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PEARL / OODLES
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CLASS IX

CHEMISTRY

MATTER IN OUR
SURROUNDING

A Pre-Foundation Program
by

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SP/Chemistry/Class-IX CH-1: MATTER IN OUR SURROUNDING

MATTER IN OUR
SURROUNDING

1.1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
Anything that occupies space and has mass is called matter. Air
and water, hydrogen and oxygen, sugar and sand, silver and steel
1.2 Physical Nature of
are all different kind of matter.
Matter
Matter is made up of small particles. It has three states which can
be interconverted into each other by applying pressure and change
1.3 Characteristics of
in temperature. Matter shows different properties such as
particles of matter
evaporation, condensation, freezing, sublimation etc.
In this chapter we will study all these different aspects of matter.
1.4 States of Matter
1.2 PHYSICAL NATURE OF MATTER
1.5 Can matter change its
state Matter can be classified in a number of ways. Ancient Indian
philosophers said that all the matter (padarth), living or non-living
was made up of five basic elements, air, earth, sky, fire and water.
1.6 Evaporation
Modern day scientists classify matter in two ways. On the basis of
physical properties and on the basis of its chemical properties. On
the basis of physical properties matter is classified as solid, liquid
and gas.

1.2.1 Matter is made up of particles

The universe in made up of matter and energy and the presence of
which can be realised by one or more of our five senses.
Anything that we can see or the presence of which can be felt by
touching, smelling, hearing or taste is called matter.
All matter is composed of submicroscopic particles called
molecules.

1.2.2 How small are these particles of matter?

The particles of matter are very, very small. The very, very small
size of the particles of matter can be shown by performing the
following experiment. Potassium permanganate is a kind of matter.
We take 2 or 3 small crystals of it and dissolve in 100 ml of water in
a beaker. We will get a deep purple coloured solution of potassium
permanganate in water. Take 10 ml of deep purple solution of it and
mix with 90 ml of water in another beaker, to dilute it. Due to this
dilution, the colour of potassium permanganate solution becomes

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lighter. Now take 10 ml of solution from this beaker and repeat the same procedure. In this way, we get
a very dilute solution of potassium permangnate in water but the water is still coloured (it has a light pink
colour now).
This experiment shows that just 2 or 3 tiny crystals of potassium permanganate can impart colour to a
large volume of water. From this we can conclude that each potassium permanganate crystal itself must
be made up of millions of small particles which keep on spreading and imparting colour to more and more
water (on dilution).
1.2.3 Classification of Matter
Matter

Physical classification Chemical classification

Solids Liquids Gases Mixtures Pure

(copper, iron, stone, (Water, petrol, (Nitrogen, oxygen, substances
wood etc.) kerosene oil, etc.) hydrogen etc.)

Homogeneous Heterogeneous Compounds Elements

mixture mixture (Water, salt, sugar,
(Sugar solution, (Soil, blood, dirt, etc.)
air, saline, etc.)
water, etc.) Non-metals Metalloids
Metals
(Gold, iron, copper, (Sulphur, (Boron, arsenic
silver, etc.) Phosphorous, Iodine) germanium, silicon,
etc.)

1.3 CHARACTERISTICS OF PARTICLES OF MATTER

(i) Matter (elements or compounds) consists of extremely small particles which are not visible to naked
eyes. The smallest particle of matter which can exist independently is named molecule. The name
molecule was coined by British scientist Avogadro.
(ii) The molecules are in the state of continuous motion. This motion does not stop with time. Due to the
continuous motion all the molecules have kinetic energy.
(iii) Kinetic energy of the molecules increases with the rise in temperature.
(iv) Kinetic energy of the molecules in the solids is least, in liquids more than the solids and in gases
maximum.
(v) The spaces in between the molecules are called intermolecular space. The intermolecular space
are least in case of solids, more in case of liquids and maximum in case of gases.
(vi) The molecules attract each other with a force which is commonly called intermolecular force. It is
maximum in case of solids and least in case of gases.
(vii) The intermolecular force decreases with the increase in intermolecular space and vice versa.

