Step down transformer project class 12 pdf

Garh – Siyana Road , Katira Jafrabad ( Hapur ) 2018 - 19 PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY PROJECT STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER Supervised by: - Submitted by:-Dr.Satish Kumar Ashish YadavPh.D, Physics Class : XII Certificate This is to certify that shishYadav a student of class XII has successfully completed the research on Study of different types
of transformers the under the guidance of r SatishKumar SchoolTeacher ) during the year 2018-19 in partial fulfilment of Physics practical examination conducted CBSE Board,New Delhi. Signature Signature(External examiner) (Physics teacher) cknowledgement In the accomplishment of this project successfully many people have best owned
upon me as their blessing and theheart pledged support, this time I am utilizing to thank all the people who have been concerned with project.Primarily I would like to thank god for being able to complete this project with success. Then I would like to thank my Physics teacher r SatishKumarSir whosevaluable guidance has been the ones that helped
me patch this project and make it full proof success his suggestions and instructions has served as the major contribution.Then I would like to thanks my ParentsandFriends who have helped me with their valuable suggestions and guidance have been helpful in the various phases of thecompletion of this project. Last I would like to thank Myself
for my determination and hard work required for thecompletion in this project. 12-01-2016 SHASHI PRAKASH 1 12-01-2016 SHASHI PRAKASH 2 Certificate This is to certify that Shashi Prakash, student of Class XII, Sri Guru Nanak Public School, has completed the project Transformers titled guidance of Mr. under S.K the Upadhayay (physics
teacher)during the academic year 2015-2016 fulfillment of credit towards partial for Physics the practical evaluation of CBSE 2016, and submitted satisfactory report, as compiled in the following pages, under my supervision.
Signature of external examiner _______________Department of Physics Sri Guru Nanak Public School 12-01-2016 SHASHI PRAKASH 3 Acknowledgements "There are times when silence speaks so much more loudly than words of praise to only as good as belittle a person, whose words do not express, but only put a veneer over true feelings, which are
of gratitude at this point of time." I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my physics mentor for his vital support, guidance and encouragement, without which this project would not have come forth.
I would also like to express my gratitude to the staff of the Department of Physics at Sri Guru Nanak public School for their support during the making of this project. 12-01-2016 SHASHI PRAKASH 4 INDEX 1. CERTIFICATE OF EXCELLENCE 2. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 3. INTRODUCTION 4. PRICIPLE 5.
CONSTRUCTION 6. THEORY AND WORKING 7. EFFICIENCY 8. ENERGY LOSSES 9. USES OF TRANSFORMERS 10.

CONCLUSION 11. PRECAUTIONS 12. SOURCES OF ERROR 13.BIBILIOGRAPHY 12-01-2016 SHASHI PRAKASH 5 INTRODUCTION The transformer is a device used for converting a low alternating voltage to a high alternating voltage or a high alternating voltage into a low alternating voltage. It is a static electrical device that transfers energy by
inductive coupling between its winding circuits. Transformers range in size from a thumbnail-sized coupling transformer hidden inside a stage microphone to huge units weighing hundreds of tons used in power plant substations or to interconnect portions of the power grid.

All operate on the same basic principles, although the range of designs is wide. While new technologies have eliminated the need for transformers in some electronic circuits, transformers are still found in many electronic devices. Transformers are essential for high-voltage electric power transmission, which makes long-distance transmission
economically practical. A transformer is most widely used device in both low and high current circuit. In a transformer, the electrical energy transfer from one circuit to another circuit takes place without the use of moving parts. A transformer which increases the voltages is called a step-up transformer. A transformer which decreases the A.C.
voltages is called a step-down transformer. 12-01-2016 SHASHI PRAKASH 6 Transformer is, therefore, an essential piece of apparatus both for high and low current circuits. Close-up of single-phase pole mount transformer. 12-01-2016 SHASHI PRAKASH 7 PRINCIPLE It is based on the principle of mutual induction that is if a varying current is set-
up in a circuit then induced e.m.f. is produced in the neighboring circuit. The varying current in a circuit produce varying magnetic flux which induces e.m.f. in the neighboring circuit. 12-01-2016 SHASHI PRAKASH 8 CONSTRUCTION A transformer consists of a rectangular shaft iron core made of laminated sheets, well insulated from one another.
Two coils p1 & p2 and s1 & s2 are wound on the same core, but are well insulated with each other. Note that the both the coils are insulated from the core, the source of alternating e.m.f is connected to p1p2, the primary coil and a load resistance R is connected to s1 s2, the secondary coil through an open switch S. thus there can be no current
through the sec. coil so long as the switch is open. For an ideal transformer, we assume that the resistance of the primary & secondary winding is negligible. Further, the energy loses due to magnetic the iron core is also negligible. For operation at low frequency, we may have a soft iron. The soft iron core is insulating by joining thin iron strips
coated with varnish to insulate them to reduce energy losses by eddy currents. The input circuit is called primary.

