RIPHAH INTRNATIONAL UNIVERSITY I/14 CAMPUS

NAME: HASSAN ZAHID SAP ID: 54481

COURSE: DISCRETE STUCTURES SECTION: SE1-1

ASSIGNMENT # 02
Q#NO 1: PERMUTAIONS(ARRANGMENTS):
Definition:
A permutation is a number of arrangements of objects in order. The number of permutations in
“r” objects selected in a definite order from “n” distinct objects is denoted by
nP =n! /(n-r)!
r
Uses of permutation in different aspects:
Permutations are used in a variety of fields and have numerous applications. Here are a few
examples:
Mathematics: Permutations are used to determine the number of possible arrangements in a
set when the order of the arrangements matters.
Computer Science: Permutations are used for analysing sorting algorithms.
Quantum Physics: Permutations are used for describing states of particles.
Biology: Permutations are used for describing RNA sequences.
everyday life: permutations are used when the order of things is important. For example, the
combination to a safe is a permutation because the order of the numbers matters. If the order
does not matter, then we use combinations.
In essence, a permutation is an ordered combination. There are two types of permutations:
those where repetition is allowed (such as a lock combination) and those where no repetition
is allowed (for example, the first three people in a running race). The number of permutations
of n distinct objects is n factorial, usually written as n! which means the product of all positive
integers less than or equal to n.
Example:
Example 1:
A club consist of four members how many sample points are in space when three officer, treasures and
president are to be seated in three chairs in committee room
Solution;
Since order of choosing matter.
Total members in club =n= 4
Members to be seated =r= 3
according to formula
nP =n! /(n-r)!
r

4
P3=4! / (4-3)!
=24 so there are 24 ways in which officer, president and treasurer.
Example 2:
License plate begins with three letters, if possible, letters are A, B, C, D, E, then how many permutations are
possible
Solution;
Since order of choosing matter.
Total letters=5
Starting letter r=3

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according to formula
nP =n! /(n-r)!
r

5
P3=5! / (5-3)!
=60 permutations are possible

Q#NO 2: COMBINATON(SELECTION):
A combination is a number of ways of “r” objects selected without regarding to their order
from a subset of n distinct objects.
nC =n! /(n-r) *r!
r
Uses of combination in different aspects:

Combinations are used in various fields and have numerous applications. Here are a few examples:

Mathematics: Combinations are used to determine the number of possible selections of items from a set
where the order of selection does not matter.
Probability Theory: Combinations are used to calculate the total number of possible outcomes of an event..
Everyday Life: Combinations are used when the order of things is not important. For example, if you were
making a fruit salad with an apple, an orange, and a pear, there are three combinations of two that can be
drawn from this set: an apple and a pear; an apple and an orange; or a pear and an orange.
In essence, a combination is a selection of items from a set that has distinct members, such that the order of
selection does not matter (unlike permutations).
Example 1:
A three persons committee to be formed from a list of four persons how many experiments can be performed
Solution;
Since order of choosing doesn’t matter.
number of persons in a list =n= 4
committee to be formed =r= 3
according to formula
nC =n! /(n-r) *r!
r
4
C3=4! / (4-3) *3!
=4 ways are possible
Example 2:
How many ways are there to select 3 males and 2 females out of 7 males and 5 females
Solution
1 number of ways to select 3 males out of 7 males
n=7; r=3

according to formula
nC =n! /(n-r) *r!
r
7
C3=7! / (7-3) *3!
=35 ways
2 number of ways to select 2 females out of 5 females
n=5; r=2
according to formula
nC =n! /(n-r) *r!
r

5
C2=5! / (5-2) *2!
=10 ways
So, the total number of ways to select males and females is 35*10=350ways

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The end:

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