1.3.1 The Particles of Matter Attract Each other

There are some forces of attraction between the particles of matter which bind them together. The force
of attraction between the particles of the same substance is known as cohesion. The force of attraction
(or cohesion) is different in the particles of different kinds of matter.
If we take a piece of chalk, a cube of ice and an iron nail, and beat them with a hammer. We will find that
it is very easy to break the piece of chalk, into smaller particles, it requires more force to break a cube of
ice, whereas the iron nail does not break at all, even with large force. This shows that force of attraction
between the particles of chalk is quite weak, the force of attraction between the particles of ice is a bit
stronger where as the force of attraction between the particles of iron nail is very, very strong.
In general, the forces of attraction is maximum in the particles of solid matter and minimum in the particles
of gaseous matter.
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Illustration 1
A heap of sand is made where a jumper jumps after a long jump. Explain why?
Solution
This is because sand is porous in nature and air is filled between the sand particles. When jumper jumps,
sand gets compressed and air comes out so, he/she does not get hurt.
Illustration 2
When a drop of ink is dropped into a glass of water, the whole water becomes blue. Give reason.
Solution
This is because of diffusion of liquid. Diffusion takes place very easily and ink particles spread through the
whole solution very easily.
Illustration 3
Sea divers follow stream line action. Why?
Solution
This is because by doing so they can cut throught the cohesive force between the water molecules and in
doing so, they do not get hurt.
Illustration 4
What happens to the sugar when it dissolves in water? Where does the sugar go? What information
do you get about the nature of matter from the dissolution of sugar in water?
Solution
(a) When sugar dissolves in water, its tiny particles break off from the solid ‘sugar crystals’
(b) The sugar particles go into the space between the particles of water and mix with them (to form
sugar solution)
(c) The dissolution of sugar tells us that:
(i) The matter (here sugar and water) is made up of small particles.
(ii) The particles of matter (here water) have space between them.

1.4 STATES OF MATTER

1.4.1 Classification of Matter based on Physical State
Under normal conditions of temperature and pressure, matter can exist in any one of the following three
states:
(i) Solids: A solid has a definite shape and definite volume. Examples are iron, copper, sugar, wood, rock,
ice, etc.
(ii) Liquid: A liquid has a definite volume but not no definite shape. Examples are milk, water, oil, petrol,
kerosene, alcohol etc.
(iii) Gases: A gas has neither a definite shape nor a definite volume. It takes the shape and volume of the
containing vessel. Examples are steam, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, chlorine etc.
(iv) Plasma is the fourth state of matter which exists only at very high temperature about 107 K which is
found only in the interior of the star. At this temperature basic units of the matter, atoms, are completely
ionized. Such a state of matter consists of base nuclei and electrons is called plasma.
(v) Bose Einstein condensate (BEC): in 1920 an Indian Scientist Satyendra Nath Bose did some
calculation for the fifth state of matter. On the basis of these calculations, Albert Einstein predicted the

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existence of a new state of matter called Bose–Einstein condensate. It is achieved by cooling a gas of
extremely low density (about one hundread thousandth the density of normal air) to super low temperature.

1.4.2 The solid state

Ice, wood, coal, stone, iron, brick, chair, table etc. are some of the common solids around us. The solid
have the following characteristics properties.
(i) Solids have a fixed shape and fixed volume.
(ii) Solids can not be compressed much.
(iii) Solids have high densities. They are heavy
(iv) Solids do not fill their container completely
(v) Solids do not flow

Figure: Arrangement of molecules in a solid

Illustration 5
A rubber band changes its shape on stretching, then why do we call it a solid?
Solution
A rubber band is considered a solid because it changes shape under the action of force, and when the
force is removed the rubber band regains its original shape. Like all other solids, if rubber band is stretched
with a large force it breaks.
Illustration 6
If salt and sugar do not appear to have a fixed shape, then why do we call them solids?
Solution
Actually, this problem arises because salt and sugar have very tiny crystals. Salt and sugar are considered
to be solids because the shape of individual crystals of salt and sugar remain fixed even when they are put
in jars of different shapes.
Illustration 7
A sponge can be compressed easily, so why do we call sponge a solid?
Solution
This can be explained as follow: A sponge is considered to be a solid because its compressibility is due to
the presence of minute pores in it which are filled with air. When we press the sponge air is expelled from
its holes making it highly compressible.

*1.4.3 Types of Solids

Solids can be classified as crystalline or amorphous on the basis of the nature of order present in the
arrangement of their constituent particles.
(a) A crystalline solid usually consists of a large number of small crystals, each of them having a definite

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characteristics geometrical shape. In a crystal, the arrangement of constituent particles (atoms, molecules
or ions) are ordered. Sodium chloride and quartz are typical example of crystalline solids.
(b) An amorphous solid (Greck amorphous = no form) consists of particles of irregular shape. The
arrangement of constituent particles in such a solid has only short range order. In such an arrangement a
regular and periodically repeating pattern is observed over short distances only. The structure of amorphous
solid is similar to that of liquids. Glass, rubber, plastic are typical examples of amorphous solids.
Due to difference in the arrangement of the constituent particles, the two types of solids differ in their
properties.
Distinction between crystalline and Amorphous Solids
Property Crystalline solids Amorphous solids
Shape Definite characteristic Irregular shape
geometrical shape
Melting point Melt at a sharp and Gradually soften over a range
characteristic temperature of temperature
Cleavage property When cut with a sharp edged When cut with a sharp edged
tool, they split into two pieces tool, they cut into two pieces
and the newly generated with irregular surfaces
surfaces are plain and smooth
Heat of fusion They have a definite and They do not have definite heat
characteristic heat of fusion of fusion
Anisotropy Anisotropic in nature Isotropic in nature
Nature True solids Pseudo solids or super cooled
liquids
Order in arrangement of Long range order Only short range order
constituent particles

