^, ]b`O^`]bSUWRO^]`SZ8S`SQV]RS5cb]`%

)% 9Zb]R]]^O`bSRSaS`SadWd]abOZQ][] A^ob`bk ab rk^ k^qro^ibw^qÄ`kf`^ l fkarpqof^i

aSS\QcS\b`O\S\ZO\Obc`OZSgO#Z]a mrbppblofbkq^k^ ilbpqÄqf`l,Nlobpqb jlqfsl*
^`]QSa]aPW]ZnUWQ]a\Obc`OZSa#SZ[ObS`WOZ kl pb molqbdbk sÅ^ m^qbkqbp* v^ nrbqfbkbk pr
PW]ZnUWQ]SeWabS\bSS\ZO\Obc`OZSgO] molmfl pfpqbj^ ab molqb``fÉk ^ qo^sÄp abi Bb+
O_cSZ_cS^cSROaS`OWaZOR]#W\QZcaWdSSZ ob`elab?rqlo,
US\][O]US`[]^ZOa[ORSQcOZ_cWS`aS`
dWd]\Obc`OZ% +% @]a^ZO\Sa#`SUZOaf[kb]R]a^O`OSZ
SXS`QWQW]RSOQbWdWRORSaW\bSZSQbcOZSa#
J^p m^qbkqbp obi^`flk^a^p `lk pbobp sfslp plk XcSU]a]OQbWdWRORSaSQ]\n[WQ]$
i^pnrbj~pab_^qbe^kdbkbo^alÑiqfj^jbkqb, Q][S`QWOZSa%
Ck krbpqol m^Åp kl pb `lkpfabo^k fksbk`flkbp
ilppbobpsfslp kf m^oqbabbiilp&mlobgbj milbi Qbobcfbobk^`ob^`flkbpfkqbib`qr^ibpab`^o~`qbo
?BL l i^ p^kdob'q^i`r^ivpbbk`rbkqobk bk i^ ^_pqo^`ql*pfbkalbgbjmilpab i^p jfpj^p $)))%
k^qro^ibw^,Ck`lkpb`rbk`f^*i^pjlafcf`^`flkbp \c!dwkf[f!gXif!i\jfcm\i!le!ZilZ`^iXdX'!cXj!i\^cXj
erj^k^p^bpqlpbibjbkqlppÅmrbabk`lkpfab+ [\!le!al\^f!f!cfj!gcXe\j!gXiX!fi^Xe`qXi!leX!fg\(
o^opb`ljlfksbkqlp5, iXZ`ze!Zfd\iZ`Xc

3, Tbo i^ Pbplir`fÉk 136 ab i^ Aljrkfa^a ?kafk^, Bfpmlkf_ib bk8 :eqqm8--fkqo^kbq,`ljrkfa^a^kafk^,lod-
Bl`rjbkqlp-Bl`rjbkqlpCkqo^a^-C...011.0.//
,mac<,

4, Ckbijljbkqlabi^fkco^``fÉk*bi^oqÅ`rilmboqfkbkqbbo^bi/4abi^Bb`fpfÉk122,?`qr^ijbkqbrk`lkqbkfal
fdr^ipbbk`rbkqo^bkbi^oqÅ`ril0.abi^Bb`fpfÉk264*bi`r^ifkaf`^nrb E f j !g i f [ l Z k f j ! f !g i f Z \ [ `d `\ e k f j !p X 
g X k \ e k X [ f j ' ! Z f d g i \ e [ `[ f j !\ e ! \ c!\ j k X [ f ! [ \ ! cX ! kw Z e `Z X '! [ \ !Z f e ] f i d `[ X [ !Z f e ! \ c!X i k x Z l c f ! ,1![ \ !c X !g i \ j \ e k \ ! = \ Z `j `z e '
e f !j \ i v e ! f Y a\ k f ![ \ !e l \ m X !g X k \ e k \ !g f i !\ c!j `d g c\ !_ \ Z _ f ![ \ !X k i ` Y l ` i j \ !l e ! l j f ![ ` j k ` e k f !X c !f i `^ ` e X c d \ e k \ !Z f d g i \ e [ `[ f 
g f i !cX !g X k \ e k \ !`e `Z `X c )

5, Nlobgbjmil*bkbi CumbafbkqbLÜ701+0..3-MGLpbbk`rbkqo^`lk`bafal*e^pq^ bi 0.03*i^ m^qbkqbpl_obrk^

:=OH<:MNL  /1.

_^`qbof^jlafcf`^a^dbkÄqf`^jbkqb,

6, Nlobgbjmil*bufpqbrk^elg^^oqfcf`f^inrbpbm^o^biefaoÉdbklabiluÅdbkl`lkqbkfalpbkbi^dr^*`lkbil_gbqfsl
abl_qbkbobkbodÅ^abj^kbo^j~p_^o^q^*pfkbj_^odl*bimol`bplpboÅ^bijfpjlnrbbiabi^clqlpÅkqbpfp*mlo
ilnrbbimol`bafjfbkqlabbpqb^m^oqlklmlaoÅ^pbom^qbkq^al,Tbo8:eqqm8--bi`ljbo`fl,mb-qb`klil^f^-/2/2007-
klqf`f^+elf^+`ob^a^+`fbkqfcf`lp+`^m^w+dbkbo^o+clqlpfkqbpfp<&Db`e^ab`lkpriq^8//abklsfbj_obab0./1',

7, Qb`obq^oÅ^Ebkbo^iabi^Aljrkfa^a?kafk^*Mod^kfw^`fÉkKrkaf^iabNolmfba^aGkqbib`qr^ivMcf`fk^Crolmb^ab

100 ?icobal K^o^sÅ Alkqobo^p

A^_bpbÇ^i^onrbbkkrbpqolm^Åpklpbmolqbdbk af`e^fkcloj^`fÉk &mlobgbjmil*rk^ j~nrfk^' èA
i^p m^qbkqbpabkbdl`fl &F\k_f[jf][f`e^Ylj`( lbimol`bafjfbkql*pÅmlaoÅ^kpbo`lkpfabo^alp @ @ $!"
e\jj%6bpab`fo*klpbmolqbdbk ilpmi^kbpobdi^pv fksbk`flkbp, !
i+)Fz
jÄqlalpm^o^^`qfsfa^abpb`lkÉjf`l+`ljbo`f^+ S?H
ibp*^rknrbbklqolpm^ÅpbppÅi^pob`lklw`^k*`ljl OB( MBIHL=>I:M>GM>L=>BGO>G<BÜG C 7L
ll
bpbi`^plabCpq^alpSkfalpabLloqb^jÄof`^, ĎDĆĊ
?qbkafbkal^i^k^qro^ibw^abi^fksbk`fÉk*i^pm^+ C ÀÅĆC Ǽ