And the output circuit is called secondary. 12-01-2016 SHASHI PRAKASH 9 The ideal transformer as a circuit element An ideal voltage step-down transformer. The secondary current arises from the action of the secondary EMF on the (not shown) load impedance. 12-01-2016 SHASHI PRAKASH 10 THEORY AND WORKING When an altering e.m.f. is
supplied to the primary coil p1p2, an alternating current starts falling in it. The altering current in the primary produces a changing magnetic flux, which induces altering voltage in the primary as well as in the secondary. In a goodtransformer, whole of the magnetic flux linked with primary is also linked with the secondary, and then the induced
e.m.f. induced in each turn of the secondary is equal to that induced in each turn of the primary. Thus if Ep and Es be the instantaneous values of the e.m.f.’s induced in the primary and the secondary and Np and Ns are the no. of turns of the primary secondary coils of the transformer and, Dфь / dt = rate of change of flux in each turn of the coil at
this instant, we have Ep = -Np Dфь/dt 12-01-2016 SHASHI PRAKASH 11 Es = -Ns Dфь/dt (2) Since the above relations are true at every instant, so by dividing 2 by 1, we get Es / Ep = - N s / N p (3) As Ep is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f induced in the primary coil p 1, so the instantaneous current in primary coil is due to the difference (E – Ep
) in the instantaneous values of the applied and back e.m.f. further if Rp is the resistance o, p 1 p2 coil, then the instantaneous current Ip in the primary coil is given by I =E – Ep / Rp E – Ep 12-01-2016 = Ip Rp SHASHI PRAKASH 12 And Is =value of sec. current at this instant, then Input power at the instant t = Ep Ip and Output power at the same
instant = Es Is If there are no losses of power in the transformer, then Input power = output power or Ep Ip Es / Ep = E s Is = Ip / Is Or = K In a step up transformer As k > 1, so Ip > Is or Is < Ip I.e. current in sec. is weaker when secondary voltage is higher. Hence, whatever we gain in voltage, we lose in current in the same ratio. Similarly it can be
shown, that in a step down transformer, whatever we lose in voltage, we gain in current in the same ratio.Thus a step up transformer in reality steps down the current & a step down transformer steps up the current. 12-01-2016 SHASHI PRAKASH 13 BASIC IDEA OF STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER BASIC IDEA OF STEP UP TRANSFORMER 12-01-
2016 SHASHI PRAKASH 14 EFFICIENCY Efficiency of a transformer is defined as the ratio of output power to the input power i.e. η = output power / input power = Es Is / Ep Ip Thus in an ideal transformer, where there is no power losses, η = 1. But in actual practice, there are many power losses; therefore the efficiency of transformer is less than
one. 12-01-2016 SHASHI PRAKASH 15 ENERGY LOSSES In practice, the output energy of a transformer is always less than the input energy, because energy losses occur due to a number of reasons as explained below. 1. Loss of Magnetic Flux: The coupling between the coils is seldom perfect. So, whole of the magnetic flux produced by the primary
coil is not linked up with the secondary coil. 2. Iron Loss: In actual iron cores in spite of lamination, Eddy currents are produced. The magnitude of eddy current may, however be small. And a part of energy is lost as the heat produced in the iron core. 3. Copper Loss: In practice, the coils of the transformer possess resistance. So a part of the energy is
lost due to the heat produced in the resistance of the coil. 4. Hysteresis Loss: The alternating current in the coil tapes the iron core through complete cycle of magnetization. So Energy is lost due to hysteresis. 5. Magneto restriction: The alternating current in the Transformer may be set its parts in to vibrations and sound may be produced. It is called
humming. Thus, a part of energy may be lost due to humming. 12-01-2016 SHASHI PRAKASH 16 USES OF TRANSFORMER A transformer is used in almost all a.c. operations In voltage regulator for T.V., refrigerator, computer, air conditioner etc. In the induction furnaces. A step down transformer is used for welding purposes. A step down
transformer is used for obtaining large current. A step up transformer is used for the production of X-Rays and NEON advertisement. Transformers are used in voltage regulators and stabilized power supplies. Transformers are used in the transmissions of a.c. over long distances. Small transformers are used in Radio sets, telephones, loud speakers
and electric bells etc. 12-01-2016 SHASHI PRAKASH 17 CONCLUSION 1. The output voltage of the transformer across the secondary coil depends upon the ratio (Ns/Np) with respect to the input voltage 2. The output voltage of the transformer across the secondary coil depends upon the ratio (Ns/N p) with respect to the input voltage 3.
There is a loss of power between input and output coil of a transformer. 12-01-2016 SHASHI PRAKASH 18 PRECAUTIONS 1. Keep safe yourself from high voltage. 2.
While taking the readings of current and voltage the A.C should remain constant. SOURCES OF ERROR 1. Values of current can be changed due to heating effect. 2. Eddy current can change the readings.

12-01-2016 SHASHI PRAKASH 19 A Big Transformer 12-01-2016 SHASHI PRAKASH 20 Bibliography The data used in this project was taken from the following sources: www.google.com www.wikipedia.com www.idocpub.com 12-01-2016 SHASHI PRAKASH 21 12-01-2016 SHASHI PRAKASH 22 If you're seeing this message, it means we're having
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