1.4.4 The liquids state

Water, milk, fruit juice, ink, oils etc are some of the common liquids. The liquids have the following
characteristic properties.
(i) Liquids have fixed volume, but they have no fixed shape. Liquids take the shape of vessel in which
they are placed.
(ii) Like solids, liquids can not be compressed much
(iii) Liquids have moderate to high densities. They are usually less dense than solids.
(iv) Liquids fill their container according to their volume.
(v) Liquids generally flow easily

Figure: Arrangement of molecules in a liquid

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Comparison of some important characteristics of solid, liquid and gas

S.No Characteristics Solid Liquid Gas
1. Shape and Volume Solids have fixed shape Liquids have fixed Gases have no fixed
and definite volume. volume but no definite volume and shape.
shape.
2. Density Solids have high Liquids have high density Gases have low density.
density. but less than solids.
3. Expansion on Solids show only slight Liquids show slight Gases expand considerably
heating expansion on heating. expansion on heating but on heating.
more than solids.
4. They have slight or no They have slight They have high
Compressibility compressibility. compressibility but more compressibility.
than solids.
5. Solids do not flow. Liquid generally flow Gases flow freely.
Fluidity easily.
6. They have their melting They have their melting They have their melting and
Melting and boiling and boiling points point below room boiling points both below
point above room temperature. room temperature.
temperature.
7. Intermolecular forces Intermolecular forces are Intermolecular forces are
Intermolecular are very strong and strong enough to keep the very weak and the particles
forces constituent particles are particles together but not are free to move.
closely packed. strong enough to keep
them in fixed position.
8. Solids cannot fill the Liquids fill container Gases fill entire space of a
Filling a container container according to the volume container
of liquid
9. Molecules of solid has Molecules of liquid has Molecules of gases have
Kinetic energy least K.E. more K.E. than solids maximum K.E.

Illustration 8
A bottle of scent when opened in a room, its smell spreads out. Explain why?
Solution
This is because of diffusion of gas particles. As soon as the bottle is opened, the scent particles come out
and get diffuse with air very soon and reach from one place to another place.
Illustration 9
Cycle tubes burst during summer.
Solution
This is because during summer the kinetic energy of the gaseous molecules increases. So they exert
pressure on the walls of tube. So if the tube is weak, it bursts.

1.5 CAN MATTER CHANGE ITS STATE

Matter exists in three physical states: Solid state, liquid state and gaseous state. For example, water exists
as a solid in the form of ice, as a liquid in the form of water and as a gas in the form of steam (or water
vapours).
We can change the physical state of matter in two ways
(i) By changing the temperature.
(ii) By changing the pressure
The space between the particles, the force of attraction between the particles and the amount of movement
(or kinetic energy) of particles can be changed by changing the pressure and (or) temperature of a
substance.

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1.5.1 Effect of change of temperature

By increasing the temperature (by heating), a solid can be converted into liquid state and liquid can be
converted into gaseous state. And by decreasing the temperature (by cooling) a gas can be converted into
liquid state and a liquid can be converted into solid state.
Interconversion of Matter: It is defined as the process of changing of one state of matter into another
state and returning back to the original state.
Solid
Fusion
Subli- (melting)
mation Freezing
Subli-
mation

Condensation
Gas Liquid
Evaporation

Figure: Interconversion of matter

(i) Solid to liquid: When a solid is heated, the particles of solid acquire greater energy and vibrate
more violently. At a certain temperature, the vibrations overcome the binding forces. The particles now
break the forces of attraction between them and start moving and solid changes into liquid. This process
of changing solid to liquid on heating is called melting and melting point is defined as the temperature at
which a solid starts melting. For example, ice melts at 0°C
(ii) Liquid to solid: When a liquid is cooled, the particles of liquid loose the extra energy they have
and the forces of attraction between them keeps on increasing. At a certain temperature the forces of
attraction becomes so large that the molecules become fixed in their position and are not able to move.
This stage is called as solid.
So, the process of changing liquid to solid is called freezing. And the temperature at which liquid starts
freezing is called freezing point. For example, freezing point of water is 0°C?
Latent Heat: When we provide heat to a substance, its temperature rises. But it does not happen when
change of state of a substance takes place. Because when heat is given to change the physical state of a
substance (from solid to liquid or liquid to gas), there is no rise in temperature of the substance.
The amount of heat that must be supplied to change the state of a substance at its melting point or
boiling point is called its latent heat.
The word latent means ‘hidden’. This heat can not be detected by a thermometer. Every substance has
some force of attraction between its particles which hold them together. Breaking of these forces of
attraction is necessary, if a substance has to change its state. The latent heat which is supplied is used to
overcome these forces of attraction during the change of state.
Latent heat is of two types
(a) Latent heat of Fusion: (Solid to liquid)
The latent heat of fusion (melting) of a solid is the quantity of heat in joules required to convert one
kilogram of solid (at its melting point) to liquid without any change in temperature. For example, the latent
heat of fusion of ice is 3.34 × 105 joules per kilogram.
(b) Latent heat of vaporization (Liquid to Gas)
The latent heat of vaporization of a liquid is the quantity of heat in joules required by 1 kilogram of the
liquid (at its boiling point) to convert into vapour or gas, without any change in temperature. For example,
the latent heat of vaporization of water is 22.5 × 105 joules per kilogram.
It has been found that ice at 0°C is more effective in cooling a substance than water at 0°C. This is due