,% @]a^`]U`O[OaRS]`RS\OR]`Sa]SZ qbkqbpmrbabkpboabmolar`qllabmol`bafjfbkql,

a]^]`bSZnUWQ]#Q][]bOZSa%
(% DObS\bSRS^`]RcQb]%
Jlp moldo^j^p ab loabk^alo* mlo bgbj mil bi
mol`bp^aloabqbuql Kf`olplcqUloa* pb molqb+ J^m^qbkqbqfbkb`ljlobpriq^alrk^bkqfa^acÅ+
dbk bk NboÑ rqfifw^kalbipfpqbj^ ab Bbob`elp pf`^&rk^m^o^ql'lrk^prpq^k`f^&rk^jliÄ`ri^',
ab?rqlo,?idrklplqolp m^Åpbp*^abj~pab r qf+
ifw^o bi jb`^kfpjl abi Bbob`elp ab ?rqlo* ibp Nlo bgbjmil* `ljl m^qbkqb ab molar`ql m l + lg
á
_ofka^k molqb``fÉksÅ^ m^qbkqbp, abjlp pbÇ^i^o bi ^bolmi^kl ab ilp eboj^klp U^
U ofdeq* i^ _lj _fii^ fk`^kabp`bkqb ab Cafplk* :S
R3
-% @OaT]`[OaRS^`SaS\bO`W\T]`[OQWn\% bkqob lqolp, ?pfjfpjl* `ljl m^qbkqb ab mol+ R<
#$
ar`qlabrk^prpq^k`f^mlabjlpjbk`flk^oi^ R1
^)^
Gkdobp^ abkqol ab bpq^ `^qbdloÅ^ ab kl fksbk+ ^pmfofk^*bimolw^`*bq`, :S
<
`flkbp8 `
;1
)% DObS\bSRS^`]QSRW[WS\b]%
<lXchl`\igi\j\ekXZ`ze[\`e]fidXZ`zeZXiXZ( GB
2$
k\i`qX[Xjzcfgfi\cZfek\e`[f[\cX`e]fidX( Skmol`bafjfbkqlpbobcfbob^`r^inrfbopfpqbj^ M
jq
Z`ze$)))%)>jkfj\Xgc`ZXj`cXi\`m`e[`ZXZ`ze\jkv abmolar``fÉk*abbi^_lo^`fÉk,Ckbpqb`^pl*i^ r
<M

[`i`^`[XXcXgi\j\ekXZ`zeg\ij\[\cX`e]fidX( m^qbkqbqfbkbmlol_gbqlbij lalm^o^l_qbkbo :r

O
Z`ze$\a\dgcf5leXj\yXcXZ{jk`ZX'le[`jZlijf rk obpriq^al^qo^sÄpab rk^ pr`bpfÉk ablmb+ `r
âl
_XYcX[ff\jZi`kf'le[\jgc`\^l\m`jlXc%'XcX o^`flkbp, Nlo bgbj mil* pb mrbab molqbdbo bi sf
#$
#%
`e]fidXZ`zeXcdXZ\eX[X\eled\[`f$\a\d( mol`bafjfbkql m^o^ l_qbkbo_fl`lj _rpqf_ib^ $
S
gcf le c`YifZXiXZk\i`qX[fgfijl Zfek\e`[f' m^oqfoab^id^pj^ofk^p, _O
r]
leXZ`ekX[\^iXYXZ`zeZXiXZk\i`qX[XgficX
g`\qXdlj`ZXc^iXYX[X'leXj\yXc[\kivej`kf Ckkrbpqolm^Åp*rk^jfpj^plif`fqraabm^qbkqb :r
2$

ZXiXZk\i`qX[Xgfi\cd\ejXa\[\gi\m\eZ`ze' mrbab sbop^opl_ob rk molar`qlv pr mol`baf+ a)8

M
`
le[`jZfZfdgXZkfZXiXZk\i`qX[fgficX[XkX j fbkqlabbi^_lo^`fÉk, á
$
fgif^iXdX^iXYX[f%'flegifZ\jfpXgXiXkf &/1
gXiXcXgi\j\ekXZ`ze[\`e]fidXZ`ze$\a\dgcf5 ?iboq^ 1 8 Cp fj mloq^kqb mob`fp^o nrb bk bi M
`)
le^iXYX[fiZXiXZk\i`qX[fjfcXd\ek\gficX NboÑ kl pb lqlod^k m^qbkqbp ^ ilp rplp nrb óS
s#$f
`e]fidXZ`ze^iXYX[X' leXZfdglkX[fiXZX( pbob^if`bkpl_obilpmolar`qlp*mlobgbjmil*
iXZk\i`qX[XgficX[XkXXcdXZ\eX[X% )#+ i^p m^rq^p ab alpfcf`^`fÉk* m^rq^p ab ^aj f+ :S
kfpqo^`fÉk* bkqoblqolp* kl plk `lkpfabo^a^p &M
J^ bu`irpfÉk ^cb`q^ ^ i^ cloj^ bk pÅ jfpj^ ab molar`qlpkfmol`bafjfbkqlp//,Ckq^ipbkqfal* <
&S
mobpbkq^o i^ fkcloj ^`fÉk* mbol bi plmloqb ab bp jrv fj mloq^kqb nrb i^p obfsfkaf`^`flkbp ``

d
`l
IViZciZh( F X e l X cg X i X \ c\ o X d \ e [ \ j f c`Z `kl [ \ j [ \ g X k \ e k \ j [ \ `e m \ e Z `z e \ e cX j f ]`Z `e X j [ \ I i f g `\ [ X [ B e [ l j k i `X c[ \ cf j 
g X xj \ j [ \ cX  < f d l e `[ X [ : e [ `e X )  ,**.& e(.1(=^hedc^WaZZc46]iie4))lll(Xdbjc^YVYVcY^cV(dg\)ejWa^X)a^WgdU-.(
Þ
]ib8"?ZX]VYZXdchjaiV4+*YZcdk^ZbWgZYZ,*+-#(
+
+*( BY x[ )' ee(.1'.2(
k
O
++( MVbW^tc hZVg\jbZciVfjZbjX]VhkZXZh adhjhdhhZgZ[^ZgZcV btidYdhiZgVetji^XdhdYZY^V\cwhi^Xd&fjZcd
ejZYZchZgeViZciVYdh&iVaXdbdkZgZbdhbshVYZaVciZZcZaiZmid(

