1

PPPivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis

socialur da politikur mecnierebaTa fakulteti

Pn a r g i z a k a n k i a

mxatvruli kinematografi satelevizio programis struqturaSi da misi

funqcionirebis ZiriTadi aspeqtebi
(`sazogadoebrivi mauwyeblis~ I arxisa da `rusTavi-2~-is
1996- 2010 w.w. programebis mixedviT)

Jurnalistikis doqtoris akademiuri xarisxis mosapoveblad wardgenili

d i s e r t a c i a

samecniero xelmZRvaneli:
asocirebuli profesori giorgi CarTolani

Tbilisi 2011
 2

s a r C e v i

mxatvruli kinematografi satelevizio programis struqturaSi

da misi funqcionirebis ZiriTadi aspeqtebi
(`sazogadoebrivi mauwyeblis~ I arxisa da `rusTavi-2~-is
1996-2010ww. programebis mixedviT)

Sesavali . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

I Tavi. matvruli kino rogorc masobriv cnobierebaze

zemoqmedebis saSualeba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
II Tavi. `sazogadoebrivi mauwyeblis~ I arxisa da `rusTavi-2“-is
daxasiaTeba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
III Tavi. mxatvruli kino televiziaSi (gamoynenebis formebi da
funqciebi)
1. kinofilmis demonstrireba (ukomentarod) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
2. kinorubrikebi a) seriebi, ciklebi, b) serialebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
3. kinofragmentis funqciebi telegadacemebSi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
4. wamyvanis roli kinogadacemebSi. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115

IVTavi. satelevizio auditoria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131

daskvna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138

gamoyenebuli literatura . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145

 3

mxatvruli kinematografi satelevizio programis struqturaSi

da misi funqcionirebis ZiriTadi aspeqtebi
(`sazogadoebrivi mauwyeblis~ I arxisa da `rusTavi 2”-is 1996-2010 ww.
programebis mixedviT)

Sesavali

Temis aqtualoba. televizias mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs

Tanamedrove adamianis cxovrebaSi. usazRvroa misdami interesi,
auditoria ki mravalricxovani da mravalferovani. televiziis gaCenam
problemebis winaSe daayena xelovnebis sxvadasxva dargis
warmomadgenlebi. yvelaferi ki daiwyo imiT, rom televizia pirvel
wlebSi ZiriTadad xelovnebis sxvadasxva dargis nawarmoebTa,
gansakuTrebiT kinofilmebis CvenebiT Semoifargleboda da, SeiZleba
iTqvas, misi erTgvari tiraJirebis saSualebas warmoadgenda. am Mmxriv
gamonaklisi arc saqarTvelo iyo _ aqac, iseve rogorc sxva sabWoTa
respublikebSi, televizia masobrivi informaciisa da propagandis
mZlavr saSualebad mxolod droTa ganmavlobaSi iqca, romelSic mas
efeqturad exmareboda kinoxelovneba. arc Semdeg wlebSi Senelebula
xelovnebis am dargisadmi interesi. kinofilms dResac didi adgili
ukavia satelevizio programaSi (Cveni dakvirvebis periodi moicavs
1996_2010ww-s). mas sxvadasxva saxiT da formiT sxvadasxva funqciis
Sesasruleblad iyeneben sainformacio, kulturul-SemecnebiT, gasarTob
gadacemebSi. vinaidan kinematografi xelovnebas ganekuTvneba, asrulebs
im funqciebs, rac xelovnebis dargs moeTxoveba, magram, vfiqrobT, rom
kinematografis funqciebi satelevizio programaSi kidev ufro izrdeba,
radgan mas emateba Jurnalistikis funqciebic. Ees gansakuTrebiT exeba
mis ideologiur funqcias da Tu kinematografi masobrivi cnobierebisken
aris mimarTuli, televiziaSi is SeiZleba sazogadoebrivi azris Seqmnis
saualebad iqces.
 4

aqtualurad gveCveneba es sakiTxi imitomac, rom, rodesac

fsiqologebi, sociologebi telemkvlevarebi sazogadoebaze televiziis
zegavlenis sakiTxze saubroben (kerZod, Zaladobaze, agresiaze da sxv.),
xSirad televiziiT naCveneb films (an kinofragments) gulisxmoben.
amitomac sainteresod migvaCnia gairkves, mainc ra adgili uWiravs kinos
saqarTvelos televiziaSi (“sazogadoebrivi mauwyebelis” I arxi da
“rusTavi-2”), ra funqciebis Sesruleba uwevs mas da ra formebiTa da
xerxebiT xdeba misi gamoyeneba.
mecnieruli siaxle. Cven vikvlevT Jurnalistikisagan TiTqos Sors
mdgom xelovnebis dargs _ mxatvrul kinos, oRond televiziis
struqturaSi, riTac televiziis funqcionirebis erT-erT aspeqtze
vamaxvilebT yuradRebas da Cvens kvlevasac satelevizio Jurnalistikis
garkveuli kuTxiT gaazrebis mizani aqvs. televiziis zogierTi mkvlevari
aRniSnavs, rom kino televiziaSi sazogadoebrivi azris Seqmnis
TvalsazrisiT did rols asrulebs, radgan am SemTxvevaSi igi
mravldeba televizorebis raodenobaze, sxvebiE kinogadacemis wamyvanis
avtoritetzec amaxvileben yuradRebas da sxv. magram Cven vikvlevT
saqarTvelos televiziaSi mxatvruli kinematografis rols televiziis
yvela specifikuri Taviseburebis gaTvaliswinebiT. gansakuTrebul
aqcents gavakeTebT mis ideologiur funqciaze, radgan vfiqrobT,
mxatvruli kino televiziaSi arc Tu iSviaTad masobriv cnobierebaze
zemoqmedebis gasaZliereblad gamoiyeneba. rasac ganapirobebs TviTon
televiziis specifika da esenia: pirvel rigSi is, rom garkveul momentSi
filmis ubralod CvenebiTac (komentaris gareSec) SeiZleba gaizardos
filmis ideologiuri mxare, radgan konkretuli filmi zogjer
asocirdeba mimdinare periodTan da movlenebTan. es garkveulwilad
televiziis specifikurobas _ simultanobas _ ukavSirdeba. (faqtis
moxdenis da Cvenebis erTdrouloba).
kinosuraTis funqciebis gaZlierebas, gansakuTrebiT ideologiur
mxaris gazrdas, xels uwyobs is faqtic, rom televiziaSi filmis Cveneba
SeiZleba rubrikebis (igulisxmeba rubrika-saTauric), seriebis,
ciklebisa da serialebis saxiT. (rubrika ufro farTo kategoriaa, igi
SeiZleba moicavdes yvela maTgans).
 5

