Lectie de pregative

STRUCTURI ALGE BRICE (II

18.83.2023
 Structuri algebrice (I) (Teste gril 2022]
1,0) Structura algolonica, adica7F.AXA -> A
1), ACC, yGA
↳ lege
xOy =
FPC,
1

compositie" saw,operate
de binara

amoscute: Semigeup

↓
alabrice all
I structuri
I multimilar
a) Eupuri(Monoizil
incapatantf
imfir
=>

aparte stabila
-
asociativilale
- -

-
-

(4,0) element neutru:

[7 e e 6a.4.x0 10x
=
=

x, Axle I
6

7x6(simetrical (ix)=
[xET.
6
a. cox=<ox= e
 Motati: e=elemental neutro -
to
166
-elemental
>

multiplicatio:(6,)
M:

- simetrical invers-a
-

to f
aditio: (6,t)-elementaln:
- simetrical opus---x
=

b) Inels (I,+,) 1,+) commatio (x+y y x

I
+

grup
=

I
Ax,y
(,) monoid
-
11

distributivitate, "fatads, t
1,+) gep commutatio (4x 0)
=

apai (K,+,) (*) gap (A* A(03)

=

distributivitate ----
 commtative
Exemple:a) (2,+), (R,1) gepar

(R*,);(*,); (,;) -l-

1)1,1), 0), soy By->gepcomutatio

=

Itebari: 1) Este (x*,) grup?

2) Dar
([-1,1],)?
b) G- :) ,
-1
; fmmlk ) ,
-1
:) ; 4m ,
-1 :)
121 }
*

ME IN

c) (Q :) ;
-1 +
:) ; ¢ ;) ; ftp.t:) -1

(
, ,

p - memoir psim

>" carpal dasdordessturi

modulo p
"
 2 Structuraindus pe o altamultime
I copiers de structura" (
H dongmultimi a., exista:
Fie G,
f: 6 + H o
fundie bigstia;
I do(6-H1, cardinale egale).

Fie (6,0) a structura algeloicadatat/monoid saw grup):

Decause
bigective
of
->
If ": H -
6 impersa luit
-Its necesar o
sa
aflam"
Atmni I! operatic binar "pe H 9.4.

1,x) devine a structura algebizaisomora(n (6,0)

ia
f:G -> H itomodism
ste -

(bigivatmarism)
f: (6,0) -> (H,x) morism

f(xog
↓
, xx,y 6

(f) ofa) *te

Exess(daca stim (,*)):

x0y f"(f()*f(z),
=
x,y G
=
 Proprietati. Fief:(6,0) -> (H,x) mostism (degreeinsande)
·
Daca (6,0) monoid, VIG)=(xEc/acstesimetrizabil ->
(VIG), oste grup,
·
Dacafste morism de monoiti->

f(2,0.00xn) f(x) 0.* f((n);

= +

Imparticulas: f(x) Af(x), =

Heh, ...., (m, ()EG.

er pie e di

·
Dacaf etoitomalism de monoizi-> f(f)=ei
f(V()) V (H)
=

Daca fets malism de grapes-> f(f)

f(xx))
· eH
=

f(x) =

im (6,) f(x) f(x) t,i(6,t) f(=x)

=
=
= = -

f(ul).
 Exemple:
① Fie(R,+) gp si f:R t
R, f(x) ax
= b
+

atr*, bG R

feste bijectivecu f: i
ti, f'(n) (T.A.)
=

->

finduce per operatia,*"datade

f(f((n)of (r)) f/f() F(r))

↑

1xx
=

f(* +
f(*23)
=

-
 a.Mtb b
+
u 0
=
+ - b
=

Deci:
(R,+) IR,*), MAV u
= w
+
-
b

Pb : Sedan grupwils (R,+) $i (iR,*), x*y c y 1.

+
= +

Functia of: R i, f(x) ax+b etsizomodism

- =

ob'la (R,+) la dasa,i numai daca a, b =?

