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IN-SITU SOIL STABILISATION

Delhi-Mumbai Expressway
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Agenda

Use of Alternate GREEN Solutions for Road Construction, Maintenance

and Rehabilitation
Reduce Mining of Borrow soil from long
leads

REDUCE Reduce depletion of Natural Resources

Reduce Mining for fresh aggregates

Reduce Carbon Footprint

Re-Use Existing Resources

RE-USE Recycle Existing Pavement

Save for the Future! 2

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PROBLEM STATEMENT

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Why Soil Stabilization / Improvement ?

Locally available soil does not

have required properties (Eg:
CBR, LL, PI)
Borrow Soil lead distance very
high; re-use of locally available
material
Black cotton soil – High FSI –
Not fit for construction
Huge Soil requirement for
greenfield projects –
Embankment and subgrade
For 1km/12m wide subgrade
6000 m³ - 435 truck trips -
High Carbon Emissions
Stabilization: Only Binder
2-3% to be transported
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Existing Soil Properties (Locally Available Soil)

CBR = 5%
FSI = 75
PI = 36

Poor Soil (at pkg

11, 12, 13 & 14)
Total = 110 Km
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Design Mix Reports

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Design Mix Reports

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Requirement for Soil Improvement
Embankment
•Low CBR+ High PI Soil
•Improvement by adding 3% cement.
•Insitu Stablization upto 30-40 in
single layer. Compaction with 20
tonne roller.
•Higher daily out put of 8000-10000
sq mt /3000 cubic mt.
•Use of existing soil Modified.
•1km/day.
•12 tonnes required Daily.
•IRC 37 2012 Design.
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SUBGRADE
•Subgrade Soil
•Low CBR
•Improvement by adding 3% cement.
•Insitu Stablization upto 30-40 in
single layer. Compaction with 20
tonne roller.
•Higher daily out put of 8000-10000
sq mt /3000 cubic mt.
•Use of existing soil -Modified.
•1km/day.
•12 tonnes required Daily
•IRC 37 2012 Design.
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SOIL STABILIZATION
IN-SITU SOLUTION

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In-Situ Soil Stabilization

Untreated Soil Modified Soil

Low CBR Increased CBR
Black Cotton, Optimum FSI, PI, LL
High FSI, PI, LL Fit for Construction
Unfit for Addition of Binder/Additive
Construction Cement, Lime, Fly Ash/Pond Ash,
Additive, Combination

In-Situ Soil
Stabilization / Injection of water
Improvement (to maintain OMC)

Pre-spread
Binder
Stabilized
Subgrade Mix
Existing / Locally
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Available Soil
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In-Situ Soil Stabilization – Delhi Mumbai Expressway
(Modification with 2% Lime as binder)

Locally Automated
Available Soil Binder
CBR = 5 % Spreading
FSI = 75 (2% Lime)
PI = 36
Unfit for
Construction

In-situ
Pulverization
Modified Soil
using
CBR ~ 12 % Automated
FSI = 30 Soil Stabilizer

PI = 20.2
Fit for
Construction 11
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In-Situ Soil Stabilization – Bundelkhand Expressway
(Modification with 2% Lime as binder)

In-Situ Stabilization using

Modern Soil Stabilizer Water Tanker
(To maintain OMC)
Pre-Spread
Binder

500mm depth
Locally
in single pass
available Soil

Homogenous
stabilized mix 12
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In-Situ Soil Stabilization

With added Cement / Lime

Binder spreader WR Single-drum Grader Single-drum

compactor compactor

Binder spreader Water tanker truck WR Single-drum Grader Tandem Pneumatic-tyred

compactor roller roller
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In-Situ Soil Stabilization

Soil stabilization with added lime

Binder spreader WR Single-drum Grader Single-drum

Soil stabilization with added cement compactor compactor

Binder spreader Water tanker truck WR Single-drum Grader Tandem Pneumatic-tyred

compactor roller roller
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In-Situ Soil Stabilization

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In Situ Process: Solution

Stabilization with Binding Agent- Cement/Lime/Fly-Ash

+ =

Existing/Borrow CBR=12%(Effective)
Area Soil Cement CBR =39%
CBR=5% (1.5-%)

FSI=30
+ = PI=20.2

Existing/Borrow Lime CBR =39%

Area Soil (2-%)
CBR=5%
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Cost Benefits of Stabilization

Traditional Lime Cement

Pavement Design Stabilised Subgrade Stabilised Subgrade

500mm 250mm 250mm

Existing Effective Effective Cement Subgrade

Subgrade Lime Subgrade CBR 15%
CBR 5% CBR 10% add. 2% Cement
add. 2% Quicklime

Stabilised to 250mm Stabilised to 250mm

Minimum CBR 5% Minimum CBR 39% Minimum CBR 45% 17
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Stabilization By Lime/Cement In Situ

INITIAL STABILISATION COSTS

Lakh Rs/Km 50 Dumping soil from 123km

30 Stabilisation In Situ

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Initial Stabilisation cost summary

INITIAL STABILISATION COSTS

Percentage 100% Dumping Soil from 123km

(%)