kinofragmentis Cveneba svadasxva saxis gadacemebSi sxvadasxva

mizniT dRes Cveulebrivi movlenaa. Aam dros man SeiZleba iseTi
datvirTva miiRos, rasac filmis avtorebi saerTod verc ki
ivaraudebdnen.
mniSvnelovania is faqti, rom kinogadacemebs xSirad hyavs wamyvani,
(aseve SesaZlebelia Tanamosaubreebic), amitom mxedvelobaSi misaRebia
misi zemoqmedeba auditoriaze. miT umetes, Tu es wamyvani avtoritetuli
pirovnebaa.
yvelafer amas Tu davamatebT im faqtsac, rom kinofilmi
teleauditorias saxlSi miewodeba, rasac gansazRvravs televiziis aseve
unikaluri Tavisebureba _ yvelgan SeRwevadoba _ cxadi gaxdeba, rom
kinos mayurebelTa ricxvi aq bevrad izrdeba. aqedan gamomdinare,
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom gaZlierdeba sazogadoebriv cnobierebaze
zemoqmedebac.
Dda bolosK_kinofilmebi da kinogadacemebi programis nawils
warmoadgenen da amitom maTzec aisaxeba televiziis politika.
teleprogramas warmoadgens yvelaferi is, rac eTerSi gadaicema.
televizia masobriv cnobierebaze moqmedebs masSi Semavali TiToeuli
elementiT da maTi mTlianobiT.
ZiriTadi mizani: gairkves, ra funqciebis Sesruleba uwevs
mxatvrul kinematografs `sazogadoebriv mauwyebelsa” da `rusTavi 2-ze”,
ramdenad efeqturad xorcieldeba es. amisTvis jer unda gavarkvioT, ras
warmoadgens kinoxelovneba televiziisagan damoukideblad _ rogor
axdens igi zegavlenas adamianebze; ras warmoadgens is televiziebi,
romelebic gadascemen mas; ra xdeba maSin, roca filmi teleekranze
xvdeba (ra akldeba da ra emateba); ramdenad aris Seswavlili kino da
teleauditoria, visTvisac gaTvliswinebulia es gadacemebi.
Yyovelive aqedan gamomdinare, Cveni sadisertacio Sroma
ganvaxorcieleT am gegmiT: 1) mxatvruli kinematografi, rogorc
sazogadoebriv cnobierebaze zemoqmedebis saSualeba, 2) `sazogadoebrivi
mauwyeblis~ I arxisa da “rusTavi-2”-is daxasiaTeba, 3).mxatvruli
kinematografi satelevizio programis struqturaSi 4)satelevizio
auditoria. amas, cxadia, daemata Sesavali da daskvna.
 6

meTodologia. samecniero kvlevisTvis saWiro iyo meTodi, romelic

efeqtur Sedegs mogvcemda. amisTvis gamoviyeneT istoriuli meTodi. am
sakiTxebis gasarkvevad `sazogadoebriv mauwyebelze~ dakvirvebis
periodad, marTalia, aviReT 1996_2010 wlebi, romelsac 1997 wlidan
miemata `rusTavi-2~ (im periodidan, roca Tbiliseli mayureblisTvisac
gaxda xelmisawvdomi), magram mravali faqtis dasadgenad, Tu
dasazusteblad moviSvelieT wina periodis gadacemebic, risTvisac
dagvWirda saqarTvelos televiziis sawyisi periodis scenarebis
Seswavla da igi centralur arqivSi movipoveT, (Tumca, didi nawili
xanZarma gaanadgura), 80-iani wlebis zogierTi sakiTxis SeswavlaSi ki
garkveuli roli Seasrula erTwlianma samuSao mivlinebamac
saqarTvelos televiziis kinogadacemaTa redaqciaSi (1983_1984ww). igi
gansakuTrebiT nayofieri gamodga am redaqciis istoriis gacnobasa da
kadrs miRma arsebuli problemebis garkvevaSi.
SedarebiTi meTodi. Cven dakvirvebis obieqtad aviReT ori arxi _
saqarTvelos televiziis `I arxi”, (romelic Tavdapirvelad saxelmwifo
televizia iyo da 2005 wlidan gaxda `sazogadoebrivi mauwyebeli”) da
damoukidebeli telekompania `rusTavi-2”, riTac TavisTavad moxda maTi
Sedareba, magram mravaljer moviSvelieT saqarTvelos sxva
telekompaniebis gadacemebic. Aaseve, vinaidan Cven saubari gvaqvs
postsabWoTa qarTul televiziaze, paralelebisTvis bevrjer mivmarTeT
ruseTis televizias (im mizeziTac, rom Zalian didi xnis ganmavlobaSi
swored misi diqtatis qveS uxdeboda arseboba). mraval sakiTxze
msjelobisas moSvelieT aseve sxva qveynebis magaliTebi (gansakuTrebiT
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis), radgan maTi gamocdilebac mniSvnelovani
gamodga konkretuli daskvnebis gamosatanad.
CaRrmavebuli interviu. mniSvnelovaniDdaxmareba gagviwia televiziis
muSakTa, gansakuTrebiT ki im adamianTa saubrebma, romlebsac
kinogadacemaTa redaqciaSi muSaobis mravalwliani gamocdileba aqvT
(magaliTad, nana TuTberiZe). swored maTi meSveobiT davadgineT
zogierTi detali. magaliTad, romeli rubrika ratom Seiqmna, an piriqiT
_ gauqmda, ra problemebi arsebobda (mag. kinogaqiravebasTan) da sxv.
vinaidan vikvlevdiT sazogadoebriv cnobierebaze zemoqmedebis
 7