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to the fact that ice takes 3.34 × 105 joules per kilogram of heat for melting from a substance and hence
cools the substance more effectively. But, water at 0°C can not take any such heat from substance.
The burns caused by steam are much more severe than those caused by boiling water though both of
them are at same temperature. This is due to the fact that steam contains more heat, in the form of latent
heat than boiling water.
(iii) L iquid to gas: When a liquid is heated its molecules acquire greater energy. After acquiring
energy they move about faster and faster. At a certain temperature when the molecules acquire sufficient
energy the bubbles of vapours roam freely in the liquid and rise to the surface. The liquid starts boiling and
changes into gas.
So, the process of changing liquid to gas on heating is called boiling.And the boiling point is the temperature
at which liquid chagnes to gaseous state. For example, boiling point of pure water is 100°C.
(iv) Gas to liquid (Condensation): On cooling, the molecules of gases start loosing their kinetic
energy and come closer to each other. The force of attraction between the molecules keeps on increasing.
And hence, gas changes to liquid state.
This process of changing gaseous state of a mater to liquid state on cooling is called condensation.
(v) Solid to Gas: There are some solids which on heating do not change into liquid state of matter. In
fact they change directly from a solid to a gas. When a gas is cooled it changes back to a solid without
changing to liquid form.
This process of changing solid to gaseous state without changing to liquid form is called sublimation. For
example, NH4Cl, Iodine, naphthalene, comphor etc. all show the phenomenon of sublimation.
Illustration 10
Define the following
(i) Diffusion (ii) Interconversion of Matter
Solution
(i) Diffusion: The process of intermixing of one state of matter to another is called diffusion. For example,
sugar in water.
(ii) Inter conversion of matter: The process of changing one state of matter to another and coming back
to the original state is called inter conversion of matter.

e.g. Solid Liquid
Cooling

Illustration 11
Give example of each type of diffusion.
(i) Solid in liquid (ii) Liquid in liquid (iii) Gas in liquid
(iv) Gas in gas (v) Solid in gas
Solution
(i) Solid in liquid  Sugar in water
(ii) Liquid in liquid  Milk in water
(iii) Gas in liquid  Oxygen in water
(iv) Gas in gas  Oxygen in air
(v) Solid in gas  Dust particles in air

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1.5.2 Effect of Change of Pressure

The physical state of matter can also be changed by changing the pressure. In other words, the physical
state of matter can also be changed by increasing the pressure or decreasing the pressure.
Gases can be liquified by applying pressure and lowering temperature:
When a high pressure is applied to a gas, it gets compressed (into a small volume) and when we also
lower its temperature, it gets liquefied. So, we can also say that gases can be liquefied (turned into liquids)
by compressing and cooling.
There is a lot of space between the particles of gas. We can reduce the space (or distance) between the
particles of a gas by enclosing it in a cylinder and compressing it by pushing the piston. If enough force
(pressure) is applied to the piston, the gas is highly compressed (into a small volume). The particles of gas
get so close together that they start attracting each other sufficiently to form a liquid and we say that the
gas is liquefied.

1.6 EVAPORATION
The phenomenon of change of a liquid into its vapour at any temperature below its boiling point and
without the external source of heat is called evaporation.
It is useful to remember that whereas evaporation does not need any external source of heat, yet the rate
of evaporation increases if a given liquid absorbs heat energy from the surounding.
Explanation of evaporation on the basis of molecular structure.
In a liquid the molecules move randomly and have different kinetic energies. All these molecules are
continuously acted upon by (i) intermolecular forces (ii) pressure due to air, which keeps them within
the liquid.
During the course of their random motion, the molecules collide with one another. During these collisions
the kinetic energy is not lost, but is transferred from one molecule to another. Such collisions are called
elastic collisions. Thus, some molecules on account of the collisions become more energetic to such an
extent that they completely overcome the intermolecular forces as well as the pressure due to air. In such
a situation these molecules leave the liquid and escape into the air in the form of vapour. This continues
without the aid of any external source of heat energy and hence, the evaporation continues.