Q l _ o b  bi  c r k ` f l k ^ j f b k q l  L í ^ i b o q ^ p ì b k  bi  p f p q b j ^  a b  m ^ q b k q b p  b k  bi  N b o Ñ  ŦȚŦ
 kl`lkqbkd^k obcbobk`f^p^ ilp rplp*ablqol
jlal* bpql mlaoÅ^ fj mbafo i^ `lk`bpfÉk ab
qlallm^oqbabi^ m^qbkqb,
Mqo^pk^`flkbppÅmolqbdbk ilprplpmlonrbilp
`lkpfabo^k mol`bafjfbkqlp l* mlonrb ibp a^k
rk^`^qbdloÅ^fkabmbkafbkqb8m^qbkqbabrpl,
JWZ% F9EI=G=HCGD5F5C6H9B9FIB5
D5H9BH989=BJ9B7=xB
Qlk obnrfpfqlpm^o^ i^l_qbk`fÉkab i^ m^qbkqb*
q^kql ab molar`ql`ljl ab mol`bafjfbkql8 i^
klsba^a*bikfsbi fksbkqfslvpboprp`bmqf_ibab
^mif`^`fÉk fkarpqof^i,
KZk^hiV ZY ^iVY V edg Vajbcdh YZ aV ?VXjaiVY YZ =ZgZX]d YZ aV Nc^kZgh^YVY YZ E^bV
(% B]dSROR%
Sk^ fksbk`fÉk `rjmib `lk bi obnrfpfql ab kl+
sba^a9bpab`fo* bp krbs^*`r^kal i^ fksbk`fÉk
kl bpqÄ `ljmobkafa^ abkqol abi bpq^al ab i^
qÄ`kf`^,Ci`lk`bmqlabbpq^alabi^qÄ`kf`^bpq~
fk`irvbkal qlalp ilp `lkl`fjfbkqlp qÄ`kf`lp
nrbe^v^kpfal^``bpf_ibp^imÑ_if`l^kqbpabi^
cb`e^abmobpbkq^`fÉkabi^plif`fqraabm^qbkqb
l^kqbpabi^cb`e^abi^moflofa^a ob`lkl`fa^,
?iboq^2 8?rknrbi^molqb``fÉkabi^m^qbkqb
plil ^_^o`^ krbpqol m^Åp*i^ klsba^a nrb pb
^k^ifw^bprk^abqfml^_plirq^ljrkaf^i*pfk
obpqof``flkbp qboofqlof^ibp, Ck lqo^p m^i^_o^p*
^rknrb i^ molqb``fÉk plil fk`irvb krbpqol
qboofqlofl* m^o^ nrb pb `lk`ba^ i^ m^qbkqb
kl _^pq^ nrb i^ fksbk`fÉk pb^ Ñkf`^jbkqb
klsbalp^ bk NboÑ, Nlobpqb jlqfsl* ^abj~p
ab`lkpriq^opbbiobdfpqolk^`flk^i*GLBCAMNG
ob^ifw^ rk ^k~ifpfpab i^p mofk`fm^ibp lcf`fk^p
ab m^qbkqbpabi jrkal,
?abj~p*bpkb`bp^oflmob`fp^onrbbibpq^alab
i^qÄ`kf`^fkslir`o^q^kqlabp`ofm`flkbpbp`ofq^p
&^oqÅ`rilp`fbkqÅcf`lp*af_rglp*mi^klp*bq`,'`ljl
lo^ibp &`lkcbobk`f^p* bumif`^`flkbp bk `i^pb*
 +-* :=OH <:MNL
+,( =ZVXjZgYdVaVgiuXjad+1YZaV=ZX^h^wc.20&cdhZidbVZcXjZciVYZcigdYZaZhiVYdYZaVitXc^XVaVY^kja\VX^wc
YZcigdYZa Vvd egZXZYZciZV aV [ZX]V YZ aV egZhZciVX^wc YZ aV hda^X^ijYdYZcigdYZa Vvd egZXZYZciZV aV [ZX]V
YZ eg^dg^YVY& XjVcYdiVa Y^kja\VX^wc ]jW^ZhZ egdkZc^Yd YZa ^ckZcidgd hj XVjhV]VW^ZciZ5 aV ejWa^XVX^wc ^auX^iV
YZ aV Vjidg^YVY YZ eViZciZh& c^ iVbedXd XjVcYd ad Y^kja\jZ jc iZgXZgd fjZ dWijkd aV ^c[dgbVX^wc Y^gZXiV d
^cY^gZXiVbZciZYZa^ckZcidgdhjXVjhV]VW^ZciZ(
ŦȚU ?icobal K^o^sÅ Alkqobo^p
bq`,'*^pÅ`ljl i^ rqfifw^`fÉk v`ljbo`f^ifw^`fÉk
ab molar`qlp* mlo bgbjmil pr buef_f`fÉk* rpl
l sbkq^ bk cbof^p MN &kl _^pq^ `lk nrb kl e^v^
pfalm^qbkq^almobsf^jbkqbm^o^bpq^ocrbo^abi
bpq^alabi^qÄ`kf`^',
DÉĦĚĜĖI ĬĔ İÍĦÉ ĔI ËĮĔIİÉ ĒĔIİĪÍ ĒĔĤ ĔĬİÉĒÍ
ab i^ qÄ`kf`^* bu`irpfs^jbkqb m^o^ abqbojfk^o
i^ klsba^a* bi `lkqbkfal ab i^p plif`fqrabp ab
m^qbkqbpbkqo~j fqbbk NboÑ*pfbjmobv`r^kal
bpq^p plif`fqrabp bk qo~j fqb qbkd^k rk^ cb`e^
ab mobpbkq^`fÉkl moflofa^a^kqboflo^ i^cb`e^
ab i^ plif`fqra ab m^qbkqb nrb pb ^k^ifw^, Cpq^
mob`^r`fÉkpbqlj^ m^o^bsfq^onrbrk^ jfpj^
fksbk`fÉk`rbkqb`lkalpm^qbkqbp,
Aljl i^ molqb``fÉk ^_^o`^ pli^jbkqb krbpqol
qboofqlofl*klbijrkal*pfpbabpb^qbkbomolqb`+
`fÉk bk lqolp m^Åpbp* pb ab_b pbdrfo biqo~jfqb
abobdfpqolbk `^a^ rklab ilpm^Åpbpnrbpb^k
abfkqboÄp,Cksfpq^abbpq^pfqr^`fÉkv*`ljl i^
klsba^a ab i^ fksbk`fÉk pb mrbab mboabopf bi
`ob^alo kl e^`b iibd^o^qfbj ml pr plif`fqra ^i
m^Åpnrbibfkqbobp^*bufpqbi^mlpf_fifa^aab^`r+
afo^ rk mol`bafj fbkqlfkqbok^`flk^ido^`f^p^i
Ro^q^alabAllmbo^`fÉkbkK^qbof^abN^qbkqbp
&`lkl`fal `ljl NAR', CpqbRo^q^al bpq^_ib`b
rk pfpqbj^ m^o^ i^ mobpbkq^`fÉk ab plif`fqrabp
abm^qbkqbjbaf^kqbbi`r^ibpmlpf_ibl_qbkbo
m^qbkqbp bk s^oflp m^Åpbp abi jrkal pl_ob i^
_^pbab rk^ Ñkf`^ plif`fqra, A^_b obp^iq^onrb
i^ab`fpfÉkcfk^ibk`r^kql^i^`lk`bpfÉkabi^p
m^qbkqbp nrba^ bu`irpfs^jbkqb bk j^klp ab
i^^rqlofa^a k^`flk^iabm^qbkqbpab`^a^ m^Åp
jfbj_ol abi Ro^q^al, Ck q^i jbafa^* i^ plif`f+
qra NARqfbkb i^ sbkq^g^ ab nrb bp rk^ Ñkf`^
plif`fqranrbirbdlbpbksf^a^^`^a^m^Åpm^o^
nrb i^p ^rqlofa^abp k^`flk^ibp ab`fa^k pl_ob
i^`lk`bpfÉklklabi^m^qbkqb,
Pbi^`flk^al`lk i^ mlpf_fifa^a ab molqbdbork
fksbkql bk s^oflp m^Åpbp* bpq~ bi `lk`bmql ab
i^ moflofa^a, Aljl v^ jbk`flk^jlp* m^o^ ab+
qboj fk^obibpq^al ab i^qÄ`kf`^ &v i^ klsba^a' abibpq^alabi^qÄ`kf`^m^o^bij lj bkqlabpr Ü 7
pbkb`bpfq^qlj ^obk`rbkq^qlal ilnrbbufpqb plif`fqra bk NboÑ, XXX
^kqbpabi^cb`e^abmobpbkq^`fÉkabi^plif`fqra `bqol(
abm^qbkqbl^kqbpabi^cb`e^abmoflofa^anrb ,( G^kZa BckZci^kd( N::(9
e^ mbafalbiplif`fq^kqb, 
HHH
Ll _^pq^ nrb i^ fksbk`fÉk pb^ krbs^*bp kb`b+ ĎDĆĊ
J^ moflofa^a pb obcfbob^ i^ mlpf_fifa^a &abkqol p^oflnrbfj mifnrb^mloqb`ob^qfslabifksbkqlo, C ÀÅĆC Ǽ

ab rk mi^wl' ab nrb pb ob`lklw`^ bk rk m^Åp
@ *`ljlcb`e^abplif`fqraabi^ m^qbkqb*rk^
cb`e^^kqboflo^i^abi^sboa^abo^mobpbkq^`fÉk
bk @ * ab j lal nrb pb ^pfdkb i^ cb`e^ bk i^
nrbpbmobpbkqÉ i^ plif`fqra bk rk m^Åp ? , Nlo
bgbjmil* rk^ plif`fqra ab m^qbkqb mrbab e^+
_bopbmobpbkq^albkNboÑbi /4abpbmqfbj_ob
ab0..6mlobipbÇloHr^k NÄobw,Qfk bj_^odl*
pfbi pbÇloNÄobwmobpbkqÉbp^ jfpj^ plif`fqra
bkAlob^bi/ abbkbolab0..6*mrbabplif`fq^o
nrb pb ib ob`lklw`^ bk NboÑ bpq^ cb`e^ j~p
Ck`lkpb`rbk`f^*bkbiobnrfpfqlabkfsbifksbk+
qfsl pb sbofcf`^ pf* m^o^ rk^ mboplk^ abi lcf`fl*
`lkl`balo ab i^ j^qbof^ qÄ`kf`^ `loobpmlk+
afbkqb&mlobgbjmil*rknrÅjf`lm^o^molar`qlp
c^oj^`Ärqf`lp'* qbkfbkal bk `rbkq^ bi bpq^al
ab i^ qÄ`kf`^* bp^ fksbk`fÉk kl er_fbpb obpri+
q^al l_sf^ kf pb er_fbpbabar`fal ab j^kbo^ ol
bsfabkqb,Qf_fbk^bpq^mboplk^abilcf`flprbib Â
abkljfk~opbib bumboql* klbpq^jlp e^_i^kal :r
ŐÍ
abrkdbkflbkpr j^qbof^pfklabrk^ mboplk^ 2%
_\