sakiTxebs, CvenTvis aseve saintereso iyo fsiqologebis (gaga niJaraZe,

revaz jorbenaZe) mosazrebebi.
meoradi analizis meTodi. cxadia, aseTi xasiaTis naSromis Seqmna
SeuZlebelia mxolod empiriul masalaze dayrdnobiT, amitom
vswavlobdiT telemkvlevarTa, kinokritikosTa, sociologTa da sxv.
Teoriul Sromebs, aseve gavecaniT mraval sagazeTo publikacias da maT
xSirad Cveni mosazrebebis gasamyarebladac viyenebdiT. Mmetic,
mniSnelovnad migvaCnia ra maTi wvlili, miuxedavad imisa, rom
sadisertacio naSroms Tan erTvis masSi gamoyenebuli literaturis sia,
Sesaval nawilSi Cven mainc mokled mimovixilavT zogierT maTgans,
romlebmac gansakuTrebuli daxmareba gagviwies muSaobis CatarebaSi.
sadisertacio TemaSi mravali faqtis da movlenis aRsadgenad
mivmarTeT Cvensave Sromebsac, romlebsac wlebis ganmavlobaSi
vaqveynebdiT sxvadasxva gamocemebSi. didi nawili swored sadisertacio
Temas exeba mag. `satelevizio kinogadacemebi~ (1997w); `akrZaluli Temebi
da kinoxelovneba televiziaSi~ (1998w); `Jurnalisturi eTikis problema
satelevizio ekranze~ (1999w); `komentari kinogadacemebSi~ (2001w);
`kinopropagandis roli saarCevno kampaniaSi~ (2005w); `Киноискусство и PR
кампания ~ (2007w); `kinos roli televiziaSi saomari situaciebis dros~
(2008w); `ruseT-saqarTvelos konfliqtis amsaxveli filmebis
ideologiuri funqcia televiziaSi~ (2009w); `kinogadacema `wiTeli
zona~ (2010w).
qarTuli teleJurnalistikis sakiTxebiT Rrmad mxolod ramdenime
mkvlevari Tu dainteresebula. maT Soris erT-erTi pirvelTagania
mecnieri niko leoniZe, romlis Sromac _ `cisfer ekranze~ jer kidev
1964 wels gamoica. es iyo pirveli nabiji am dargis kvlevis gzaze. am
periodidan didma xanma ganvlo da, cxadia, drom Tavisi koreqtivebi
Seitana mravali sakiTxis gaSuqebaSi _ 2002 wels gamocemul
saxelmZRvanelo wignSi `teleJurnalistika~ niko leoniZe ufro
axleburi midgomiT ganixilavs saqarTvelos televiziis istoriisa da
aseve Teoriis mniSvnelovan sakiTxebs, Tumca, arc sazRvargareTis
televizia darCenila interesis garaSe _ am wignSi mas specialuri Tavic
 8

ki eTmoba. sabWoTa periodSi am sakiTxze msjelobas eridebodnen

qarTveli televiziis mkvlevarnic, xolo isini vinc ucxoeTis
televiziis da gansakuTrebiT kapitalisturi televiziis muSaobis Temas
exebodnen, gasagebia, Tu ra TvalTaxedviT ganixilavdnen mas.
1998 wels iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo
universitetis tele-radioJurnalistikis kaTedram (romelsac prof. n.
leoniZe xelmZRvanelobda) qarTulad Targna m. v. lomonosovis
saxelobis moskovis saxelmwifo universitetis tele-
radioJurnalistikis kaTedris mier momzadebuli naSromi `satelevizio
Jurnalistika~ (1994w). es saxelmZRvanelo CvenTvis saintereso iyo
imitomac, radgan saqarTvelos televizia sabWoTa periodSi _ 1956wels
_ daarsda da mas ganviTareba centraluri televiziasTan kavSirSi
uxdeboda. Cveni qveynis televiziamac (iseve rogorc sxva sabWoTa
respublikebis) ganviTarebis is gza ganvlo, rac ruseTis televiziam.
rac SeexebaT mTargmnelebs, ai, ras werdnen isini am saxelmZRvanelos
qarTulad gamocemis mizezebze (n. leoniZe, e. iberi): `axali
saxelmZRvanelo Zvelebisgan sruliad gansxvavebul, demokratiuli
Jurnalistikis principebzea dafuZnebuli da CvenTvis xelmisawvdomi
sxva ucxouri saxelmZRvaneloebisagan gamoirCeva universalobiT,
meTodikuri sisruliTa da televiziaTmcodneobis Tanamedrove
miRwevebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
aranakleb mniSvnelovania is faqti, rom saqarTvelos televizia
rusuli televiziis gavleniT Camoyalibda (romelsac maSin `sabWoTa~
erqva) da am gavlenas dResac ganicdis (publicisturi, Tu gasarTobi
programebis formebisa da saTaurebis pirdapir gadmotanaze rom
araferi vTqvaT).~ (satelevizio Jurnalistika, 1998: 3).
masSi ganxilulia rogorc televiziis Teoriuli sakiTxebi, ise
ruseTis teleJurnalistikis Camoyalibebisa da ganviTarebis istoriac
(erT-erTi qveTavi 1985 wlis Semdgom periods exeba, riTac e.w.
`gardaqmnis wlebis~ mier motanil cvlilebebs esmeba xazi).
gansakuTrebiT mniSnelovania is faqti, rom `satelevizio
Jurnalistikis~ avtorebi sazRvargareTis televizias ukve aRar atareben
kritikis `qarcecxlSi~, maSin, roca Tundac am saxelmZRvanelos pirvel
 9

or gamocemaSi (1966-1987ww ) igi saerTod ar aris naxsenebi, radgan am

periodSi sazRvargareTis televizia moiazreboda rogorc burJuaziuli
ideologiis gavrcelebis saSualeba.
r. surgulaZisa da e. iberis mier Seqmnili saxelmZRvanelo
`masobrivi komunikacia~ (2003 w), Cveni azriT, mkiTxvelis yuradRebas
ipyrobs, pirvel rigSi, imitom, rom masSi detalurad aris ganxiluli
yvelanairi saxis komunikacia, vinaidan TviTon masobrivi komunikacia
yovlismomcvel process warmoadgens (amitom SeiZleba iTqvas is, rom
masobrivi komunikaciis saSualebebi ufro farTo cnebaa, vidre
masobrivi informaciis saSualebebi).
am naSromSi mravali sakiTxi gaSuqebulia masobriv-komunikaciur
procesSi Semavali elementebis _ komunikatori, Setyobineba, arxi da
auditoria _ analizis meSveobiT.
saxelmZRvanelo `masobrivi komunikacia~ sainteresod migvaCnia
imitomac, rom igi erT-erT TavSi exeba (Tavi II, masobrivi komunikaciis
procesi, qveTavi 3, masobrivi komunikacia da mxatvruli kultura)
CvenTvis gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovan sakiTxs _ masobrivi komunikaciisa
da mxatvruli kulturis, maT Soris kinosa da televiziis urTierTobis
problemebs.
2008 wels gamoica giorgi CarTolanis saxelmZRvanelo `tele-radio
Jurnalistika~ (pirveli nawili, `teleJurnalistika~), romelic
aRsaniSnavia imiT, rom masSi, garda imisa, rom ganxilulia televiziis
Teoriuli da praqtikuli sakiTxebi _ televiziis specifika,
telepublicistikis Janrebi, teleJurnalistis profesiebi, satelevizio
mauwyeblobis saxeebi (axali ambebi, dilis mauwyebloba, axalgazrduli
teleprogramebi, musikaluri da gasarTobi arxebi, sportuli
programebi), garkveuli adgili eTmoba reklamas da aseve Jurnalisturi
eTikis problemebs. amitom am sakiTxisadmi miZRvnil TavSi
(`Jurnalisturi eTika da samarTali~) Setanilia saqarTvelos kanoni
mauwyeblobis Sesaxeb da agreTve profesional JurnalistTa
sazogadoebis profesiuli eTikis saerTaSoriso kodeqsi. cxadia, es
wigni CvenTvis saintereso iyo im mxrivac, rom masSi aseve ganxilulia
kulturis sakiTxebi televiziaSi (kultura teleekranze, kultura
 10

