GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1 MODULE

(Grade 11-STEM)

MODULE 2: Stoichiometry

INTRODUCTION: This module explains stoichiometry which is the study of the quantities
of materials consumed and produced in chemical reactions. Using stoichiometric
calculations and dimensional analysis, this module will explain how much products will be
produced from a specific amount of reactants and the amount of reactants needed to
produce a specific amount of products.

LEARNING OUTCOMES:
At the end of the lesson, the learners shall be able to:
1. Identify mole ratios of reactants and products from balanced chemical equations;
2. Perform stoichiometric calculations related to chemical equations;
3. Define theoretical, actual, and percent yield of reactions;
4. Calculate theoretical and percent yield of a reaction; and
5. Identify the limiting and excess reagent(s) of a reaction.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
1. Identify mole ratios of reactants and products from balanced chemical equations;
2. Perform stoichiometric calculations related to chemical equations;
3. Define theoretical, actual, and percent yield of reactions;
4. Calculate theoretical and percent yield of a reaction; and
5. Identify the limiting and excess reagent(s) of a reaction.
Stoichiometry is the study of the quantities of materials consumed and produced in
chemical reactions. From the balanced chemical equation, you will be able to determine
how much products will be produced from a specific amount of reactants and determine
the amount of reactants needed to produce a specific amount of products.

1. IDENTIFYING MOLE RATIOS

Example 1. Using the balanced equation below,
3H2 + N2 → 2 NH3 (balanced equation)
It says that 3 moles of H2 are stoichiometrically equivalent to 1 mole of N2 and to 2
moles of NH3. The ratio of moles of H2 to moles of NH3 is 3:2; the ratio of moles of N2
to moles of NH3 is 1:2 or
3 moles of H2 :1 mole of N2 (mole ratio is 3H2:1N2 or 3:1)
3 moles of H2:2 moles of NH3 (mole ratio is 3H2:2NH3 or 3:2)
1 mole of N2 :2 moles of NH3 (mole ratio is 1N2:2NH3 or 1:2)
2. CONVERTING MOLE TO MOLE
Example 2a. Using the balanced equation again below, how many moles of NH3 will
be produced if 10.4 moles H2 react completely with N2? (moles H2 →
moles NH3)
3H2 + N2 → 2 NH3 (balanced equation)
Given: 3H2 + N2 → 2 NH3

10.4 moles H2 ? = moles NH3 (identify what is needed)

Solution:
2 moles NH3
10.4 moles H2 x = 𝟔. 𝟗𝟑 𝐦𝐨𝐥𝐞𝐬 𝐍𝐇𝟑
3 moles H2
Example 2b. Using the balanced equation below, how many moles of N2 are needed to
produce 42.4 moles NH3? (moles NH3 → moles N2)
3H2 + N2 → 2 NH3 (balanced equation)
Given: 3H2 + N2 → 2 NH3

? = moles N2 42.4 moles NH3

Solution:
1 mole N2
42.4 moles NH3 x = 𝟐𝟏. 𝟐 𝐦𝐨𝐥𝐞𝐬 𝐍𝟐
2 moles NH3
3. CONVERTING MOLE TO MASS
Example 3. How many grams of NH3 will be produced from 25.7 moles N2? (moles
N2 → moles NH3 → g NH3)
Given: 3H2 + N2 → 2 NH3

25.7 moles N2 ? = g NH3

Solution:
2 moles NH3 17.03 g NH3
25.7 moles N2 x x = 𝟖𝟕𝟓 𝐠 𝐍𝐇𝟑
1 mole N2 1 mole NH3
Note that the Molecular Weight (MW) of NH3 should be computed first using the Atomic
Weight (AW) of each element: (N=14.01 g, H = 1.008g)
NH3
1.008 g x 3 = 3.02
14.01 g x 1 = 14.01 +
17.03 g NH3 (MW)