^kqfdr^`ljlpfcrbo^i^cb`e^abmobpbkq^`fÉk `lkrk^cloj^`fÉk*`^m^`fa^av`lkl`fjfbkqlp R1
dc
ab pr plif`fqra bk NboÑ, Ci mi^wl j~ufjl m^o^ kloj^ibpmolmflpabpr molcbpfÉk, LH
<
bgbo`bo i^ moflofa^a bk rk^ m^qbkqb bp ab MN A
1
jbpbp `lkq^alp abpab i^ cb`e^ ab mobpbkq^+ Nlobgbjmil*bkl`^pflkbp*mloqo^q^opbab^idl
`fÉkabi^plif`fqra`rv^moflofa^apbfksl`^,Ck bsfabkqb*kl`rjmibk `lk bi obnrfpfqlab kfsbi `r
+M
krbpqolbgbjmil*`ljli^ mofjbo^ plif`fqra pb fksbkqfsl ilp pfjmibp `^j_flp ab q^j^Çlp l Í
'<
mobpbkqÉ bi ./ ab bkbol ab 0..6 bk Alob^* pb j^qbof^ibp, r
`r
qfbkbe^pq^bi./ abbkbolab0..7m^o^plif`fq^o `r
^
nrbpbob`lklw`^ i^ m ofl ofa ^ a /1, ?iboq^ R 8 J^p `lkaf`flkbp mboplk^ibp abi `r
úM
fksbkqlo&prp`lkl`fjfbkqlp*bpcrbowlp*bq`,' Xd
?iboq^ 3 8 K ^kqbkbo i^ klsba^a ab i^ fk+ klplkqlj^alpbk`rbkq^m^o^bi^k~ifpfpab 1
sbk`fÉk ^molsb`e^kal i^ moflofa^a bp ^idl kfsbi fksbkqfsl, Cpl pfdkfcf`^ nrb i^ m^qbkqb S
_\
N'
`or`f^i, Ci j lqfsl bp bi pfdrfbkqb* fj ^dfkb+ pb `lk`babo~ l abkbd^o~ pfk fj mloq^o pf bi
jlp* obqlj ^kal krbpqol bgbjmil ^kqboflo* fksbkqlobprk molcbpflk^ilrk^cf`flk^al, ^f
+M
`_
nrbbipbÇloHr^k NÄobwmobpbkqÉpr mofjbo^ M
Ë
plif`fqra ab m^qbkqb bk Alob^ bi / ab bkbol *% GcaQS^bWPZSRS5^ZWQOQWn\=\Rcab`WOZ% Â
4$
ab0..6,Aljlv^sfjlp*qfbkbe^pq^bi./ ab _\

bkbol ab 0..7 m^o^ ^molsb`e^o i^ moflofa^a Sk^ fksbk`fÉk bp prp`bmqf_ib ab ^mif`^`fÉk fk+ M
J(
vob^ifw^opr plif`fqra*mlobgbjmilbk NboÑ, arpqof^i`r^kalprl_gbqlmrbabpbomolar`fall &M
R1
rqfifw^albk`r^inrfboqfmlab^`qfsfa^amolar`qfs^ _\
&(7
Qrmlkd^jlp nrb mobpbkq^ pr plif`fqra ab m^+ &fk`irfalp ilppbosf`flp',Ckq^i pbkqfal*pf i^ `ob^+ 2$
8J
qbkqbcrbo^abbpbmi^wl*bi.3abbkbolab0..7, `fÉk qfbkb* mlo bgbjmil* pli^jbkqb rk^ crk`fÉk _\

Ci obpriq^al kl pb ifj fq^ ^ mboabo i^ moflofa^a* mro^jbkqbqbÉof`^*kl`rjmib`lkbpqbobnrfpfql, <
AS
e^ mboafal q^j _fÄk i^ klsba^a ab i^ fksbk+ ËË
`fÉk plif`fq^a^ bk 0..79 biil pb ab_b ^ nrb pr Bbbpq^j^kbo^*i^fksbk`fÉkab_bpboj^qbof^i+
molmf^ plif`fqra ab0..6 bk Alob^cloj^ m^oqb jbkqbob^ifw^_ibbki^mo~`qf`^*mloilnrb`^ob`b
d
`l

+-( >h^bedgiVciZYZhiVXVgfjZaVeg^dg^YVYZhY^[ZgZciZYZaVegZaVX^wc&nVfjZaVegZaVX^wchZgZ[^ZgZVfjZ&VciZYdh
!+
hda^X^iVciZheVgVdWiZcZgZagZ\^higd&hZidbVZcXjZciV"i^ZcZbZ_dgYZgZX]d#ZafjZegZhZciweg^bZgdhjhda^X^ijY k
O
"idbVcYdZcXjZciVZaYuVn]dgV#(