sainformacio programebSi, kulturis gadacemebi da programebi,

meqanikuri produqcia kulturologiur proeqtebSi, kulturis
specialuri arxebi).
krebulma `Телерадиоэфир~ profesor i. zasurskis redaqciiT (2005 w.)
dagvainteresa imitom, rom masSi ruseTis Jurnalistikis yvelaze
cnobili Teoretikosebisa da praqtikosebis mosazrebebia gadmocemuli.
kerZod, CvenTvis gansakuTrebiT mnivnelovani iyo gagvego, ras amboben
isini Tanamedrove ruseTis televiziis Sesaxeb (imisaTvis, rom
paralelebi gavavloT saqarTvelos televiziaSi arsebul viTarebasTan)
da aRmoCda, rom isinic Sewuxebuli arian im faqtiT, rom televiziam
Zalian didi doziT dakarga Tavisi saganmanaTleblo funqcia (ruseTis
televizia adre aseTi gadacemebiT amayobda kidevac). maTi azriT, imis
nacvlad, rom televizia asrulebdes informirebis, ganaTlebis da
garTobis funqciebs (bi-bi-sis pirveli direqtoris jon reitis
formula), dRes ruseTis televiziisTvis ufro axloa sami piroba
telemediis warmatebisa: SiSi, seqsi, sensacia (g. oganovis wignis
`televizia amerikulad~ mixedviT, romelSic gakritikebulia 70-iani
wlebis amerikis televizia).
am krebulSi aris monacemebi imis Taobaze, Tu ra adgili ukavia
kinos ruseTis televiziaSi @(2004 wlisTvis), saidanac irkveva, rom
teleeTeris drois 54% s swored kino ikavebs. 2004 wlis monacemebiT
praim taimis 20%s Seadgenda serialebi, mTeli eTeris 25%s –mxatvruli
kino da 9%-s_ animaciuri da dokumenturi kino.
vinaidan Cveni naSromis mizani iyo gagverkvia kinos adgili da
roli televiziaSi, cxadia, amisaTvis unda gavcnobodiT im
literaturasac, romelic, xelovnebis am dargs exeba _ pirvel rigSi is
unda gagverkvia, televiziis gareSe, TavisTavad ras warmoadgens
kinoxelovneba da sxvadasxva periodSi ra rolis Sesruleba uwevda mas
_ ratom warmoadgenda is ideologiuri brZolis efeqtur saSualebas.
Eerovnuli Akinematografis Camoyalibebisa da ganviTarebis Sesaxeb, misi
aRmavlobisa da daRmavlobis periodebze mraval mniSvnelovan masalas
gavecaniT qarTveli kinomcodneebis wignebidan. maT Soris gansakuTrebiT
 11

gvinda gamovyoT naTia amirejibis `droTa ekrani~ (1990),

`sinematografidan kinematografamde~ (1990) da tata TvalWreliZis
`kinematografiuli Ziebani~ (1989), Mmagram saqarTveloSi arsebul
kinocenzuraze gansakuTrebiT didi informacia miviReT akaki baqraZis
Sromebidan, saidanac ikveTeba, rom diqtati Cvens respublikaSic Zalian
didi iyo, Tumca, qarTulma kinematografma, mravali winaaRmdegobis
miuxedavad, mainc SesZlo erovnuli xasiaTis SenarCuneba. am sakiTxebSi
gansakuTrebiT kargad iyo gaTviTcnobierebuli akaki baqraZe imitom, rom
bevr maTganTan uSualod hqonda Sexeba (kinostudia `qarTul filmSi~
muSaoba 1955 wels daiwyo). amitomMman Tavis wignebSi `kino, Teatri~ (1989)
da `cameti weliwadi kinoSi~ (1995), romlebSic Tavmoyrilia sxvadasxva
wlebSi gamoqveynebuli statiebi, Zalian damajereblad (saintereso da
logikuri msjelobebiT) dagvanaxa centris udidesi diqtatisa da aseve
adgilobrivi umkacresi cenzuris pirobebSi rogor axerxebda qarTuli
kinoxelovneba ganviTarebas.
Zalian mniSnelovnad GgveCveneba imis aRniSvnac, rom akaki baqraZe
zogierTi sakiTxis araswor gadawyvetaSi sakuTari Tavis
dadanaSaulebasac ar erideba. magaliTad, ilia WavWavaZis `oTaraanT
qvrivis~ ekranizaciis Sesaxeb Tavis maSindel warmodgenas is
primitiuls uwodebs da metic, miiCnevs, rom ar eyureboda inCibinCi
`kacia-adamianis?~ avtoris Semoqmedebisa. gvinda moviyvanoT meore
magaliTic _ ekaterine gabaSvilis moTxrobis `magdanas lurjas~
mixedviT amave saxelwodebis filmis finalis damaxinjebaSi (wignisgan
gansxvavebiT, kinofilmSi magdanas, sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT,
lurjas waarTmeven) is Tavis wil Secdomaze ase ambobs: `maSin `magdanas
lurjas~ momxreebi Rrmad viyaviT darwmunebuli finalis Secvlis
uwyinarobaSi. Mmere gaxda naTeli, rom am Secdomis ukan imaleboda
CvenTvis jer kidev gaucnobierebeli `danaSauli~. jer erTi, cils
vwamebdiT warsuls (naxeT, ra usamarTloba xdeboda Zvelad), meorec,
klasikuri mwerlobis saSualebiT TanamedroveTa motyuebas
vcdilobdiT. Mmesamec, Tavisufali azrovnebis nayofs vaqcevdiT
standartuli azrovnebis CarCoSi.
 12

`gaucnobierebels~ roca vambob, amiT arc Tavs vimarTleb da arc

sxvebis namusis mowmendas vcdilob, aramed mkiTxvels minda davanaxo _
rogor gvqonda Zvalsa da rbilSi gamjdari daprogramebuli, Sablonur-
sqematuri azrovneba. rogor ver vamCnevdiT mas, rogor gvflobda igi da
brmad migvaTrevda~ (akaki baqraZe, 1989: 87-88).
bunebrivia, gvainteresebda iZiebda Tu ara kinoxelovnebis
sazogadoebaze zegavlenis faqtors vinme da am mxriv gansakuTrebiT
sainteresod gveCvena adam briggzisa da pol koblis redaqciiT
gamoSvebuli saxelmZRvanelo wigni _“Медиа” (2005), romelSic masobrivi
komunikaciis saSualebebis mayurebelze gavlenis problemebs ori Tavi
eTmoba. sxva sakiTxTa Soris, aq aris saintereso magaliTebi
laboratoriul cdebze, romlebsac atarebdnen fsiqologebi am
problemis gasarkvevad.
mraval sxva naSromTan erTad, saintereso faqtebi aris krebulSi
`kinoxelovnebis problemebi~ (1992). magaliTad, aq aris monacemebi imis
Sesaxeb, rom kinematografis aRqmis problemebiT (anu, Sesabamisad misi
zegavleniT) adreul periodSive dainteresebuli yofilan TviTon misi
Semqmnelebi _ amitomac eZebnen isini im xerxebs, riTac efeqtur
zemoqmedebas moaxdendnen sazogadoebaze.
 13