1.6.1 Factors Affecting Evaporation

(i) Exposed surface area of the liquid : More is the exposed surface area of a liquid, the more is
the rate of evaporation.
For Examples :
(a) Drying of wet clothes (b) Drying of grains. (c) Rapid cooling of hot tea.
(ii) Temperature of liquid : Higher the temperature of a liquid, more is the rate of evaporation.
For Examples :
(a) Formation of water vapour above a hot cup of tea.
(b) Feeling more cold after a hot water bath than a cold water bath.
(iii) Temperatrue of the surroundings : Higher the temperature of the surroundings, more is the
rate of evaporation.
For Examples :
(a) Quick drying of wet clothes in summer as compared to winter.
(b) Frequent watering of plants in summer.
(c) Water keeps cool in the earthen pitchers during summer.

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(iv) Humidity : Rate of evaporation decreases with increase in humidity.

For Examples :
(a) Slow drying of wet clothes during rainy season.
(b) Water does not cool well in earthen pitchers in rainy season.
(v) Wind speed : Moving air increases the rate of evaporation.
For Examples :
(a) One feels comfortable under a moving fan in summer.
(b) Rapid drying of clothes on windy days.
(c) Cooling caused by desert coolers in hot summer.

1.6.2 How does Evaporation Cause cooling?

The cooling caused by evaporation is based on the fact that when a liquid evaporates, it draws (or takes)
the latent heat of vaporization from anything which it touches. By loosing heat, ‘any thing’ gets cooled.
(i) During hot summer days, water is usually kept in an earthen pot (called matka) to keep it cool: The
earthen pot has a large number of extremely small pores (or holes) in its walls. Some of the water
continuously keeps seeping through these pores to the outside of the pot. This water evaporates (changes
into vapour) continuously and takes the latent heat required for vaporization from the earthern pot and the
remaining water. In this way, the remaining water loses heat and gets cooled. This is also an example of
the cooling caused by evaporation. It should be noted that all the water on the earth does not get evaporated
due to the high value of the latent heat of vaporization of water.
(ii) At many places especially in villages, people often sprinkle water on the ground in front of their homes
during the hot summer evenings. This water evaporates by taking the large latent heat of vaporization
from the ground and surrounding air. By losing heat, the place becomes cool and comfortable. Please note
that water vaporising from the leaves of trees also cools the surrounding air.
(iii) Perspiration (or sweating) is our body’s method of maintaining a constant temperature: On a hot
day or after doing some physical exercise, when our body temperature tends to rise to much, our sweat
glands give out moisture (or sweat) on our skin. When this sweat evaporates, it takes the latent heat of
vaporization from our body. This keeps our body cool.
(iv) We should wear cotton clothes in hot summer days to keep cool and comfortable: This can be
explained as follows. We get a lot of sweat (pasima) on our body in hot summer days. Now, cotton is a
good absorber of water, so it absorbs the heat from our body and exposes it to the air (or atmosphere) for
evaporation. The evaporation of this sweat cools our body. The synthetic clothes (made of polyester etc.)
do not absorb much of sweat, so they fail to keep our body cool in summer. A fan increases the rate of
evaporation of sweat (or moisture) from our skin and makes us feel cool and comfortable.
(v) The cooling in a desert room cooler is caused by the evaporation of water. A desert cooler cools
better on a hot and dry day because the higher temperature on a hot day increases the rate of evaporation
of water and the dryness of air (low humidity of air) also increases the rate of evaporation of water. And
due to increased rate of evaporation of water, a desert room cooler cools better on a hot and dry day.
(vi) It is a common observation that we are able to sip hot tea (or milk) faster from a saucer than from
a cup: This can be explained as follows: Saucer has a large surface area. Due to the large surface area of
saucer, the evaporation of hot tea (or milk) from the saucer is faster. And this faster evaporation cools the
hot tea (or milk) more quickly making it convenient for us to drink it.
Illustration 12
How can evaporation of a liquid made faster?
Solution
Evaporation of a liquid can be made faster by the following
(i) By increasing the temperature
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(ii) By increasing the surface area of the liquid.

(iii) By increasing the wind speed
Illustration 13
Why solid carbon dioxide is stored under high pressure?
Solution
This is because on decreasing the pressure on solid carbon dioxide, it gets converted directly into carbon
dioxide gas. For example, when a slab of carbon dioxide is kept exposed to air, the pressure on it reduces
to normal atmospheric pressure (1 atmosphere), its temperature rises and it starts changing into carbon
dioxide gas.

*****
Solved Examples
Example 1
Why are we able to sip hot tea or milk faster from a saucer rather than a cup?
Solution
Saucer has large surface area as a result of which the rate of evaporation of hot tea or milk from a
saurcer is fast. And this fast evaporation cools the hot tea or milk more quickly.

Example 2
Give the reasons for the following observations.
(i) Naphthalene balls disappear with time without leaving any solid.
(ii) We can get the smell of perfume sitting several meter away.
Solution
(i) Naphthaline balls disappear without leaving any solid because they sublime i.e. they change directly
from solid to gas without changing into liquid.
(ii) As the particles of perfume mix with the particles of air around us and spread out, we are able to get
the smell even sitting several meter away.