Q l _ o b  bi  c r k ` f l k ^ j f b k q l  L í ^ i b o q ^ p ì b k  bi  p f p q b j ^  a b  m ^ q b k q b p  bk  bi  N b o Ñ  ŦȚÙ
 ab bpqb obnrfpfql i^ fksbk`fÉk nrb kl mrbab
ob^ifw^opb fkarpqof^ij bkqb l nrb plil mrba^
ob^ifw^opbabj^kbo^l`^pflk^ilfjmobsfpf_ib,
Cp fj mloq^kqb obp^iq^o nrb i^ bufdbk`f^ kl bp
nrb i^ fksbk`fÉk pb bpqÄ ^mif`^kal l nrb e^
pfal ^mif`^a^ fkarpqof^ijbkqb* pfkl nrb qbkd^
i^ ^mqfqra m^o^ pbo^mif`^a^* s^ib ab`fo* plil pb
kb`bpfq^ i^ mlqbk`f^i^mif`^`fÉk,
J===%9L79D7=CB9G5@5D5H9BH56=@=858
? mbp^o ab nrb mrba^k pbo fksbk`flkbp nrb
`rjmi^k `lk ilp obnrfpfqlp ab klsba^a* kfsbi
fksbkqfslv^mif`^`fÉkfkarpqof^i*bi^oqÅ`rilNL ab
Pbsfpq^ bafq^a^ mlo^irjklpab i^ D^`riq^a ab Bbob`elab i^ Skfsbopfa^a ab Jfj^
i^Bb`fpfÉk264bpq^_ib`brk ifpq^alab^nrbiil
nrbklmrbabm^qbkq^opb,
(% @OaW\dS\QW]\SaQcfOSe^Z]bOQWn\
Q][S`QWOZS\SZbS``Wb]`W]RSZDOla
AWS[P`]`Sa^SQbWd]RSPOW[^SRW`aS
\SQSaO`WO[S\bS^O`O^`]bSUS`SZ]`RS\
^oPZWQ]]ZO[]`OZ%5Sab]aSTSQb]aZO
Se^Z]bOQWn\Q][S`QWOZRSc\OW\dS\QWn\
\]aSQ]\aWRS`O`jQ]\b`O`WOOZ]`RS\
^oPZWQ]]OZO[]`OZa]Z]RSPWR]OZO
SeWabS\QWORSc\ORWa^]aWQWn\ZSUOZ]
OR[W\Wab`ObWdO_cS^`]VlPO]_cS`SUcZS
RWQVOSe^Z]bOQWn\%
R^i `ljlpbpbÇ^i^*biloabk mÑ_if`lvi^ jlo^i
plk `^qbdloÅ^p fkabqbojfk^a^p nrb bpq~k mlo
bk`fj^ ab rk^ jbo^ afpmlpf`fÉk kloj^qfs^ v*
jr`e^p sb`bp* pr `lkqbkfal pb abqboj fk^o~
^qbkafbkal^i`^pl`lk`obql,
Lloj^ijbkqbpbbkqfbkabmloloabk mÑ_if`l^
ilp mofk`fmflp b fkpqfqr`flkbp bpbk`f^ibp ^ rk^
pl`fba^a* ab jlalnrb kl mrbabk pbosflibk+
q^alp pfk obpnrb_o^g^opr abp^ooliil ^ojÉkf`l,
Nloprm^oqb*i^jlo^imÑ_if`^pbprbibbkqbkabo
`ljlilps^ilobprk^pl`fba^abkrkbpm^`flv
qfbj mlabqbojfk^alp,
:=OH<:MNL  +-*
Bb_b klq^opb nrb i^ ^cb`q^`fÉk ^ i^ jlo^i l^i
loabk mÑ_if`lab_bpbokb`bp^of^,Nlobgbjmil*
mlao~k`lkpqfqrfo`lkqo^oflp^i^jlo^il^iloabk
mÑ_if`l ilp mol`bafj fbkqlp ab `ilk^`fÉk ab
pbobp erj^klp, ?pfjfpjl* q^j _fÄk fkdobp^oÅ^
_^glbpq^molef_f`fÉki^rqfifw^`fÉkabbj_oflkbp
104 ?icobal K^o^sÅ Alkqobo^p
erj^klp`lkcfkbp`ljbo`f^ibp^pÅ`ljli^jl+
afcf`^`fÉkabi^fabkqfa^adbkÄqf`^dbojfk^iab
ilppbobperj^klp&bgbjmilp8jlafcf`^obi`lilo
ab lglp* fkqbifdbk`f^ l mboplk^ifa^a nrbs^k ^
qbkbokrbpqolpefglp',
,( EVh^ckZcX^dcZhXjnVZmeadiVX^wc
Q][S`QWOZS\SZ^OlaAWS[P`]`Sa^SQbWd]
RSPOW[^SRW`aS\SQSaO`WO[S\bS
^O`O^`]bSUS`ZOaOZcR]ZOdWRORSZOa
^S`a]\Oa]RSZ]aO\W[OZSa#]^O`O
^`SaS`dO`Z]adSUSbOZSa]SZ[SRW]
O[PWS\bS%5Sab]aSTSQb]a#ZOSe^Z]bOQWn\
Q][S`QWOZRSc\OW\dS\QWn\\]aS
Q]\aWRS`O`jQ]\b`O`WOOZOaOZcR]ZO
dWRORSZOa^S`a]\Oa#RSZ]aO\W[OZSa#
]^O`OZO^`SaS`dOQWn\RSZ]adSUSbOZSa
]RSZ[SRW]O[PWS\bSanZ]^]``Ogn\
RSSeWabW`c\ORWa^]aWQWn\ZSUOZ]
OR[W\Wab`ObWdO_cS^`]VlPO]_cS`SUcZS
RWQVOSe^Z]bOQWn\%
Cpq^ afpmlpf`fÉk kl pli^j bkqb pb obi^`flk^
_^pq^kqb`lki^^kqboflo*pfklnrbkrbs^jbkqb*
i^ obpqof``fÉk klpb ifj fq^^ pbdrfo il afpmrbpql
mlork^kloj^,Bbbpqbjlal*m^o^nrbklpb^
m^qbkq^_ib i^ fksbk`fÉk* ab_b pbo kb`bp^ofl l
fkafpmbkp^_ibnrb i^ `ob^`fÉk ^cb`qb i^ p^ira l
sfa^abmboplk^pv^kfj^ibp*i^mobpbos^`fÉkab
ilpsbdbq^ibplbijbafl^j_fbkqb,
?iboq^5 8F^vjr`e^p`lp^pnrbmrbabkpbo
a^Çfk^p* mbolbpl klpfdkfcf`^ nrb i^ obpqof`+
`fÉkab_^pbo^jmif^,Nlobgbjmil* i^p^oj^p
ab crbdl pb m^qbkq^k ^ mbp^o ab nrb bpq~k
afpbÇ^a^p m^o^ j^q^o, Cpqlpb ab_b mlpf_ib+
jbkqb ^ nrb i^p ^oj^p ab crbdl `rjmibk
i^ crk`fÉk nrb pr rpr^ofl abqbojfk^8 abpab
^`qfsfa^abp `ofjfk^ibp e^pq^ ebolf`^p* `lk
il `r^i mrbabk ^cb`q^oq^kql mlpfqfs^ `ljl
kbd^qfs^jbkqbbk i^ p^iravsfa^ abi^p mbo+
plk^p, Ll l_pq^kqb pb mrbabk m^qbkq^o i^p
^oj^p ab crbdl* `fboq^p ^oj^p mlaoÅ^k pbo
bu`bmqr^a^p mlo i^ `^od^ kbd^qfs^ nrb i^p
^`ljm^Ç^ v mlo i^ c^iq^ ab `lkqoli pl_ob bi
l_gbqfsl^inrbpbabpqfk^k9rk_rbkbgbjmil
abbiilplk i^pjfk^p^kqfmboplk^ibp,
*% @Oa^ZO\bOa#Z]aO\W[OZSafZ]a
^`]QSRW[WS\b]aSaS\QWOZ[S\bS
 PW]ZnUWQ]a^O`OZO^`]RcQQWn\RS^ZO\bOa Cpfj mloq^kqbob`loa^onrbpli^jbkqbbijÄql+ : è
]O\W[OZSa_cS\]aSO\^`]QSRW[WS\b]a albpq~molef_falabm^qbkq^opbvkli^j~nrfk^ jj
\]PW]ZnUWQ]a][WQ`]PW]ZnUWQ]a% lj~nrfk^pnrbmrbabkbpq^opbrqfifw^kalm^o^ ZggZ
K Fz
^mif`^o bi jÄqlal, ?pfjfpjl* pf bi j Äqlal a^
J^pbpmb`fbpvs^ofba^abpabmi^kq^pv^kfj^ibp `ljlobpriq^alprpq^k`f^p&bgbjmil8jbaf`fk^p'* '&*#
MO
kl plk m^qbkq^_ibp mrbp plk rk obpriq^al ab bpqlp`ljmrbpqlpmlaoÅ^k m^qbkq^opb, ĎDĆĊ
i^ k^qro^ibw^, Sk mol`bpl bpbk`f^ijbkqb _fl+ C ÀÅĆC Ǽ