Tavi I
mxatvruli kino rogorc sazogadoebriv cnobierebaze
zemoqmedebis saSualeba

sanam televiziaSi kinematografis rolze visaubrebdeT, vfiqrobT,

pirvel rigSi, unda gavarkvioT, Tu ras warmoadgens kinoxelovneba
TavisTavad (televiziisgan damoukideblad) da auditoriis cnobierebaze
ramdenad efeqturad SeuZlia mas zemoqmedeba, ra xerxebiTa da
saSualebebiT xorcieldeba es.
vinaidan kino xelovnebas ganekuTvneba, misi ZiriTadi funqcia
esTetikuri funqciaa, magram igi paralelurad sxva funqciebsac
asrulebs, magaliTad, ideologiur, SemecnebiT, gasarTob da sxv.
funqciebs is warmatebiT anxorcielebs.
kinos gaaCnia ekrani, anu organzomilebian CarCoSi moqceuli moZravi
gamosaxuleba, romelsac Tan axlavs xma. aRmoCnda, rom swored Eekrans
aqvs is unikaluri Tvisebebi da SesaZleblobebi, romelic ar gaaCnia
xelovnebis sxva dargebs. Eekranis gamomsaxvelobiT saSualebaTa
sistemis (kadri, rakursi, xedi, montaJi da sxv.) damuSavebisa da
ganviTarebis Sedegad ki igi iqca xelovnebis erT-erT yvelaze
saintereso da Zlier dargad.
kino aris xelovnebis is dargi, romlis Sesaxebac zustadaa
cnobili mravali faqti. Mmisi gamogoneba ukavSirdeba Zmebs lui da
ogiust liumierebs, Tumca, mas win uZRvoda mravali aRmoCena, romlis
gareSe is ver Seiqmneboda (pirvel rigSi, albaT, edisonis kinetoskopi
unda dasaxeldes). Kkinos pirveli Cveneba moxda parizSi, kapucinebis
bulvarze, grand kafeSi 1895 wlis 28 dekembers. Kkino demonstrirebis
meore dRidanve popularuli sanaxaoba gaxda, magram maSin misi didi
momavlis aravis sjeroda. TviT lui liumers, miiCnevda ra Tavis
gamogonebas teqnikur kuriozad, egona, rom misdami interesi droebiTi
movlena iyo da is ramdenime xnis Semdeg gaqreboda, magram
sinematografi dRiTi-dRe viTardeboda da aRsaniSnavia, rom mravali
aRmoCena, (magaliTad, panorama) maTgan damoukideblad, stiqiuradac
xdeboda.
 14

Lliumierebisgan gansxvavebiT, kinos SesaZleblobebi da momavali

Tavidanve ganWvrita JorJ meliesma (igi mravalmxriv ganaTlebuli
adamiani iyo) da swored mis saxels ukavSirdeba kinoSi sxvadasxva
aRmoCena (cxadia, zogierTi SemTxveviTac), magaliTad, aCqarebuli da
Senelebuli kadrebi, kadris ukan dabruneba da sxv.
gansakuTrebiT unda aRiniSnos amerikeli reJisoris devid uork
grifitis Rvawli kinoenis Semdgomi ganviTarebis saqmeSi. Mman SeimuSava
ekranis gamomsaxvelobiT saSualebaTa (gansakuTrebiT montaJi, rakursi)
xerxebi da axal simaRleze aiyvana is. Ddevid grifitma Tavis filmSi
`eris dabadeba~ (1914) warmatebiT gamoiyena aseve titri.
montaJis ganviTarebaSi didi Rvawli miuZRvis sergei eizenSteinsac.
aqve unda aRiniSnos is, rom misTvis Zalian mniSvnelovania kadris roli.
eizenSteinisTvis is montaJis elementi ki ar aris, aramed mniSvnelovani
ESemadgeneli nawilia (misi mTavari ujredia).
marTalia, kino Tavidan munjuri iyo, magram igi im periodSic
SesaniSnavad asrulebda Tavis funqciebs. xelovnebis am dargSi xmis
Semosvlas Tavdapirvelad uaryofiTad Sexvdnen kinos udidesi
reJisorebi, magaliTad, rene kleri, Carli Caplini da sxva. xmis
SemosvlasTan dakavSirebuli SiSi droebiTi movlena iyo, romelsac,
cxadia, Tavisi gamarTlebac hqonda.
kinos ametyveleba ki kanonzomieri movlena iyo, radgan misi asaxvis
are dRiTidRe farTovdeboda. aseve farTod iWreboda adamianTa
urTierTobebi da maT Soris dialogebi, rasac munji kino (Tundac
titrebis meSveobiT) Tavs ver gaarTmevda, Aamitom reJisorebi
iZulebulni iyvnen xmovani filmebis gadaRebaze uari ar eTqvaT.
vinaidan qarTuli kinos Camoyalibeba da ganviTareba xdeboda
sabWoTa wyobis periodSi, cxadia, sainteresoa rusul (radgan swored
centridan xdeboda ssrk xelovnebis mimarTulebis gansazRvra)
kinematografSi mimdinare procesebi.
revolucionerebma sawyis etapzeve yuradReba miaqcies teqnikis am
siaxles. maTi azriT, es erTi SexedviT ubralo garTobis saSualeba,
sinamdvileSi burJuaziis samsaxurSi idga da misi interesebis
gamomxatveli iyo. ganWvrita ra kinos potenciuri SesaZleblobebi,
 15

