Skeletal System

The skeletal system is your body's central framework. It consists of bones and
connective tissue, including cartilage, tendons, and ligaments. It's also called
the musculoskeletal system.

Skull is the skeletal structure of the head that supports the face and protects
the brain.
Vertebra supports the head and neck, allowing movements such as turning
the neck.
Sternum also known as breastbone is a long flat bone located in the central
part of the chest. It connects to the ribs via cartilage and forms the front of the
rib cage, thus helping to protect the heart, lungs, and major blood vessels from
injury.
Ribs partially enclose and protect the chest cavity, where many vital organs
(including the heart and the lungs) are located. The rib cage is collectively
made up of long, curved individual bones with joint-connections to the spinal
vertebrae.
Humerus is the long bone in the upper arm. It is located between the elbow
joint and the shoulder. At the elbow, it connects primarily to the ulna, as the
forearm's radial bone connects to the wrist.
Spine also known as the backbone, is a bony structure that supports your body
and connects to different parts of your musculoskeletal system. Your spine
helps you sit, stand, walk, twist and bend. It also protects your spinal cord,
which is a column of nerves that carries messages between your brain and the
rest of your body.
Radius is a long bone of the forearm that runs from the elbow to the wrist. It
is the lateral bone of the forearm, meaning it is on the thumb side. It has a
proximal end, a shaft and a distal end, and it articulates with the humerus, the
ulna and the carpal bones. The radius is made of compact bone with a hollow
center and spongy bones filling the ends.
Ulna is one of the two primary bones forming the forearms in humans, the
other one being the radius. There is one ulna bone in each arm. It is a long
bone and is vital in forming both the wrist and elbow joints. The ulna joins
with the humerus on its larger end to make the elbow joint, and joins with the
carpal bones of the hand at its smaller end. Together with the radius, the ulna
enables the wrist joint to rotate.
Pelvis is like basin-shaped complex of bones that connects the trunk and the
legs, supports and balances the trunk, and contains and supports the intestines,
the urinary bladder, and the internal sex organs.
Sacrum is a single bone located at the base of your spine. It consists of five
separate vertebrae that fuse during adulthood. The sacrum helps support your
upper body when you sit or stand.
Femur bone is the longest and strongest bone in the human body. It is located
in the thigh region, between the hip and the knee.
Fibula is the outer of two bones of the lower leg or hind limb1. It is the third
longest bone in the human body. The head of the fibula is joined to the head of
the tibia by ligaments and does not form part of the knee. The fibula is not
weight-bearing, but it supports muscles, tendons, and ligaments.
Tibia also known as the shinbone or shankbone, is the larger, stronger, and
anterior of the two bones in the leg below the knee in vertebrates; it connects
the knee with the ankle.
 Human Muscular System
The muscular system is composed of specialized cells called muscle fibers.
Their predominant function is contractibility. Muscles, attached to bones or
internal organs and blood vessels, are responsible for movement. Nearly all
movement in the body is the result of muscle contraction.
Deltoid muscles are in the shoulders, which is the ball-and-socket joint that

connects your arm to the trunk of the body. Its helps to move in different
directions.
Pectoralis muscle, any of the muscles that connect the front walls of the chest
with the bones of the upper arm and shoulder.
Biceps or biceps brachii is a large muscle that lies on the front of the upper
arm between the shoulder and the elbow. Both heads of the muscle arise on
the scapula and join to form a single muscle belly which is attached to the
upper forearm.
Rectus Abdominus (abdominal) informally known as the abs muscle, is a
long muscle of the anterior abdominal wall. In those with low body fat, it is
clearly visible beneath the skin forming the ‘six pack’. It extends from the rib
cage all the way to the pubic bone.
Quadriceps muscle is a large muscle group that includes the four prevailing
muscles on the front of the thigh. It is the sole extensor muscle of the knee,
forming a large fleshy mass which covers the front and sides of the femur.
Tendons is tissue that attaches a muscle to other body parts, usually bones.
Tendons are the connective tissues that transmit the mechanical force of
muscle contraction to the bones; the tendon is firmly connected to muscle
fibres at one end and to components of the bone at its other end. Tendons are
remarkably strong, having one of the highest tensile strengths found among
soft tissues.