iÉdf`l `lkpfpqb qlq^ ij b k qb  bk rk cbkÉj bkl =L% 89F97<CGM@=A=H57=CB9GGC6F9@5

k^qro^i* pfk fkqbosbk`fÉk erj^* mlo bgbjmil* D5H9BH9
i^ mlifkfw^`fÉk abmi^kq^p,
J^mboplk^nrb`lk`f_bi^fksbk`fÉkbpbifksbk+
?iboq^T 8Bb^`rboal^i^kloj^*ilpmol`baf+ qlovqfbkbbiabob`el^pboob`lkl`fal`ljlbi
jfbkqlpkl _fliÉdf`lpvilpjf`ol_fliÉdf`lp `ob^aloabi^ jfpj^,
pÅplkm^qbkq^_ibp,Qfkmbogrf`flabbiil*`^_b
bpmb`fcf`^o nrb* mlo afpmlpf`fÉk ibd^i* ilp Ci plif`fq^kqb l qfqri^o ab i^ m^qbkqb mrbab pbo _\
Â
jf`ollod^kfpjlppÅplkm^qbkq^_ibp^rknrb bi jfpj l fksbkqlo r lqo^ mboplk^ k^qro^i l
kl bpq~ `i^ol nrÄ plk &mi^kq^ l ^kfj^i' kf groÅaf`^, Qb
úl
bufpqb abcfkf`fÉk lcf`f^i ab jf`ollod^kfpjl* RH
_\
bfk`irplbkbi`^jmlabi^`fbk`f^klnrba^ Ci qfqri^o ab i^ m^qbkqb qfbkb bi abob`el bu`ir+ M
`i^olnrÄbprk jf`ollod^kfpjl, pfsl ab `lkqoli^o i^ rqfifw^`fÉk ab i^ fksbk`fÉk 3b
<
&c^_of`^`fÉkabimolar`ql*fjmloq^`fÉk*bjmibl Ë
+% @]a[kb]R]abS`O^kcbWQ]a]_cW`o`UWQ]a abi mol`bafjfbkql*bq`,'*`lk il`r^i*bi rplabi N_\
^O`OSZb`ObO[WS\b]Vc[O\]]O\W[OZ#Oal mol`bafjfbkqllmolar`ql m^qbkq^alobnrfbob ËĮ
H
Q][]Z]a[kb]R]aRSRWOU\nabWQ]O^ZWQO| rk^ ^rqlofw^`fÉk l if`bk`f^* mobsf^ `ljmbkp^+ .
'<
R]aOZ]aaS`SaVc[O\]a]OO\W[OZSa% `fÉkb`lkÉjf`^, r
+,
Qb
M
Sk^abi^po^wlkbpmloi^pnrbpbe^bu`bmqr^al ?iboq^7 8Cpfkafpmbkp^_ibbiobdfpqolbk GL+ :r
âM
abi^ m^qbkq^_fifa^a ilpjÄqlalpqbo^mÄrqf`lp* BCAMNG m^o^ nrbbiqfqri^o mrba^ bsfq^onrb Ré
_\
nrfoÑodf`lpvabaf^dkÉpqf`lbpmloi^`^kqfa^a qbo`bolprpbkl`ljbo`f^if`bkprfksbkqlvbi 1
l
abjrboqbpnrbmlaoÅ^kl`roofopfbijÄaf`lkl mi^wlabmolqb``fÉkbpabNL^Çlpklobkls^+ _\
e)
mrbab^qbkabo`loob`q^jbkqb^pr m^`fbkqb, _ibp9 pfk bj_^odl* af`el mi^wl pb `ljfbkw^ T
^ `lkq^o abpab i^ cb`e^ ab plif`fqra ab i^ Öm
s
Jlp jÄqlalpqbo^mÄrqf`lp plk ilpnrb `ro^k l m^qbkqbabfksbk`fÉkvklabpab i^cb`e^bk Í
Ë
mobsfbkbkbkcbojba^abp^qo^sÄpabjbaflpkl nrbpb`lk`babbiobdfpqol, Â
nrfoÑodf`lp,Nlobgbjmil*biqo^q^j fbkqlabnrf+ ol
jflqbo^mf^ m^o^ i^ ibr`bjf^ kl fjmif`^ `fordÅ^ Aljlbiqo~j fqbm^o^`lk`baboi^m^qbkqbprbib M
d(
pfklrk j Äqlalqbo^mÄrqf`l, aro^o^idrklp^Çlp&bg81É3^Çlp'i^molqb``fÉk _\
R1
bcb`qfs^lp`fi^o~bkqobilp/3v/5^Çlp&pfk`lk+ _\
JlpjÄqlalpnrfoÑodf`lpfkslir`o^kfkqbosbkfo q^obiqfbj mlmloqo~jfqbp^af`flk^ibpnrbmrb+ M
Qb
`lk fkpqorj bkqlp v pb obcfbobk ^ `Éjl ab_b a^kkb`bpfq^opbm^o^`ljbo`f^ifw^obimolar`ql', _\
27D
mol`babopbbkrk^`fordÅ^*mlobgbjmil*`Éjl 8
8J
obqfo^obi^mÄkaf`b, Jrbdl abi mi^wl ab molqb``fÉk* bi molar`ql l ËË
mol`bafj fbkql `^b bk bi alj fkfl mÑ_if`l9 bp
Jlp jÄqlalp ab af^dkÉpqf`l pb obcfbobk ^ ilp ab`fo*mrbabrqfifw^opbpfkkb`bpfa^aabob^ifw^o
,
cM
bu~jbkbp jÄaf`lp nrb ^k^ifw^k ilp pÅkqlj^p m^dlpkf mbafoif`bk`f^pabrpl,Sk _rbkbgbj+
ab m^`fbkqb m^o^ abp`r_ofo nrÄ j^i il ^nrbg^
l m^o^ qlj ^o i^ ab`fpfÉk pl_ob bi qo^q^j fbkql
mil ab`Éjlpb^molsb`e^ bi alj fkfl mÑ_if`l
ilqbkbjlpbkbipb`qloc^oj^`Ärqf`l*bkbi`r^i* !Ț
j~p^molmf^al,Nlobgbjmil*ilp jÄqlalpm^o^ irbdl ab sbk`fal bi mi^wl ab molqb``fÉk abi
abqb`q^obi`~k`boab j^j^ bpq^oÅ^k bu`irfalp c~oj^`l* `r^inrfbo bjmobp^ mrbab molar`foil
kO
abi^ m^qbkq^_fifa^a, vsbkaboil`ljljbaf`^jbkqldbkÄof`l,