Example 3
Why does steam cause more severe burns than boiling water?
Solution
Steam causes more severe burns than boiling water because steam contains more heat, in the form of
latent heat boiling water. When steam falls on our skin and condense to produce water it gives out
27.5 × 105 Joules per kg more heat than boiling water at same temperature causing more severe burns.

Example 4
What is the value of latent heat of vaporization of water?

Solution
The latent heat of vaporization of water is 22.5 × 105 J/kg.

Example 5

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Explain why
(i) A gas does not have a fixed shape.
(ii) A gas flows easily.
Solution
(i) A gas does not have a fixed shape because the position of its particles are not fixed.
(ii) A gas flows easily because its particles are completely free to more anywhere.

Example 6
Define evaporation.
Solution
The phenomenon of change of a liquid into gas at any temperature below its boiling point is called evaporation.

Example 7
Explain why a solid has fixed volume?
Solution
A solid has a fixed volume because the force of attraction between its molecules are very high.

Example 8
Define density.
Solution
The mass per unit volume of a substance is called density.
Mass
Density 
Volume

Example 9
What are the two ways in which the physical state of matter can be changed?
Solution
Physical state of matter can be changed by
(i) Change of pressure (ii) Change of temperature

Example 10
Give two reasons to justify that water at room temperature is a liquid.
Solution
Water at room temperature is a liquid because
(i) It has a fixed volume but no fixed shape. It acquires the shape of the container.
(ii) It flows easily

******

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EXERCISE-I
1. A substance has no mass. Can we regard it as matter?
2. Write three characteristics of the solid state.
3. What will happen to the interparticle spaces if a liquid is heated?
4. For every gas there is a certain temperature above which it cannot be liquefied. Is this statement correct?
5. Why is sodium light and iron hard in nature?
6. What are the units of density.
7. Out of dry and wet air, which is heavier?
8. Convert 5°C to Kelvin temperatrue?
9. What is the relation between pressure in atmospheres and pressure in pascals?
10. Define latent heat of fusion?
11. Out of ether and carbon tetrachloride, which is more volatile?
12. Write the common units in which pressure is expressed.
13. Are dry ice and ordinary ice same?
14. Is cooling also caused during boiling of a liquid?
15. Solids are generally very heavy while gases are light. Explain.
16. Why does ice float over water?
17. Carbon dioxide gas is heavier than both nitrogen and oxygen, Why does not it form lower layer in the
atmosphere?
18. A gas exerts pressure on the walls of the container. Assign reason.
19. Why does a gas fill completely the vessel in which it is kept?
20. Ammonia and hydrogen chloride gases are both pungent smelling in nature. These are released from the
two opposite corners in a room. Which gas will reach first a person sitting in the centre of the room?
21. A person in a party has used perfume. Why do we smell the same even from a distance?
22. Solids are normally not compressible. Why can a sponge be readily compressed?
23. Why is water liquid at room temperature?
24. Why is it not proper to regard the gaseous state of ammonia as vapours?
25. What happens to the heat energy which is supplied to the solid once it has started melting?
26. Ice at 273 K causes more cooling than water at the same temperature. Explain.
27. Why does steam produce more severe burns on the skin as compared to boiling water?
28. Kelvin scale of temperature is regarded as better than the celsius scale. Assign reason.
29. Should we wear cotton or synthetic clothes during summer?
30. Why should we call a wooden table solid?
31. When we pour some acetone or perfume on our palm, we get a cooling sensation. Assign reason.
32. Naphthalene balls kept in woollen clothes disappear after some time. Explain.
33. Define density. Out of the solid, liquid and gaseous states, in which the density is the maximum?
34. Discuss in brief the scales of measuring temperature and pressure.
35. Discuss the effect of increasing temperature and pressure on the liquid state of a substance. Are these
effects similar? If not, assign reason.
36. What is evaporation? In what way is it different from boiling?

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37. What is sublimation? How is naphthalene sublimated? How does the process of sublimation help in purifying
an impure sample?
38. Why do solids and liquids have open surface while gases do not?