4. CONVERTING MASS TO MASS

Example 4. How many grams of NH3 will be produced if 122 g N2 reacts completely
with H2? (g N2→ moles N2 → moles NH3 → g NH3)
Given: 3H2 + N2 → 2 NH3

122 g N2 ? = g NH3
Solution:
1 mole N2 2 mole NH3 17.03 g NH3
122 g N2 x x x = 𝟏𝟒𝟖 𝐠 𝐍𝐇𝟑
28.02 g N2 1 mole N2 1 mole NH3
Note that the Molecular Weight (MW) of N2 and NH3 should be computed first using
the Atomic Weight (AW) of each element:(N=14.01 g, H = 1.008g)
N2
2 x 14.01 = 28.02 g N2 (MW)
NH3
1.008 g x 3 = 3.02
14.01 g x 1 = 14.01 +
17.03 g NH3 (MW)
5. LIMITING REACTANT
The reactant used up first in the chemical reaction is called the limiting reactant or
reagent. Excess reagents are reactants present in quantities greater than what is
needed by the reaction. The one that yields the smallest number of moles of product
is the limiting reagent. Consider again the balanced reaction:
3H2 + N2 → 2 NH3 (balanced reaction)
Example 5. If 25.5 g H2 are made to react with 64.2 g N2, and 54.0 g of NH3 is obtained,
find
1. the limiting reactant (reagent),
2. theoretical yield,
3. excess amount, and
4. percent (%) yield.
Note that the Molecular Weight (MW) of N2, H2, and NH3 should be computed first using
the Atomic Weight (AW) of each element: (N=14.01 g, H =1.008g).
Given: 3H2 + N2 → 2 NH3 (balanced equation)

25.5 g H2 64.2 g N2 54.0 g NH3

Solution:
N2
2 x 14.01 = 28.02 g N2 (MW)
NH3
1.008 g x 3 = 3.02
14.01 g x 1 = 14.01 +
17.03 g NH3 (MW)
H2
2 x 1.008 = 2.016 g H2 (MW)

Step 1. Calculate the limiting reactant by converting g to mole. The one that yields
the smallest number of moles of product is the limiting reagent. It is the one that
will determine the theoretical yield in the reaction.
For H2:
1 mole H2 2 mole NH3
25.5 g H2 x x = 8.40 moles NH3
2.016 g H2 3 moles H2
 For N2:
1 mole N2 2 mole NH3
64.2 g N2 x x = 4.58 moles NH3 (N2 is
28.02 g N2 1 mole N2
Limiting Reactant)
N2 is the limiting reactant because it is the smallest number of moles of the product
which is 4.58 moles of NH3. Note that even though the mass of N2 was greater than the
mass of H2, the limiting reagent was still N2. This illustrates that the limiting reagent is not
determined by which reactant is present in greater amount. It is only by considering the
mole ratios and relationships in the balanced chemical reaction that the limiting reagent
can be determined.

Step 2. Calculate the theoretical yield. The theoretical yield is the maximum amount
of product that would result if the limiting reagent is completely consumed. It is
the amount of product predicted by stoichiometry. Use 4.58 moles NH3 to
determine the theoretical yield which is 78 g NH3:

17.03 g NH3
4.58 moles NH3 x = 𝟕𝟖 𝐠 𝐍𝐇𝟑 (𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐨𝐫𝐞𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐘𝐢𝐞𝐥𝐝)
1 mole NH3

Step 3. Calculate the amount of excess reagent. There are several ways this can
be done-but any of these are equivalent; that is, we can find how many grams
of H2 (the reactant present in excess) will react with 64.2 g N2 (the limiting
reactant) or we can calculate how many grams of H2 would be used in forming
4.58 moles of NH3. In either case, after finding the amount used, we find the
amount of excess. Using the 4.58 moles NH3 gives