Q l _ o b  bi  c r k ` f l k ^ j f b k q l  L í ^ i b o q ^ p  b k  bi  p f p q b j ^  a b  m ^ q b k q b p  bk  bi  N b o Ñ  ŦȚÛ
 Cp fj mloq^kqbpbÇ^i^onrb*^m^oqbabi mi^wlab
molqb``fÉk*i^m^qbkqbqfbkblqolpiÅjfqbp*pbÇ^i^+
alpbkbi^oqÅ`ril31abi^Bb`fpfÉk264,?idrklp
ab ilp`ljmloq^jfbkqlp j~pfjmloq^kqbpnrb
kl mrbabk pbo fj mbafalp mlo bi qfqr i^ o ab i^
m^qbkqb*plk8
^, ?`qlpob^ifw^alpbkbi~j _fqlmofs^alv`lk
cfkbpkl`ljbo`f^ibp9
_, ?`qlp ob^ifw^alp bu`irpfs^jbkqb`lk cfkbp
abbumbofjbkq^`fÉk*obpmb`ql^il_gbqlab
i^fksbk`fÉk m^qbkq^a^9
`, ?`qlp ob^ifw^alp bu`irpfs^jbkqb`lk cfkbp
Pbsfpq^bafq^a^ mlo^irjklp ab i^ D^`riq^a abBbob`elab i^ Skfsbopfa^a ab Jfj^
abbkpbÇ^kw^labfksbpqfd^`fÉk`fbkqÅcf`^
l^`^aÄjf`^,
?iboq^ /. 8 Mqo^ ifj fq^`fÉk ^i Bbob`el ab
N^qbkqbpbpbi`lkl`fal ?dlq^jfbkqlabiBb+
ob`el *nrbpbbk`rbkqo^`lkqbj mi^albkbi
^oqÅ`ril32abi^Bb`fpfÉk264,Cpfj mloq^kqb
bpq^ obpqof``fÉk mlonrb* ^m^oqb ab rqfifw^opb
jr`el`ljbo`f^ijbkqb*bpmb`fcf`^bi`lkqoli
nrbqfbkbbiqfqri^oabi^ m^qbkqbobpmb`qlab
i^psbkq^pabi molar`qlm^qbkq^al,
Alkclojb^i^oqÅ`riljbk`flk^al*i^m^qbkqbkl
a^biabob`elabfj mbafonrbrkqbo`bolob^if`b
^`qlp ab `ljbo`fl obpmb`ql ab rk molar`ql
molqbdfal mlo i^ m^qbkqb* abpmrÄp ab nrb bpb
molar`ql pb e^v^ fkqolar`fal bk bi `ljbo`fl
bk `r^inrfbo m^Åp mlobiqfqr i^ oab i^ m^qbkqbl
mlo lqo^ mboplk^ `lk pr `lkpbkqfjfbkql, Nlo
bgbjmil*pfbiqfqri^osbkafÉrkilqbabjbaf`fk^p
m^qbkq^a^p bk Cpm^Ç^* mlobi^dlq^j fbkqlabi
abob`el*klmrbabfj mbafonrbÄpqlpfkdobpbk
^NboÑvpbob^if`bkqo^kp^``flkbp`ljbo`f^ibp,
Dfk^ijbkqb* i^p if`bk`f^p l_ifd^qlof^p plk rk^
obpqof``fÉk fj mloq^kqb^iBbob`elab N^qbkqbp,
Ciqfqri^oabi^m^qbkqbqfbkbi^l_ifd^`fÉkab`l+
jbo`f^ifw^oi^fksbk`fÉk*mlopÅjfpjll^qo^sÄp
ab`lkqo^qlpalkablqlodrbif`bk`f^pabrpl,Qf
:=OH<:MNL  +-*
irbdlabrkmi^wlabqobp^Çlp`lkq^alp^m^oqfo
+.( OZgZcaV=ZX^h^wc.20&ZaVgiuXjad0+ nh^\j^ZciZh(
+/( OZgZcZa=ZXgZidEZ\^haVi^kd+*1/&ZaVgiuXjad.*(
ŦȚŨ ĤĘĪĔĒÍ BÉĪ ÉĴĞ ÀÍIİĪĔĪÉĬ
abi^`lk`bpfÉkabi^ m^qbkqblab`r^qol^Çlp
`lkq^alp^ m^oqfoabi^plif`fqraabi^ jfpj^*bi
qfqri^oab i^ fksbk`fÉk kl i^ e^ `ljbo`f^ifw^al
&vkl e^vrk^ bu`rp^ ibdÅqfj^'* i^ Bfob``fÉk ab
Gksbk`flkbpvLrbs^pRb`klildÅ^pabiGLBCAMNG*
^ plif`fqra ab`r^inrfbofkqbobp^alnrbmobsf^+
jbkqbe^v^qo^q^alabl_qbkbork^if`bk`f^ab
rpl* lqlod^o~ rk^ if`bk`f^ l_ifd^qlof^ m^o^ i^
`ljbo`f^ifw^`fÉkab i^ fksbk`fÉk/2,
R^j_fÄk pb mrbabk a^o if`bk`f^p l_ifd^qlof^p*
pfkqbkbonrbbpmbo^orkmi^wl*`r^kalbiCpq^al
ab`i^ob^qo^sÄpabBb`obqlQrmobjli^bufpqbk+
`f^abo^wlkbpabfkqboÄpmÑ_if`l*abbjbodbk`f^
lab pbdrofa^a k^`flk^i r lqo^p`fo`rkpq^k`f^p
abbuqobj^rodbk`f^/3,
V, CHF5G75F57H9FwGH=75G7@5J989@
G=GH9A589D5H9BH9G
â J^ plif`fqra ab m^qbkqb qfbkb s^oflp bib+
jbkqlp mbol bi `lo^wÉk ab i^ jfpj^ pb
bk`rbkqo^bki^pobfsfkaf`^`flkbp,
J^pobfsfkaf`^`flkbpabcfkbk i^ j^qbof^nrb
pb abpb^ molqbdbojbaf^kqb i^ m^qbkqb*^pÅ
nrb plk rk crboqb l_gbql ab ^qbk`fÉk mlo
m^oqb abi bu^jfk^alo, Bb_bk pbo `i^o^p v
`lk`fp^p v bpq^o bkqbo^jbkqb prpqbkq^a^p
mloi^abp`ofm`fÉknrbpbe^`babi^m^qbkqb,
Ckbpbk`f^*`lkqfbkbki^m^oqbnrb`^o^`qbof+
w^i^fksbk`fÉk&bi^mloqbklsbalplbfksbk+
qfslpbbk`rbkqo^bk i^pobfsfkaf`^`flkbp',
â ?kqbp ab ob^ifw^o jf plif`fqra ab m^qbkqb
mrbal mbafo* ^kqb i^ Bfob``fÉk ab Gksbk+
`flkbpvLrbs^pRb`klildÅ^pabiGLBCAMNG*
rk^_Ñpnrba^abi^pm^qbkqbp`lk`bafa^p
lbkqo~j fqbnrbsbopbkpl_obbi~j _fqlab
jf fkqboÄp, Cpql bp ab rqfifa^a m^o^ abqbo+
jfk^oi^pmlpf_fifa^abpabnrbpb`lk`ba^
l kl i^ m^qbkqb,
?iboq^// 8J^_Ñpnrba^ab^kqb`babkqbpprb+
ibpbojrvÑqfimlonrb*rk^sbwm^d^a^i^q^p^
 mlo i^ plif`fqra ab i^ m^qbkqb* ^i j^odbk abi `lk`bafa^ v pb e^ dlw^al ab /3 ^Çlp ab mol+ Õ Ů
obpriq^al ab i^ plif`fqra &nrb pb^ `lk`bafa^ qb``fÉk* mbol i^qb`klildÅ^ pbsrbisb l_plibq^* %%
labkbd^a^'*bi jlkqlab i^ q^p^ m^d^a^ kl klqfbkbpbkqfalpbdrfoj^kqbkfbkali^m^qbkqb Ò iiiii]
K ëc+ 
bp ob`rmbo^_ib,?idrklprpr^oflpabi pfpqbj^ ^ qo^sÄp ab i^p ^kr^ifa^abpvaf`e^ qb`klildÅ^ DCEDC
abm^qbkqbp`obbknrbbpfkgrpqlm^d^oi^q^p^ mrbabbkqo^o^i alj fkflmÑ_if`lpfk qbkbonrb ÍÍÍ
abrk^m^qbkqbnrbklbp`lk`bafa^*mbolil bpmbo^onrbpb^dlqbkilpNL ^Çlpabmolqb``fÉk, ĎDĆĊ
nrbpr`babbpnrbi^q^p^bpmloqo^jfq^oi^pl+ C ÀÅĆC Ǽ