revoluciis beladma v.i. leninma (romelmac mas xelovnebis dargebs

Soris maTTvis yvelaze mniSvnelovani uwoda), yvelaferi gaakeTa
imisTvis, rom kinematografi bolSevikuri ideebis samsaxurSi Caeyenebina.
oqtombris revoluciis gamarjvebis Semdeg kinematografi marTlac iqca
ideologiuri brZolis mZlavr iaraRad. igi xalxTa farTo masebSi
propagandas uwevda socialisturi wyobis upiratesobas. aRsaniSnavia,
rom sabWoTa mTavrobam kinematografi uwyebrivad ganaTlebis saxalxo
komisariats dauqvemdebara, riTac gansazRvra misi ideuri
mizandasaxuloba.
Kkinopropagandis ufro meti efeqturobisaTvis revolucionerebma
axal formasac mimarTes _ kinoseansebs sSirad win uZRvoda gamoCenil
oratorTa magaliTad, krupskaias, lunaCarskis da sxvaTa winasityvaoba.
Ppropagandis es forma gansakuTrebiT pupularuli gaxda samoqalaqo
omis wlebSi. cobilia, rom am periodSi arsebobda specialuri agit-
matareblebi da agit-gemebi, romlebsac qveynis ganapira mxareebSi
CahqondaT revoluciuri suliskveTebiT gaJRenTili filmebi. garda
imisa, rom kinoseansebs cnobil oratorTa gamosvlebi axlda Tan, igi
programis nawili iyo _ aq imarTeboda koncertebi, vrceldeboda
politikuri literatura. (g. doliZe, 1974)
kinos auditoriaze zegavlenis sakiTxiT dainteresebulni iyvnen
rusi kinoreJisorebic. maT Soris erT-erTi pirvelTagani iyo sergei
eizenSteini. igi did yuradRebas aqcevda ra mayureblis mier filmis
aRqmis problemas, mudmivad eZebda im xerxebs da saSualebebs, romliTac
efeqturad moaxdenda adamianebis SegrZnebebze zemoqmedebas, ufro metic:
`eizenSteini kinos ganixilavda, rogorc xalxis gonebaze zemoqmedebis
universalaur saSualebas, mas aucileblobad miaCnda mayureblis
fsiqikis marTva da, aqedan gamomdinare, moiTxovda kinos `zemoqmedebis
Sinagani meqanizmis~ Rrma Seswavlas. mayureblis pasiuri mdgomareobidan
gamoyvanis mizniT, axalgazrda reJisori moiTxovda gadaeRoT filmebi
gabeduli sawyisiT, mouwodebda moqmedebisaken, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi
`kinomuStebiT~ gaognebisaken, raTa amgvarad mainc aeZulebinaT
mayurebeli, damdgariyo aqtualuri problemebis pirispir~ (giorgi
 16

gaCeCilaZe, arCil SubaSvili `filmis mxatvruli aRqmis Sesaxeb~,

krebuli. `kinoxelovnebis problemebi~ 1992:266).
Tu Tavdapirvelad mayurebelze emociuri zemoqmedebisaTvis sergei
eizenSteini mimarTavda `afeTqebebis~ seriebs (mag. `javSosan
potiomkinSi~), SemdegSi am `afeTqebebisa~ da `kinomuStebis~ nacvlad
miznis misaRwevad man yuradReba gaamaxvila ukve sxva momentebze,
magaliTad, is mniSvnelovnad miiCnevda filmis ideur mxares, ekranis
gamomsaxvelobiT saSualebebs, Janrul formas da sxv.
kinoreJisor lev kuleSovs pasuxi kiTxvaze: ra aris kinematografi,
SeuZlebladac miaCnda imis garkvevis gareSe, Tu ra gansakuTrebuli,
mxolod misTvis damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebebi gaaCnia kinematografs,
romliTac STabeWdilebas, zegavlenas axdens mayurebelze. Ffaqtia isic,
rom am periodis sxvadasxva reJisori sxvadasxva gziT cdilobda
mayurebelze zemoqmedebas. vsevolod pudovkinis azriT: `sivrcul-
droiTi montaJis wyalobiT mayurebels saSualeba eZleva, kvaldakval
mihyves filmis avtorTa azrobriv msvlelobas, riTac igi TiTqmis
xelovnis mier gavlil gzas imeorebs. amis Sedegad avtors mayureblamde
miaqvs Tavisi Canafiqri, exmareba mas ganicados igive grZnobebi da
ganinsWvalos imave ideebiT, romlebmac mxatvruli asaxva poves filmSi
(`kinoxelovnebis problemebi~, 1992: 267)
kinoxelovnebis masobriv cnobierebaze zemoqmedebis faqtors
ukavSirdeba sabWoTa xelisuflebis gansakuTrebuli `zrunva~ xelovnebis
am dargis mimarT. Kkinematografis `swor gzaze~ dayenebis saqmes
emsaxureboda axal-axali gadawyvetilebebi. sxva moTxovnebs Soris
yvelaze mTavari mainc klasobrivi sakiTxi iyo. klasobriv midgomas
saWiroebda yvela da yvelaferi. sabWoTa kinematografi TiTqos
cxovrebiseuli `simarTlis~ asaxvas eweoda. am simarTlis mixedviT ki
sabWoTa xalxi bednieri da uzrunveli iyo. aq borotebas, xalxTa Soris
SuRls da a.S. adgili ar hqonda da arc SeiZleba hqonoda. Aaq yvelani
megobrulad, xalisianad cxovrobdnen erT did ojaxSi. sabWoTa
principebze aRzrdili gmirebi Tavdauzogavad Sromobdnen fabrikebsa da
qarxnebSi, Saxtebsa da yamir miwebze da a.S. sabWoTa kinematografSi
 17

arsebobda Tematuri gegma, romelis mixedviTac xdeboda filmebis

gadaReba. am Temebidan da raodenobidan veravin gadauxvevda.
e.w. uZraobis wlebSic Taroze dasadebad ganwiruli iyo yvela is
filmi, romelic ver daakmayofilebda saxkinos moTxovnebs. imis Sesaxeb,
Tu rogor Cexdnen, amaxinjebdnen, an anadgurebdnen sabWoTa xelovnebis
saukeTeso nimuSebs 60-ian wlebSi (da Semdgom periodSic)Dsaxkinos
Cinovnikebi, naTel warmodgenas iZleva Tundac mxolod valeri fominis
statia `akrZalvis esTetika, anu socialisturi realizmi moqmedebaSi~,
magram aqedan isic irkveva, rom im wlebSi cenzura SedarebiT rbili
yofila: `yuradReba miaqcieT, rom rekomendaciebi sakmaod delikaturi
toniTaa SemoTavazebuli: `unda vifiqroT~, `ufro mizanSewonili iqneba~,
`Tu daeTanxmebiT~, `gTxovT~, jer xom mxolod 1967 welia. Mmagram
gaivlis ramdenime weli da saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebi mkveTrad
Seicvleba da komitetis redaqtorebic yovelgvari ceremoniis gareSe
moeqcevian avtorebs.~ (Jurnali `kino~ 1990w. #1 : 4).
am mkacri kritikis qarcecxlSi ki, rogorc statiidan gavigeT,
moxvedrila ara marto rusuli kinoxelovnebis iseTi nimuSebi,
rogoricaa vasil SukSinis `wiTeli Zaxveli~, andrei tarkovskis `sarke~
da `andrei rublovi~, roland bikovis `safrTxobela~, nikita mixalkovis
`moyvrebi~ da sxva, aramed Semdegi qarTuli filmebic: oTar ioselianis
`pastorali~, merab kokoCaSvilis `cxeli zafxulis sami dRe~, sergo
farajanovis `suramis cixe~.
Kkinoxelivnebaze diqtatis sailustraciod mTvrobis mier
xelovnebis Sesaxeb miRebuli dadgenilebes Tvalis gadavlebac
ikmarebda (Tundac 70-80-iani wlebis). maTi raodenoba imdenad didia,
rom CamoTvlac ki Sors wagviyvans. vityviT mxolod imas, rom sabWoTa
mTavrobisagan xelovnebis dargebisadmi, da maT Soris
kinematografisadmi, esoden `didi yuradReba~ sabolood s.k.k.p. XXVII
yrilobis dadgenilebebSi gamomJRavnda.
80-iani wlebis meore naxevridan sabWoTa kavSirSi iwyeba e.w.
gardaqmnis wlebi da qveyanaSi mimdinare politikurma da socialurma
cvlilebebma Tavisi arekvla da gamoxmaureba hpova kinoxelovnebaSic.
tabu moexsna mraval akrZalul Temas, aRmoCnda rom banditebi, kanonieri
 18