(R,x)
aatis:
acasic") F maisa"
de
grape
e
 R
A modism f(x y)
=>
+

f(x) f(y),Ac,y
= +

a(x y) b
+ +

(ax b) (ay
=
+
x
b)
+
=

a(x + y) b
+ ax
=
b
+

ay b
+ +

1
+

ay) b axy) 2b
+
+
= +
1
+

->
b 26
=
1
+
= 7
-

b = 1 =>

Et1
Ibijectiva deci rspemsb==1.
: Conform discutiei 0=7 -
b 1
=

0ptSE f
#

a +

T. A: Pb8
② Fie 44*1=110,4;) gsnpnl dat .

Fie f 1-1 :
,
it → 10 a)
,
i fix ) =

1¥ .

"

(G) 01=(1-14,0) ? structure algebricé opiate

,,

TA : Ara-tatica-fstebised-ioei.si afbyti f- !
l" "

este guys comutativ

Him to : •
4-1 )
,
* on /
\ a- '
Am > 0
=µ1 ,

'

•
f- :(opt →
1- i. A film :# =
 Iaxes. We

feesat
A 11) Ven

-
I "( 2) 1) se -

-
- -
8+ year
At 1

y
By 1
+

it 1

1
-
x -

y +
cy
I

isthe
re
x y xy
-
- +
 Deci
(40) Eso)"bretit=ixy, x+y Afre).

Pb 773 775
-

Se
dagrpus (6,0),6 (- 1,1)
=

y
siccoy-
Seo: (a) elemental neutru ly=?

(b) E070000otp=?
C) Valmik a,b =? a.4. f:(G,0) (0,0)-),
->

flud-sa tie izomalism de grai

 atie:
recomandat ca in astful as problems
-

↳exatie: Este
sa
imper aflats isomoismulai!
an

(C) Dim discutia(z) d sns => a 1,b 1

=
=

T. A:
L Clasic"din I morism
ifbijective
alac a
=>

1,b
=

1)
=

(0,0),0)
-

(a) Deci f(x) #,=

teiromalism (6,0) =

(f(f) (x)
f(x) 1
=

=>

e f() 0.
=

=
b) Notam 9 5070000 to
=

f(9) f(704000.00)
=
f(z).f(t).....7(5)
=

·
I...
-

6
nee
I
2p

=........
I

i
=> f(z)
=
11
=

g
=

f()==I
=
 =>
=
=

F I

i.
8in(tre I 2018

⑬3 I
Admitere
2021
-
-
Pb,908: Pe D es dalegta de composities

2, z ziz-
=

ilE, +zz) -1+

i, E1,zz E K.

Se ar: (a) elemental neutru al legi, *"ests?

(b) Multime element eld
/
simetrizabile/inversabile)
all monoidulai(C,*),
 () Daca =
t atenci

ste?
Eliteti) 0.
+
*(2+i)
di
2022 de

die.Se (C,*) monoid:

specifica

Stir (04)
a grup das
(C,) movoid.
& ele neute (a= 1

Observe ca

z1 izz 1 3
2,*zz zzz
-
-
+
-
=

zzz i) j(zz i) i
+
-

=
 (t,- i)(z-i)
=>
i
+
=

sugneata
z,xzz i
(1 i)(z i) - s definim
-

-
- =

f:0 -> c

f(z) z
=
-

3, bijective
f(z)
z
=
an

+
inversa

12
T. Ae I
(Severifica

f(z,*zz) f(z)).f(zz) 7
= =

monoidal) mauridal i
(G,*) H, ·
f(d 1 4 7(1) =
(a) f(x) en ->
=

= =

->
=

let
 of ste isomalism de
3
because monoite ->
(b)
f(x) f(x)
=

f(V(*) U(t,) si f"(V(ki) v12,*)

=
=

=>

f((Y) v1x,y)
=

Da
((((B)
f(0) = i (([7(a))
=

V1,1) aRih
= =

(2) Fie 5+
9= i; Calculam
 (dti))
f(z) 4* =

If(d+i)
=

2022

2022
E..... E
= -

E
e
2022
=> 1 =>
E -
=
1 i ws
+
=
+ iSi =

->
q2022(23)674 1
=

f(1) 1 i =
f(z)
+

g
=

1
=

Fi
-
XX