Digestive System
The digestive system converts the foods we eat into their simplest forms, like
glucose (sugars), amino acids (that make up protein) or fatty acids (that make
up fats). The broken-down food is then absorbed into the bloodstream from
the small intestine and the nutrients are carried to each cell in the body.
Salivary glands are a tissue in our mouths that expels saliva. You can feel

your salivary glands activate when you eat something really sweet. As
exocrine glands, they expel saliva into our mouths by way of ducts. Each day,
our glands produce as much as a quart of saliva.
Mouth or oral cavity, is the first part of the digestive tract. It is adapted to
receive food by ingestion, break it into small particles by mastication, and mix
it with saliva. The lips, cheeks, and palate form the boundaries.
Esophagus relatively straight muscular tube through which food passes from
the pharynx to the stomach. The esophagus can contract or expand to allow
for the passage of food.
Stomach saclike expansion of the digestive system, between the esophagus
and the small intestine; it is located in the anterior portion of the abdominal
cavity in most vertebrates. The stomach serves as a temporary receptacle for
storage and mechanical distribution of food before it is passed into the
intestine.
Liver the largest gland in the body, a spongy mass of wedge-shaped lobes that
has many metabolic and secretory functions. The liver secretes bile, a
digestive fluid; metabolizes proteins, carbohydrates, and fats; stores glycogen,
vitamins, and other substances; synthesizes blood-clotting factors; removes
wastes and toxic matter from the blood; regulates blood volume; and destroys
old red blood cells.
Gall bladder is a small, hollow, pear-shaped organ that is located beneath the
liver. It stores and concentrates bile, a digestive fluid produced by the liver,
before releasing it into the small intestine to aid in the digestion of fats.
Pancreas compound gland that discharges digestive enzymes into the gut and
secretes the hormones insulin and glucagon, vital in carbohydrate (sugar)
metabolism, into the bloodstream.
Small intestine is the longest part of the digestive system. It extends from the
stomach (pylorus) to the large intestine (cecum) and consists of three parts:
duodenum, jejunum and ileum. The main functions of the small intestine are
to complete digestion of food and to absorb nutrients.
Large intestine is the final part of the digestive system, where food waste is
turned into stool and eliminated from the body.
Appendix a vestigial hollow tube that is closed at one end and is attached at
the other end to the cecum, a pouchlike beginning of the large intestine into
which the small intestine empties its contents.
Rectum is the end of the digestive tract, which begins at the mouth and
includes the esophagus,stomach and small and large intestines.The rectum
holds the feces until you push it out of the body,through the anal canal, by
having a bowel movement.
Anus is the end of your large intestine, where food waste completes its
journey through your digestive tract and makes its exit.

Respiratory System
The respiratory system takes up oxygen from the air we breathe and expels the
unwanted carbon dioxide. The main organ of the respiratory system is the
lungs. Other respiratory organs include the nose, the trachea and the breathing
muscles (the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles).
Frontal Sinus are two hollow spaces in the frontal bone above the eyes, part

of the paranasal sinuses that produce mucus and filter air.

Sphenoidal sinus is a paired space within the sphenoid bone, which is part of
the skull base and the eye socket. It communicates with the nasal cavity
through a small opening in its anterior wall. It is close to the optic nerve and
the pituitary gland, which are important structures for vision and hormone
regulation. It may vary in size, shape, and symmetry.
Nasal conchae also known as turbinate or turbinal, is a scroll-shaped bony
element that protrudes into the nasal cavity.
Nasal cavity is lined with a mucous membrane (a lining of tissue) that makes
mucus to help keep your nose moist and prevent nose bleeds from a dry nose.
There are also little hairs, called cilia, on the inside walls of the nose that filter
the air you breathe in to prevent dust and dirt from getting into your lungs.
Nose the prominent structure between the eyes that serves as the entrance to
the respiratory tract and contains the olfactory organ. It provides air for
respiration, serves the sense of smell, conditions the air by filtering, warming,
and moistening it, and cleans itself of foreign debris extracted from
inhalations.
Pharynx cone-shaped passageway leading from the oral and nasal cavities in
the head to the esophagus and larynx. The pharynx chamber serves both
respiratory and digestive functions. Thick fibres of muscle and connective
tissue attach the pharynx to the base of the skull and surrounding structures.
Larynx (voice box) helps you to breathe. It contains your vocal cords, so you
can make sounds, and your epiglottis.
Trachea is a vital part of the respiratory system that connects the voice box to
the lungs and allows air to flow in and out. It is a tube-like structure made of
rings of cartilage that prevent it from collapsing and cells that produce mucus
to trap foreign particles and germs.
Alveoli are the smallest structures in the respiratory system. They are located
at the ends of the passageways that bring air into the lungs. Alveoli are the
small balloon-like sacks of 200-500μm diameter, making up a vital part of the
respiratory zone of the human lungs. Each alveolus (singular) plays an
important role in letting oxygen and carbon dioxide move into and from the
bloodstream during inhalation and exhalation.
Bronchus is primarily as a passageway for air as it travels from the mouth and
trachea down to the alveoli and back out of the body. The bronchi are critical
in respiration, allowing the body's tissues to receive oxygen. They also
transport carbon dioxide to exit the body.
Bronchioles are air passages in the lungs that deliver air to the alveoli.
Right lung is divided into three lobes: the superior, middle and the inferior. It
is shorter than the left lung, but also wider than the left lung. Covered with a
protective covering called pleural tissue.
Left lung is consist of two lobes and is longer and narrower than the right
lung. It has a concave region on the mediastinal surface called the cardiac
notch that allows space for the heart.
Diaphragm is a thin, dome-shaped muscle that helps you breathe and
separates your chest from your belly. It contracts and flattens when you
inhale, creating a vacuum that draws air into your lungs. It relaxes and rises
when you exhale, pushing air out of your lungs.
 Circulatory System
The circulatory system is made up of blood vessels that carry blood away
from and towards the heart. Arteries carry blood away from the heart and
veins carry blood back to the heart. The circulatory system carries oxygen,
nutrients, and hormones to cells, and removes waste products, like carbon
dioxide.
Veins are blood vessels located throughout the body that collect oxygen-poor

