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Jana Science
Science…
Matter.
 All the things can be divided into two types,
1. Matter
2. Energy
 The things with the mass and occupy space is called matter.
Example: Stone
Water

 The things without mass and do not occupied space are called energy.

Example: Light energy

Electrical energy

 Existences of matter as collection of particles with spaces among them are called discon-
tinuous nature of matter.
 Matters can be divided into 3 types based on their physical state.
1. Solid
2. Liquid
3. Gas
Note: an accepted theory about nature of matter was put by Greek philosopher Dem-
ocritus {460-370} but later Aristotle said that matter is not made up of particles and his
concept was decline.

Note: Matters are made up of particles and spaces are found between the particles.

 Decreasing the volume and increasing the pressure are called compression.

By: Jana (Student of Sri Rama Krishna College)

Science…
Matter

Pure substances Non pure substances/Mixers

Elements Compounds

Heterogeneous mixers

Homogeneous mixers
 The substances containing only one component with definite properties are called
pure substances.
 Pure substances can be divided into two types.
1. Elements
2. Components
 The pure substance with definite properties which cannot be further divided into
other substances with different properties by physical or chemical methods are called
Elements.
 Examples for elements.
1. Iron
2. Sulphur
3. Oxygen
4. Mercury
5. Gold
6. Lead
7. Chromium
8. Aluminum
9. Carbon
10.Nitrogen
11.Copper
12.Silver
13.Hydrogen
14.Zinc
 Homogeneous pure substances formed by the combination of two or more elements
in a fixed ratio are called compounds
 Example for compounds,
1. Iron sulphite
2. Carbon dioxide(CO2)
3. Copper sulphite
4. Water (H2O)
5. Sodium chloride
By: Jana (Student of Sri Rama Krishna College)
Science…
6. Glucose
7. Sodium hydroxide
8. Calcium carbonate
 Following chart shows the several elements found in compounds.
1. Copper Sulphite = Copper+Sulphur+Oxygen
2. Sodium Chloride =Sodium+ Chlorine
3. Sodium hydroxide =Sodium+ Hydrogen+ Oxygen
4. Calcium carbonate=Calcium+Carbon+Oxygen
5. Carbon dioxide=Carbon+ Oxygen
6. Water=Hydrogen+ Oxygen
Note: Pure substances with definite properties which cannot be further divided into an-
other substances by physical or chemical method, is known as Elements.
Give some physical properties of a matter which can be examining the purity.

1. Density
2. Boiling point
3. Melting point
Note: Most of the non-metal cannot conduct electricity while the graphite is a non-metal
that can conduct electricity, because graphite is a form of carbon.

Density

 The mass of a unit volume of a substance is known as density.

Mass
Density =

Volume

Note: Mercury is higher density liquid metal.

By: Jana (Student of Sri Rama Krishna College)

Science…
 The density of pure substances is always constant.
 Density measured by using hydrometer.
1. Gold = 19,300kg m-3
2. Mercury = 13,600kg m-3
3. Lead = 11,300kg m-3
4. Copper = 8,900kg m-3
5. Iron = 7,700kg m-3
6. Aluminium = 2,700kg m-3
7. Water = 1,000kg m-3
Melting point
 The fixed temperature at which solid turns into liquid is known as melting point.
 The pure substances have a constant melting point.
1. Ice = 0oC
2. Sulphur = 132oC
3. Lead = 317oC
4. Aluminium = 660oC
5. Copper = 1,083oC
6. Iron = 1,539oC
Boiling point
 The fixed temperature at which liquid turns into gaseous state is known as boiling
point.

1. Ethyl alcohol = 770oC

2. Water = 100oC
3. Sulphur = 444oC
4. Lead = 1,744oC
5. Iron = 2,900oC

 Elements can divided into 02 types as,

1. Metals
2. Non metals
 Give some physical properties of metals.
1. Good heat conductors
2. Good electrical conductors
3. Having lustre property
4. Having sonority
5. Having malleability
By: Jana (Student of Sri Rama Krishna College)
Science…
6. Having ductility
 Give some physical properties of non-metals.
1. Poor heat conductors
2. Poor electrical conductors
3. Not having lustre property
4. Having brittleness

Sound

 The things that can produce sound are called the sources of sound.
 Sources of sound can be divided into 03 types.
1. Membrane instruments
2. String instruments
3. Air instruments
 The sound is produced by the vibration of particles.
 Sound can be divided into 02 types.
1. Natural sound
2. Artificial sound
 Examples of natural sounds
1. Sound of waterfall
2. Sound of birds
3. Sound of animals
4. Sound of air
5. Sound of sea waves

By: Jana (Student of Sri Rama Krishna College)

Science…
6. Sound of thunder
 Examples of artificial sounds
1. Sound of vehicles
2. Sound of machines
3. Sound of musical instruments
 Organisms can produce sound in different methods
1. Humming of bees – by the fast motion of their wings
2. Sound of grass hoppers – by the rubbing of bristle on their legs
3. Sound of human – by the vibration of vocal cord
Frequency of vibration
 The number of vibrations of an object with in the one second or unit time is called
the frequency of sound.
 The SI unit used to measure the frequency is hurtz (Hz).

By: Jana (Student of Sri Rama Krishna College)

Science…

Membrane instruments

 The instruments which can produce sound by vibration of membrane are called
membrane instruments.
 The frequency of sound from membrane instruments can be changed by tightening
or loosening their membrane.
 High frequency can be produced by stretching (tightening) the membrane.
Air instruments
 The instruments which can produce sound by vibrating the air column are called air
instruments.
 Frequency of air instruments can be changed by changing the length of air column.
 Length of air column frequency

String instruments
 The instruments which can produce sound by vibrating strings are called string in-
struments.
 The frequency of string instruments can be changed by changing the thingness,
length, tight/loose of strings.
 To produce high frequency sound thin and short, tight of string should be used.

By: Jana (Student of Sri Rama Krishna College)

Science…

By: Jana (Student of Sri Rama Krishna College)

Science…

Membrane instrument

 The instruments that produce sound by the vibration of membrane are called the
membrane instruments.
 The frequency of sound from membrane instruments can be changed by tightening
or loosening their membrane.
 High frequency sound can be produced by tightening the membrane.

By: Jana (Student of Sri Rama Krishna College)

Science…
Magnet
Unit 06
 The things which attract towards magnet are called magnetic materials.
 There are different type of magnets founds based on the shape.
1. Bar magnet

By: Jana (Student of Sri Rama Krishna College)

Science…

By: Jana (Student of Sri Rama Krishna College)