65% Stabilising In-situ

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Soil Stabilization Characteristics

Soil stabilization with cement and/or blends of lime

Characteristics of the immediate reaction

- Soil becomes crumbly
- Improvement of the optimum water content
- Improvement of the plastic characteristics (PI)
- Improvement of the compactibility
Characteristics of the long-term reaction
- Volume stability
- Long-term increase of the soil’s strength
- Long lasting load bearing capacity
- Not sensitive to water ingress
- Frost durability 20
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National Highways Authority Of India

Soil Stabilization in the State Rajasthan on

Delhi Mumbai Expressway Packages

- PKG 11

- PKG 12

- PKG 13

- PKG 14

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DELHI-MUMBAI EXPRESSWAY
PKG-12
IN-SITU SOIL STABILIZATION

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Soil Stabilization -
Cost-effective upgrading the ground by soil stabilization

BEFORE

AFTER

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Site Execution

CBR 5%
CBR 5%

Subgrade bed preparation (locally available material dumped)

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Even Spreading Of Lime by using mechanized truck
mounted automatic controlled Spreader

Addition of 2% Lime as per Design Mix to get desired properties

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Lime Spreading

2% Lime pre-spread on prepared bed

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Stabilization in-situ 250mm in single pass with
modern self-propelled stabilizer

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Stabilization in-situ 250mm in single pass with
modern self-propelled stabilizer

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Stabilization in-situ 250mm in single pass with
modern self-propelled stabilizer

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Soil Stabilization

Stabilization of Subgrade with lime 2% at Pkg 12 in State of Rajasthan Delhi-

Mumbai Expressway 30
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Stabilization in progress 250mm in single pass

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Stabilization in progress 250mm in single pass

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Stabilized Soil With Lime as a binder with CBR -
12% and PI- 20.2

MODIFIED SOIL=High
Quality Mix 33
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Initial Compaction

20 tons Padfoot roller

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Grading

Grading to profile by motor grader

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Final Compaction

11-ton Soil compactor

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Finished Stabilized Bed

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Stabilized Bed After Curing

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DELHI-MUMBAI EXPRESSWAY
PKG-13
IN-SITU SOIL STABILIZATION

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Soil Stabilization

Stabilization of Subgrade with lime 2%(9.35kg) at Pkg 13 of Delhi-

Mumbai Expressway in State of Rajasthan

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Site Execution

Subgrade bed prepared

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Even Spreading Of Lime by using mechanized
truck mounted automatic controlled Spreader

Addition of 2% Lime As per Design Mix to get desired properties

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Lime Spreading

@9.5 kg/sqm

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Stabilization in progress 250mm in Single Pass

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Stabilization in progress 250mm in Single Pass

In-situ stabilization by self-propelled wheeled Stabilizer

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Stabilization in progress 250mm in Single Pass

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Stabilization in progress 250mm in Single Pass

MODIFIED SOIL=High
Quality Mix 47
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Initial Compaction

20 tons padfoot roller

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Grading

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Final Compaction

11-ton Soil compactor

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Finished Stabilized Bed

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Compaction Pit

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DELHI-MUMBAI EXPRESSWAY
PKG-11
IN-SITU SOIL STABILIZATION

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Even Spreading Of Cement by using mechanized
truck mounted automatic controlled Spreader

Addition of 1.5% cement As per Design Mix to get desired properties

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Stabilization in progress 250mm in Single Pass

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Stabilization in progress 250mm in Single Pass

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Stabilization in progress 250mm in Single Pass

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Stabilization in progress 250mm in Single Pass

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Grading & Final Compaction

Grading Final Compaction

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BENEFITS
IN-SITU SOIL STABILIZATION

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Summary of Benefits - Soil Stabilization

Treat locally available unsuitable site

materials in-situ rather than soil replacement
method: Improve CBR, optimize soil
properties like FSI, Plasticity Index, Liquid
40 mm
limit, etc. BC DBM saved
DBM BC
Strong subgrade → Long pavement life → DBM
Low life-cycle cost WMM WMM

Reduced Crust Thickness due to strong GSB GSB

subgrade – hence associated economical
benefits to government exchequer
Local Soil Modified Soil
Only 2% Binder needs to be transported: 5% CBR 12% CBR
Reduced Logistics → Reduced fuel
consumption → Less carbon emissions Savings of approx.
Rs. 60 lakh/km for a 4-lane project

Faster Construction – up to 1 Lac

Cu.m/month 61
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Stabilization Benefits

Environmental Benefits: Treat saturated or unsuitable site materials in-situ

rather than exporting to a tip & importing new quarry products.

Design & Construct Cost Efficiency: Increase the strength of the lower
pavement layers and save on the thickness of the more expensive upper
pavement layers (HMA).

Reduced Traffic Disruption & Construction Loading: Stabilization in-situ

saves construction time instead of double handling by excavating & replacing.

Reduce Permeability: Forms a consistent stable barrier between the pavement

and expansive inconsistent sub soils bridging soft spots and reducing differential
settlement.

Reduce Earthworks: Stabilizing the subgrade, means that layer does not have
to be excavated for placement of costly quarry products.
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THANK YOU

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