EXERCISE-II
1. Which of the following are matter? Chair, air, love, smell, hate, almonds, thought, cold, cold-drink, smell of
perfume.
2. Give reasons for the following observation :
The smell of hot sizzling food reaches you several meters away, but to get the smell from cold food you
have to go close.
3. A diver is able to cut through water in a swimming pool. Which property of matter does this observation
show?
4. What are the characteristics of the particles of matter?
5. The mass per unit volume of a substance is called density.
(density = mass/volume).
Arrange the following in order of increasing density - air, exhaust from chimneys, honey, water, chalk,
cotton and iron.
6. Give reasons:
(a) A gas fills completely the vessel in which it is kept.
(b) A gas exerts pressure on the walls of the container.
(c) A wooden table should be called a solid.
(d) We can easily move our hand in air but to do the same through a solid block of wood we need a karate
expert.
7. Liquids generally have lower density as compared to solids. But you must have observed that ice flows on
water. Find out why.
8. Convert the following temperature to celsius scale :
(a) 300 K (b) 573 K
9. What is the physical state of water at ;
(a) 250° C (b) 100° C
10. For any substance, why does the temperature remain constant during the change of state?
11. Suggest a method to liquefy atmospheric gases.
12. Why does a desert cooler cool better on a hot dry day?
13. How does the water kept in an earthen pot (matka) become cool during summer?
14. Why does our palm feel cold when we put some acetone or petrol or perfume on it?
15. What type of clothes should we wear in summer?
16. Convert the following temperatures to the Kelvin scale.
(a) 25° C (b) 373° C
17. Arrange the following substances in increasing order of force of attraction between the particles – Water,
sugar, oxygen.
18. Give two reasons to justify –
(a) water at room temperature is a liquid (b) an iron almirah is a solid at room temperature.
19. Why is ice at 273 K more effective in cooling than water at the same temperature?
20. What produces more severe burns, boiling water or steam?

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21. Name A, B, C, D, E and F in the following diagram showing change in its state.

Increase heat and

decrease pressure
E

A B
SOLID LIQUID GAS
D C
F

Decrease heat and

increase pressure

EXERCISE-III
SECTION-A
 Fill in the blanks
1. The best evidence that the particles of matter are constantily moving comes from the studies of __________
and __________.
2. When ice melts there is a __________ in volume.
3. The stars and sun glow because of the presence of __________in them.
4. Anything that occupies space and has mass is called__________
5. The intermixing of particles of two substances on their own is called __________
6. Solid, liquid and gas are called the __________ of matter.
7. The mass per unit volume of a substance is called __________
8. The smell of perfume gradually spreads across a room due to __________
9. Increase in pressure __________the boiling point of water.
10. When steam condense to form water, heat is __________.

SECTION-B
 Multiple choice question with one correct answers
1. According to ancient philosphers matter consists of
(A) three constituents (B) four constituents (C) five constituents (D) six constituents
2. Which of the following is not matter?
(A) air (B) feeling of cold (C) dust (D) humidity
3. Which of the following statements is not correct?
(A) Matter is continuous in nature
(B) Interparticle spaces are maximum in the gaseous state of a substance
(C) Particles which constitute the matter follow a zig-zag path
(D) Solid state is the most compact state of a substance
4. The mass per unit volume of a substance is called :
(A) density (B) valency (C) solubility (D) none of above

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5. A gas can be best liquefied

(A) by increasing the temperature
(B) by lowering the pressure
(C) by increasing the pressure and reducing the temperature
(D) none of these is correct
6. Evaporation of a material takes place :
(A) above its boiling point (B) below its boiling point
(C) at its melting point only (D) below its melting point
7. Which of the following exists as gas?
(A) Petrol (B) Helium (C) Sodium (D) Iodine
8. 10°C temperature is equal to
(A) 163 K (B) 10 K (C) 183 K (D) 283 K
9. Which of the following will respond to sublimation?
(A) Common salt (B) Sugar (C) Camphor (D) Potassium nitrate
10. Which of the following statements do not go with the liquid state?
(A) Particles are loosly packed in the liquid state
(B) Fluidity is the maximum in the liquid state
(C) Liquids cannot be compressed
(D) Liquids take up the shape of any container in which they are placed

SECTION-C
 Match the following (one to one)
Column-I and column-II contains four entries each. Entries of column-I are to be matched with some
entries of column-II. Only One entries of column-I may have the matching with the same entries of column-
II and one entry of column-II Only one matching with entries of column-I
1. Column I Column II
(A) Spread sweet odour into the atmosphere (P) Sublimation
(B) Change of liquid state to gaseous state (Q) Diffusion
(C) Change of solid state directly to gaseous state (R) Condensation
(D) The gas changing to a liquid (S) Vaporization

EXERCISE-IV
SECTION-A
 Multiple choice question with one correct answers

1. The physical state of water at 100°C is

(A) Solid (B) Liquid (C) Gas (D) None of these
2. The state of matter that can be easily compressed is
(A) Solid (B) Liquid
(C) Gas (D) Super cooled solid
3. A substance which has a definite volume but no definite shape is
(A) Solid (B) Liquid (C) Gas (D) None of these

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4. Evaporation of a liquid occurs at

(A) Boiling point (B) Fixed temperature lower than the boiling point
(C) All temperatures (D) None of these
5. The change from vapour to liquid is called
(A) Condensation (B) Fusion (C) Sublimation (D) None of these
6. The melting point of ice is
(A) 273.16 K (B) 373.16 K (C) 283.16 K (D) 263.16 K
7. The change from solid to gas directly is called
(A) Vaporization (B) Sublimation (C) Condensation (D) None of these