qurdebi da sxv.Aam samoTxed monaTlul qveyanaSic arsebulan. arc

narkomania, loToba, prostitucia, sisastike da sxva yofila `ucxo
xili~ sabWoTa adamianisaTvis, razec metyvelebs gardaqmnis wlebSi
gadaRebuli filmebi: `kanonieri qurdebi~, `patara vera~, `inter gogona~
da sxv. magram kinematografSi jer kidev mravlad arsebobda akrZaluli
Temebi, romelTa Sesaxeb saubari mxolod sabWoTa imperiis daSlis
Semdeg gaxda SesaZlebeli.
did sifrTxiles iCendnen sazRvargareTuli filmebisadmic.
davasaxelebT mxolod erT maTgans _ bob fosis gaxmaurebul suraTs
`kabare~, romelic 1972 welsaa gadaRebuli, xolo sabWoTa mayurebelma
mxolod 80-iani wlebis bolos ixila kinoekranebze (1985 wlis moskovis
saerTaSoriso kinofestivalze UuCvenes arasakonkurso filmad). am
filmis Cvenebas ki eridebodnen imitom, rom sabWoTa kavSirSi
antisemitizmze saubars gaurbodnen.
sainteresod migvaCnia imis gaxsenebac, Tu rogor gamoiyena sabWoTa
kinopropagandistulma manqanam Tavisi miznebisTvis uiliam uaileris
filmi `romauli ardadegebi~ A(amis Taobaze 2002 wels kinomcodne gogi
gvaxaria mogviTxrobda radio `TavisuflebaSi”). kerZod, aRmoCnda, rom
`propagandis sabWoTa biuros TanamSomlebi~ am filmis asliT
mogzaurobdnen sabWoTa kavSiris TiTqmis yvela kuTxeSi da mayurebels
arwmunebdnen, rom miTi `konkiaze~ amerikel ideologTa farisevlobas
gamoxatavs. 80-ian wlebSi ki ufro Sors wasulan da propagandistul
programaSi CaurTavT vladimer menSovis `moskovs cremlebis ar sjera~,
riTac mayurebels `umtkicebdnen~, rom, princesisgan gansxvavebiT,
sabWoTa qals SeuZlia rogorc piradi cxovrebis mowyoba, ise karieris
gakeTeba (filmis gmiri qali ubralo muSidan fabrikis direqtorobas
aRwevs).
aqve isic unda aRiniSnos, rom droTa ganmavlobaSi moxda meore
ukiduresobaSi gadavardna da yofili sabWoTa respublikebis
kinoekranebi waleka ucxoeTis, metwilad amerikis e.w. boevikebma,
saSinelebaTa, erotikulma da a.S. filmebma. arc sakuTari suraTebi
brwyinavdnen maRali mxatvruli doniT (gamonaklisis garda), risTvisac,
 19

cxadia, arsebobda mravali mizezi, romelTagan erT-erTi, Cveni azriT,

isicaa, rom `akrZaluli xiliT~ mayurebels veRar izidavdnen.
rogorc xelovnebis am dargis mkvlevarebi amtkiceben, (g. Jvania,
`qarTuli dokumenturi kino~, 1970) saqarTveloSi pirveli cnoba
kinematografis Sesaxeb gazeT “cnobis furcelSi‟‟ gamoqveynebula 1896
wlis 6 noembers. am erTi SexedviT uwyinari garTobis saSualebaSi im
periodis xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebma, etyoba, maTTvis
arasasiamovno, miuRebeli niSnebi SeamCnies _ pirvel rigSi, es
ukavSirdeba filmebis meSveobiT xalxSi revoluciuri ideebis qadagebas.
vinaidan maT, garda imisa, rom sinematografze kontroli daaweses,
aseTi filmebis saerTod akrZalva moiTxoves. Aamitom TbilisSi,
sxvadasxva ucxour filmebTan erTad, aCvenebdnen qarTul dokumentur
siuJetebs maTTvis misaReb Temebze (dResaswaulebi, kurTxevebi,
dakrZalvebi da sxv.).
gamonakliss ar warmoadgenda qarTuli kinematografi _ radgan
Mmasac Camoyalibeba da ganviTareba sabWoTa xelisuflebis periodSi
uwevda (pirveli qarTuli mxatvruli filmi _ `qristine~_ Seiqmna 1916
wels), gasagebia, rom garkveuli xarkis gaRebis gareSe igi fons ver
gavidoda, magram mTlianobaSi mainc SeiZleba iTqvas, rom qarTuli
kinoxelovneba mudam Rirseulad asaxavda erovnuli cxovrebis
tradiciebs da amitom Tamamad SeiZleba imis gancxadeba, rom erovnuli
TviTSegnebis ganviTarebasa da CamoyalibebaSi qarTulma kinomac
Seasrula Tavisi mniSvnelovani roli. Uunda aRiniSnos isic, rom,
saerTod, SiSveli propagandistuli meTodi misTvis mudam ucxo iyo da
mis Cveul Tvisebas ar warmoadgenda. qarTuli kinoxelovnebisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli azris faruli xerxebiT gadmocema aucilebelic ki
gaxda sabWoTa xelisuflebis mkacri cenzuris dros, magram faqtia, rom
qarTul kinoxelovnebasac ganviTarebis rTuli gza hqonda gasavleli.
aRsaniSnavia, rom 1928 wlamde qarTuli kinematografi ZiriTadad
istoriul-revoluciur Tematikas ganekuTvneboda da literaturul
nawarmoebTa ekranizacias warmoadgenda. am periodis Semdeg ki
kinematografis winaSe daisva axali moTxovnebi _ aesaxa socialisturi
yofa, rac imas niSnavda, rom daemtkicebina socialisturi wyobis
 20