if`fqra*klmlol_qbkboi^m^qbkqb&vi^bkqfa^a QB( :FH=H=><HG<ENLBÜG

e^`rjmifal`lkabpmibd^oqla^pr^`qfsfa^a',
Qlks^of^pi^pm^oqf`ri^ofa^abpabi pfpqbj^ nrb
â çOrÄ m^p^ pf rk^ mboplk^ ? bpq~ plif`f+ ebjlp obp^iq^al mlo pbo ^nrbii^p afcÅ`fibp ab
q^kal rk^ m^qbkqb nrb bp `lkqo^of^ ^ ilp `lj mobkabo m^o^ ^nrbii^p mboplk^p nrb kl
fkqbobpbpabrk^ mboplk^ @= J^ mboplk^ @ bpq~kbkqobk^a^pbkbij^kbglabbpqbpfpqbj^,
mlaoÅ^ pbo* mlo bgbjmil* rk qfqr i^ o ab rk ?j^kbo^ab`lk`irpfÉk*i^pm^p^jlp^obprjfo8
m^qbkqb bk `l k cif`ql  l rk^ bjmobp^ ab ol
c~oj^`lp dbkÄof`lp nrb `lkpfabo^ nrb i^
Â
â Ll bufpqb abcfkf`fÉk ab il nrb bp rk^ fk+
plif`fqra*abpbo`lk`bafa^*a^oÅ^rkfkgrp+ sbk`fÉk,Qbqbjbnrbfk`irfork^abcfkf`fÉk ËĮ
M
qfcf`^al abob`el bu`irpfsl ^i plif`fq^kqb, ibd^imlaoÅ^obpqofkdfobi~j _fqlabmolqb`+ Rol
1
N^o^ bpq^p pfqr^`flkbp* abkqolabi qo~j fqb `fÉkabi^pm^qbkqbp, R1
kj`
ab obdfpqol bufpqb i^ mr_if`^`fÉk ab rk^ ÉĜ
<
m^oqb ab i^ plif`fqra &obprjbk v af_rglp' â Ckkrbpqolm^Åpklpbmolqbdbki^pm^qbkqbp `
ol
bk bi af^ofl lcf`f^i Ci Nbor^kl, Bbkqol ab abpbdrkalrpl,Qb`lkpfabo^nrbbibpqÅjr+ ]ol
rk mi^wlab4.aÅ^pe~_fibp`lkq^alpabp+ il^ i^ fkkls^`fÉk pblqlod^ `lk i^ mofjbo^ Qb
L.
ab i^ mr_if`^`fÉk* ilp fkqbobp^alp mlao~k m^qbkqb9rkpbdrkalrplpb^pbjbg^oÅ^j~p Í
'<
mobpbkq^oMmlpf`fÉk^iobdfpqol*fkaf`^kal ^rkabp`r_ofjfbkqlnrb^rk^fksbk`fÉk, ^f
Qb
prp ^odrj bkqlp mlo i^ prmrbpq^ c^iq^ ab ÉÞ
O
klsba^a*kfsbi fksbkqfsl*bq`, â Ck dbkbo^i* kl pb molqbdbk ilp rplp bk Qb
M8
krbpqolqboofqlofl,Cpqlpbab_b^nrbklpb Q Ö
ol%
/l
?iboq^ /0 8Dfk^ijbkqb*bpfj mloq^kqbjbk+ ibp`lkpfabo^molar`qlpkfmol`bafjfbkqlp, 1
^f
`flk^onrbbufpqbbi m^dlab^kr^ifa^abp*bp Jol
J
ab`fo*q^p^^kr^ibpnrbab_bk m^d^opbq^kql â J^ klsb a ^a  nrb pb ^k^ifw^ bp ^ kfsbi ]ol
^f
aro^kqbi^qo^jfq^`fÉkabi^m^qbkqb^pÅ`ljl j rkaf^i* kl _^pq^ nrb i^ fksbk`fÉk pb^ (f
abpmrÄpab`lk`bafa^*e^pq^nrbpb`rjmib klsbalp^ bk NboÑ, 8)8
Í
`
bimi^wlabmolqb``fÉkab0.^Çlp,Bbklm^+ Â
U-
d^opbi^^kr^ifa^a*i^m^qbkqb`^bbk^_^kal+ â Ll bp prcf`fbkqb nrb i^ fksbk`fÉk kl e^v^ o^
klv*`lkbiil*bkqo^bk alj fkflmÑ_if`l, Cpl pfal m^qbkq^a^ mobsf^jbkqb m^o^ nrb pb M
É
pfdkfcf`^ nrb bp kb`bp^ofl nrb bi plif`fq^kqb ib `lkpfabob klsbalp^, J^ fk`irpfÉk ab i^ ol
Í
pbbk`rbkqob mbkafbkqbabi^cb`e^ab m^dl fksbk`fÉkbkqbuqlp`fbkqÅcf`lplprbumlpf+ ol
abi^p^kr^ifa^abpmrbp*pfi^m^qbkqbbpq~bk `fÉk`ljbo`f^i mrbababpqorfoi^ klsba^a, +l
^
qo~j fqbv kl pb`rjmib`lk i^p^kr^ifa^abp* ol
[*[
bi qo~ j fqb  kl `lkqfkr^o~* fj mfafÄkalpb i^ â Bb kl ^molsb`e^opb bi mi^wl m^o^ i^ mofl+ <
O
l_qbk`fÉk ab i^ m^qbkqb, Nlo pr m^oqb* pf i^ ofa^a*i^ mofjbo^ mobpbkq^`fÉkabplif`fqra ``
m^qbkqbv^crb`lk`bafa^*mbolklpb m^d^k ab m^qbkqb bk bi buqo^kgbol bifjfk^o~ i^
i^p ^kr^ifa^abp e^pq^ nrb i^ molqb``fÉk ab klsba^aabi^plif`fqraabm^qbkqbil`^i,
?
NL ^Çlppb`rjmi^*pbmfboabi^ molqb``fÉk, 7?

Cpqb jb`^kfpjlab^kr^ifa^abpbpq~ afpbÇ^al

â
m^o^ ^grpq^obiqfbj ml ab molqb``fÉk ab i^ m^+
qbkqb^i^pob^ibp`^m^`fa^abpabbumilq^`fÉkbk â
bi jbo`^al, Nlobgbjmil* pf i^ m^qbkqb e^ pfal
Ckbi^k~ifpfpabm^qbkq^_fifa^aklfjmloq^pf
bifksbkqlobprkkls^qllrk`ob^aloc^jlpl, !+
à
Bbqboj fk^o ^idl kb`bp^of^jbkqb a^Çfkl O
bp afcÅ`fi, Lloj ^ij bkqb ab_b qo^q^opb ab

Ç Í Ě Ī Ĕ ĔĤ Ę Į I Ë Ĝ Í I É Ħ Ĝ Ĕ I İ Í L Ó É Ĥ Ĕ Ī İ É Ĭ Ô ĔI ĔĤ Ĭ Ĝ Ĭ İ Ĕ Ħ É ĒĔ Ĩ É İ Ĕ I İ Ĕ Ĭ ĔI ĔĤ ĈĔ Ī IJ ŦȚÜ
 bibjbkqlpnrbqbkd^k^oo^fd^a^rk^crboqb
`lk`bm`fÉk kbd^qfs^
Jlp j f`ollod^kfpj lp plk m^qbkq^_ibp*
^rknrb kl bufpqb rk^ abcfkf`fÉk ibd^i kf
`fbkqÅcf`^ rkfcloj bm^o^biilp,
? rknrb bi obdfpqol bp fkafpmbkp^_ib* bi
mi^wl ab molqb``fÉk pb `rbkq^ abpab i^
plif`fqra ab i^ m^qbkqb* kl abpab nrb pb
`lk`babbiobdfpqol,
Nloi^cfdro^abi?dlq^jfbkqlabi Bbob`el*
KZk^hiV ZY^iVYV edg Vajb cdh YZ aV ?VXjaiVY YZ =ZgZX]d YZ aV Nc^kZgh^YVY YZ E^bV
 +-* :=OH<:MNL
ŦŦT ĤĘĪĔĒÍ BÉ Ī ÉĴ Ğ À Í Iİ ĪĔ ĪÉ Ĭ
biqfqr i^ oab i^ m^qbkqb kl mrbab`lkqoli^o
abj^kbo^fifjfq^a^i^ppr`bpfs^psbkq^pabi
molar`qlm^qbkq^al,
J^q^p^nrbpbm^d^ mloi^plif`fqraabm^+
qbkqb obpmlkab^ i^^`qfsfa^a abpmibd^a^
mloi^^rqlofa^a*mbolklpbobi^`flk^`lk
bi obpriq^al &`lk`bpfÉk l abkbd^`fÉk ab
i^ m^qbkqb',
Bbklm^d^opb^idrk^^kr^ifa^a&aro^kqbbi
qo~jfqblirbdlabiobdfpqol'fjmfabl_qbkbo
i^m^qbkqblj^kqbkboi^sfdbkqb,