3 moles H2 2.016 g H2
4.58 moles NH3 x x = 13.7 g H2
2 moles NH3 1 mole H2
If we have 25.5 g H2 to start and use 13.7 g H2, the amount of excess is
(25.5 minus 13.7) = 11.8 g H2 in excess

Step 4. Calculate the percent (%) yield. All the calculations that have been done up
to this point are theoretical yields. This is the maximum amount of product that
can be obtained in a particular reaction. In general, however, when these
reactions are carried out in the laboratory, we do not actually obtain the
theoretical amount of product. This is especially true in organic reactions, where
there are often side reactions taking place and where some of the products are
 lost in the process of isolation and purification. The amount of product that is
actually obtained is called the actual yield. The percent yield is the percent of
the theoretical yield that is actually obtained. To do this we use the theoretical
yield 78 g NH3 (step 2) and the actual yield obtained 54.0 g NH3 in the reaction
which is
actual yield
percent yield = x 100
theoretical yield
54 g NH3
percent yield = x 100 = 𝟔𝟗 % (𝐏𝐞𝐫𝐜𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐘𝐢𝐞𝐥𝐝)
78 g NH3

EXERCISES :
1. IDENTIFYING MOLE RATIOS
Example 1. Using the balanced equation below, give the mole ratios of the
reaction. 2KClO3 → 2KCl + 3O2
Answer: 2 moles KClO3: 2 moles KCl
2 moles KClO3: 3 moles O2

2. CONVERTING MOLE TO MOLE

Example 2a. Using the balanced equation again below, how many moles of
KClO3 are required to produce 22.8 moles oxygen gas (O2)? (moles
O2 → moles KClO3)
Given: 2KClO3 → 2KCl + 3O2

? = moles KClO3 22.8 moles O2

Solution:
2 moles KClO3
22.8 moles O2 x = 𝟏𝟓. 𝟐 𝐦𝐨𝐥𝐞𝐬 𝐊𝐂𝐥𝐎𝟑
3 moles O2

Example 2b. Using the balanced equation below, how many moles of CO2 are
needed to produce 4.60 moles CO? (moles CO → moles CO2)
Given: 2CO + O2 → 2CO2

4.60 moles CO ? = moles CO2

 Solution:
2 moles CO2
4.60 moles CO x = 𝟒. 𝟔𝟎 𝐦𝐨𝐥𝐞𝐬 𝐂𝐎𝟐
2 moles CO

3. CONVERTING MOLE TO MASS

Example 3. How many grams of Fe2O3 will be formed from 4.86 moles Fe
reacting with sufficient oxygen gas? (moles Fe → moles Fe2O3 → g
Fe2O3) AW of Fe = 55.85 g, O=16g
Given: 4Fe + 3O2 → 2 Fe2O3

4.86 moles Fe ? = g Fe2O3

Solution:
2 moles Fe2 O3 159.7 g Fe2 O3
4.86 moles Fe x x = 𝟑𝟖𝟖 𝐠 𝐅𝐞𝟐 𝐎𝟑
4 moles Fe 1 mole Fe2 O3
4. CONVERTING MASS TO MASS
Example 4. How many grams of MgO are produced from the complete
reaction of 94.2 g Mg? AW of Mg=24.31 g, O = 16g (g Mg→
moles Mg → moles MgO → g MgO)
Given: 2Mg + O2 → 2 MgO

94.2 g Mg ? = MgO

Solution:

1 mole Mg 2 moles MgO 40.31 g MgO

94.2 g Mg x x x = 𝟏𝟓𝟔. 𝟏𝟗 𝐠 𝐌𝐠𝐎
24.31 g Mg 2 mole Mg 1 mole MgO
5. LIMITING REACTANT
Example 5. If 15.0 g MgO is treated with 18.5 g H3PO4, and 17.6 g of Mg3(PO4)2
is obtained, find
1. the limiting reactant (reagent),
2. theoretical yield,
3. excess amount, and
4. percent (%) yield.
The balanced chemical equation is:

3MgO + 2H3PO4 → Mg3(PO4)2 + 3H2

AW of Mg=24.31g, O = 16g, H =1.008g, P =30.97g
Given: 3MgO + 2H3PO4 → Mg3(PO4)2 + 3H2O

15.0 gMgO 18.5 g H3PO4 17.6 g Mg3(PO4)2

Solution:
Step 1. Calculate the limiting reactant by converting g to mole. The one that yields
the smallest number of moles of product is the limiting reagent. It is the one that
will determine the theoretical yield in the reaction.
For MgO:
1 mole MgO 1 mole Mg 3 (PO4 )2
15.0 g MgO x x = 0.12406 mole Mg 3 (PO4 )2
40.30 g MgO 3 moles MgO
For H3PO4:
1 mole H3 PO4 1 mole Mg 3 (PO4 )2
18.5 g H3 PO4 x x = 0.094393 mole Mg 3 (PO4 )2
97.994 g H3 PO4 2 moles H3 PO4

H3PO4 is the limiting reactant because it is the smallest number of moles of the
product which is 0.094393 moles of Mg3(PO4)2.

Step 2. Calculate the theoretical yield. The theoretical yield is the maximum amount
of product that would result if the limiting reagent is completely consumed. It is
the amount of product predicted by stoichiometry. Use 0.094393 moles of
Mg3(PO4)2 to determine the theoretical yield in the reaction which is 24.81 g
Mg3(PO4)2.
262.87 g Mg3 (PO4 )2
0.094393 mole Mg 3 (PO4 )2 x = 𝟐𝟒. 𝟖 𝐠 𝐌𝐠 𝟑 (𝐏𝐎𝟒 )𝟐
1 mole Mg3 (PO4 )2
Step 3. Calculate the amount of excess reagent. There are several ways this can be
done-but any of these are equivalent; that is, we can find how many grams of
MgO (the reactant present in excess) will react with 18.5 g H3PO4 (the limiting
reactant) or we can calculate how many grams of MgO would be used in forming
0.094393 of Mg3(PO4)2. In either case, after finding the amount used, we find the
amount of excess. Using the 0.094393 of Mg3(PO4)2 gives
3 moles MgO 40.3 g MgO
0.094393 mole Mg 3 (PO4 )2 x x = 11.4 g MgO
1 mole Mg 3 (PO4 )2 1 mole MgO
If we have 15.0 g MgO to start and use 11.4 g, the amount of excess is (15.0 minus
11.4) = 3.6 MgO in excess.
Step 4. Calculate the percent (%) yield. The actual yield is the quantity of the
desired product actually formed. To do this we use the theoretical yield 24.8
g Mg3(PO4)2 (step 2) and the actual yield obtained of 17.6 g of Mg3(PO4)2 in
the reaction which is
actual yield
percent yield = x 100
theoretical yield

17.6 g Mg 3 (PO4 )2
percent yield = x 100 = 𝟕𝟏 % (𝐏𝐞𝐫𝐜𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐘𝐢𝐞𝐥𝐝)
24.8 g Mg 3 (PO4 )2

REFERENCES:
(a) Redmore, Fred H. (1980) Fundamentals of Chemistry. Prentice Hall.
(b) Chang, Raymond and Goldsby, Kenneth A. (2016). Chemistry (12th ed). New
York: McGraw-Hill.
(c) Petrucci, Herring, Madura, and Bissonnette (2011). General Chemistry and Modern
Applications, 10th Ed. Pearson Canada, Inc.
(d) Zumdahl, S.S. and Zumdahl, S.A (2013).Chemistry, 8th ed. Cengage Learning
(e) Patalinghug, Wyona C. (2016) General Chemistry 1. Teaching Guide.

Prepared By: Approved By:

ANDREW M. FAMERO, RN, MAED Science ALFREDO J. FRONDA, JR., PhD

(Instructor I) (Principal)