8. Diffusion is a property of matter, based on

(A) Motion of its particles (B) Size of its particles (C) Pressure (D) Temperature
9. The SI unit of temperature is
(A) Celsius (B) Kelvin (C) Farenhiet (D) None of these
10. The process of changing liquid into solid is called
(A) Evaporation (B) Freezing (C) Condensation (D) Sublimation
11. The state of which 99% matter of the universe is
(A) Plasma (B) Solid (C) Gaseous (D) Liquid
12. The tendency of non-reacting gases to mix with each other is called as
(A) Chemical reaction (B) Diffusion (C) Effusion (D) Explosion

SECTION-B
 Multiple choice question with one or more than one correct answers
1. Which of the following are states of matter?
(A) Solid (B) Liquid (C) Gas (D) Plasma
2. Physical state of matter can be changed by
(A) change of pressure (B) change of volume
(C) change of temperature (D) change of composition.
3. Solids have/can
(A) Fixed shape (B) Fixed volume (C) Flow easily (D) Low densities
4. The particles of matter are
(A) Very, very small (B) Constanty moving
(C) Repelled by each other (D) Tightly packed
5. In which of the following states, water can exist
(A) Solid (B) Liquid (C) Gas (D) Plasma
6. Which of the following will undergo sublimation?
(A) Ammonium chloride (B) Sodium chloride (C) Iodine (D) Methanol
7. Evaporation of a liquid mainly depends upon
(A) Temperature (B) Pressure (C) Surface area (D) Wind speed
8. Which of the following factors are responsible for change in state of solid carbon dioxide when kept
exposed to air?
(A) Increase in pressure (B) Decrease in pressure
(C) Decrease in temperature (D) Increase in temperature

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9. The best evidence that the particles of matter are constantly moving comes from the studies of :
(A) Diffusion (B) Fusion (C) Brownion motion (D) Tyndall effect
10. Which state of matter does not consists of superenergetic and super excited particles in the form of ionised
gases ?
(A) Super cooled (B) Solid (C) Liquid (D) Plasma
11. The factors which effects the diffusion are:-
(A) Density (B) Temperature (C) Physical state (D) None of these
12. A soild sphere is immersed in a fluid.The magnitude of buoyant force experienced by the sphere depends
on the
(A) Density of the fluid (B) Density of the solid
(C) Volume of the fluid (D) Volume of the solid immersed in the fluid
13. Which of the following is/are characteristics of liquids ?
(A) Fixed volume (B) Definite shape
(C) Flow easily (D) Moderate compressibility

SECTION-C
 Comprehension
We use celsius scale of temperature for measuring temperature in our everyday life. But the S.I. Unit of
measuring temperature is Kelvin which is denoted by symbol K. The melting point of ice on kelvin scale is
273 K and the boiling point of water on kelvin scale is 373 K.
Temperature on kelvin scale = Temperature on celsius scale +273
Now answer the following questions
1. The kelvin temperature is 270 K. What is the corresponding celsius scale temperature?
(A) 373°C (B) 543°C (C) –3°C (D) –1°C
2. Convert the temperature of 573 K to the celsius scale
(A) 300°C (B) 400°C (C) 500°C (D) 600°C
3. Convert the temperature of 373°C into the kelvin scale
(A) 546 K (B) 646 K (C) 351 K (D) None
4. The kelvin scale temperature is 0 K. What is the corresponding celsius scale temperature?
(A) –273°C (B) 273°C (C) 373°C (D) None of these

SECTION-D
 Match the following (one to many)
Column-I and column-II contains four entries each. Entries of column-I are to be matched with some
entries of column-II. One or more than one entries of column-I may have the matching with the same entries
of column-II and one entry of column-II may have one or more than one matching with entries of column-I
1. Column I Column II
(A) Solid (P) Have a fixed volume
(B) Liquid (Q) Mixture of free electrons and ions
(C) Gas (R) Do not have fixed shape
(D) Plasma (S) Flow easily

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Answers
Exercise-III

Section-A
1. Diffusion and Brownian motion. 2. Decrease
3. Plasma 4. Matter 5. Diffusion
6. Three states 7. Density 8. Diffusion
9. Increase 10. Evolved

Section-B
1. (C) 2. (B) 3. (A) 4. (A) 5. (C)
6. (B) 7. (B) 8. (D) 9. (C) 10. (B)

Section-C
1. (A)-(Q), (B)-(S), (C)-(P), (D)-(R)

Exercise-IV
Section-A
1. (C) 2. (C) 3. (B) 4. (C) 5. (A)
6. (A) 7. (B) 8. (A) 9. (B) 10. (B)
11. (A) 12. (B)

Section-B
1. (A,B,C,D) 2. (A,C) 3. (A,B) 4. (A,B) 5. (A,B,C)
6. (A,C) 7. (A,C,D) 8. (B,D) 9. (AC) 10. (A,B,C)
11. (A,B,C) 12. (A,D) 13. (A,C,D)

Section-C
1. (C) 2. (A) 3. (B) 4. (A)

Section-D

1. (A)-(P), (B)-(P,R,S), (C)-(R,S), (D)-(Q)

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