blood and return it to your heart. They work together with other blood vessels
and the heart to keep the blood moving.
Arteries are the blood vessels that bring oxygen-rich blood from your heart to
all of your body's cells. They play a crucial role in distributing oxygen,
nutrients and hormones throughout your body.
Heart is a fist-sized organ that pumps blood throughout your body. The heart
is a pump, usually beating about 60 to 100 times per minute. With each
heartbeat, the heart sends blood throughout our bodies, carrying oxygen to
every cell. After delivering the oxygen, the blood returns to the heart. The
heart then sends the blood to the lungs to pick up more oxygen.

Nervous System
The nervous system includes the brain, spinal cord, and a complex network of
nerves. This system sends messages back and forth between the brain and the
body. The brain is what controls all the body's functions. The spinal cord runs
from the brain down through the back.
Brain is a complex organ that controls thought, memory, emotion, touch,

motor skills, vision, breathing, temperature, hunger and every process that
regulates our body.
Spinal cord is a cylindrical structure that runs through the center of your
spine, from your brainstem to your low back. It's a delicate structure that
contains nerve bundles and cells that carry messages from your brain to the
rest of your body.
Ganglion is a collection of neuronal bodies found in the voluntary and
autonomic branches of the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Ganglia can be
thought of as synaptic relay stations between neurons.
Nerve a long-thin-fibers that transmit messages between your brain and other
parts of your body. Are like cables that carry electrical impulses between your
brain and the rest of your body. These impulses help you feel sensations and
move your muscles. They also maintain certain autonomic functions like
breathing, sweating or digesting food. Nerve cells are also called neurons.

Urinary System
The urinary system, also called the renal system or urinary tract, removes
waste from the blood, in the form of urine. It also helps regulate the blood
volume and pressure and controls the level of chemicals and salts
(electrolytes) in your body's cells and blood.

Kidneys
are two bean-
shaped
organs,
each about
the size of a
fist. They
are located
just below the
rib cage, one
on each side of your spine. Healthy kidneys filter about a half cup of blood
every minute, removing wastes and extra water to make urine.
Right Ureter lies in close relationship to the ascending colon, cecum, and
appendix. The left ureter is close to the descending and sigmoid colon. The
nomenclature of the ureter is based on its anatomic relationship to surrounding
structures.
Left Ureter close to the descending and sigmoid colon. The nomenclature of
the ureter is based on its anatomic relationship to surrounding structures. The
abdominal ureter is the segment of the ureter that extends from the renal pelvis
to the iliac vessels.
Bladder is a sub-peritoneal, hollow muscular organ that acts as a reservoir for
urine. The bladder is located in the lesser pelvis when empty and extends into
the abdominal cavity when full. In children, the bladder is located in the
abdomen and does not completely descend into the pelvis until puberty.
Urethra is the tube that lets urine leave the bladder and the body. If were
assigned male at birth, your urethra passes through your prostate and into your
penis. If were assigned female at birth, your urethra is much shorter. It runs
from your bladder to open in front of your vagina.