upiratesoba da gaekicxa yovelive is, rac miuRebeli iqneboda sabWoTa

qveynis ideologiisTvis. kinoSi xmis Semoslis merec igive mdgomareoba
iyo _ filmebis mTavar miznad isev socialisturi sistemis propaganda
rCeboda. oRond axla titrebSi ki ara, adamianTa dialogebSi vxvdebiT
am lozungebs.
Tundac is faqti, rom samamulo omis dros ar Sewyvetila
kinosuraTebis gadaReba, bevr rameze metyvelebs. metic, 1942 wels
mixeil Wiaureli i. stalinis davalebiT iRebs films `giorgi saakaZe~.
did qarTvel mxedarTmTavarze filmis gadaReba ki aucileblobiT iyo
ganpirobebuli _ gmiruli warsulis gaxsenebiT xalxSi sabrZolo
suliskveTebis amaRlebas cdilobdnen.
mxolod 50-iani wlebis meore naxevridan iwyeba filmebis gadaReba
Tanamedrove Temebze, Tumca, am filmebisTvisac ucxo ar aris adamianebis
dayofa kargebad da cudebad, Zvelis axliT Secvlis aucilebloba da
sxv. aseve popularuli Temaa revoluciamdeli periodis kritika. am
sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT aRsaniSnavia is, rom dasaxuli miznis misaRwevad
filmis Semqmnelebi faqtebis damaxinjebasac ar eridebian. Tu saWiro
gaxda, literaturuli nawarmoebis (pirvelwyaros) Secvlazec ar amboben
uars.Aamis dasadastureblad SeiZleba davasaxeloT `magdanas lurja~.
Aam kinosuraTSi imisTvis, rom eCvenebinaT, Tu rogor cud dReSi iyo
revoluciamdeli glexi, radgan am periodSi samarTals gamarjveba viTom
ar ewera, filmis avtorebma misi literaturuli pirvelwyaros
(ekaterine gabaSvilis imave saxelwodebis moTxroba) finalic ki
Secvales, radgan masSi samarTali imarjvebs da lurja magdanas
ubrundeba. Aai, ras werda amis Taobaze akaki baqraZe: `laparakic ki
zedmetia imaze, rom ek. gabaSvili revoluciis winare dros, imJamindel
kanon-samarTals, wes-wyobilebas bevrad ukeT, Rrmad da sworad icnobda,
vidre me-20 saukunis 40-iani, an 50-iani wlebis Taoba. ek. gabaSvili arc
is mwerali iyo, vinc winaswarSemuSavebuli da akviatebuli sqemis
mixedviT werda. igi werda ise, rogorc xedavda, grZnobda, ganicdida,
icoda, aRiqvamda. MmaSasadame, roca mis moTxrobaSi sasamarTlo lurjas
magdanas utovebda, es imis dasturi iyo, rom mweralma simarTle Tqva, ar
iTvalTmaqca. Mmagram, roca Seicvala finali (magdanas lurja waarTves),
 21

gvindoda Tu ar gvindoda, simarTlis nacvlad tyuili iTqva, rac

mTavaria, es ara marto faqtobrivi sicrue iyo, aramed mxatvrulic~.
(akaki baqraZe, 1989:87)
Aarc Tu umniSvnelod gveCveneba imis aRniSvnac, rom sabWoTa
kinematografis saerTod da maT Soris saqarTvelos kinoxelovnebis
ganviTarebas zogjer mayurebelic amuxruWebda. magaliTad, Tu oTar
ioselianis `pastorals~ (70-ian wlebSi), rogorc vnaxeT, sastikad
gausworda sabWoTa cenzura, sxva suraTs _`giorgobisTve~ _ (1967) arc
qarTvelma mayurebelma daaklo kritika. Aai, ras ixsenebda akaki baqraZe
amasTan dakavSirebiT: `am filmma maSin sazogadoebis erTi nawili
gaabraza. zogierTebi zemdgom organoebSi werilebs agzavnidnen da
filmis akrZalvas moiTxovdnen. mere es werilebi zemdgomi organoebidan
kinostudiaSi gadmogzavnes gansaxilvelad. vin ar awerda xels am
werilebs: partiis raikomis mdivnebi, raiaRmaskomis Tavmjdomareebi,
komkavSiris raikomis mdivnebi, mecnierebaTa doqtorebi da kandidatebi,
gazeTebis redaqtorebi, CinianT da xarisxianT arc uCinoni da
uxarisxoni CamorCebodnen~ (a. baqraZe, 1989: 167).
Mmiuxedavad amisa, unda iTqvas is, rom _ mravali kinoSedevris
Seqmna saqarTveloSi (iseve rogorc sxva postsabWoTa qveynebSi), rogorc
gairkva, swored im mkacri diqtaturisa da cenzuris periodSi moxda.
roca aucilebelic ki iyo ezopes enaze saubari. qarTuli
kinoxelovnebis Zala 60-iani wlebidan moyolebuli swored mis igavur
enaSia, is sinamdvileze miniSnebebiT saubrobs, an realobas saerTod
gaurbis (rac aseve qarTuli kinematografis Rirsebad unda CaiTvalos)
es ki Zalian aRizianebda ruseTs. magaliTad, 1978 wels rusi kritikosi
bogomolovi JurnalSi ”Искусство кино” aqveynebs statias, romelSic imas
sCioda, rom qarTuli kinematografi realobas mowvetilia da igi
infantiluri gmiris tradicias amkvidrebs.
XX saukunis 90-iani wlebidan qarTuli mxatvruli kino ganicdis
kriziss, (TiTo-orola kargi filmi aminds ver Secvlida), rac, pirvel
rigSi, ukavSirdeba qveyanaSi mimdinare socialur-politikur viTarebas.
Kkinofilmebis gadasaRebad saWiro Tanxebi ar arsebobda. mxolod 2000
 22

wels iqmneba kinocentri, romelic kinos sakiTxebSi umaRlesi

saxelmwifo organo gaxda. rogorc am dargis specialistebi werdnen
(mag. nino ZanZava, `cxeli Sokoladi~, 2010), misi mTavari saqmianoba
momdevno sami wlis ganmavlobaSi kinostudia “qarTuli filmis” mier
dawyebuli filmebis dasruleba iyo. cxadia, mas filmebis dafinanseba
arc Semdeg wlebSi Seuwyvetia da igi gaxda Tanadamfinansebeli rogorc
ramdenime srulmetraJiani da moklemetraJiani mxatvruli filmisa, ise
dokumenturi, animaciuri da sadebiuto namuSevrebisa, magram, cxadia,
saqmes es ver uSvelida da qarTul kinematografSi mravali problema
kvlav gadauWreli darCa.
faqtia isic, rom is rac qarTul kinoxelovnebas sabWoTa
periodSi dadebiTad axasiaTebda_ realobis uaryofa _ axla mxolod
naklad Tu SeiZleba miviCnioT. arc miniSnebebi, Tu simboloebi gaxda
aucilebeli elementi. im mkacri cenzuris pirobebSi ki, bunebrivia, bevri
Semoqmedi axal xerxebs igonebda, ramac safuZvelic ki daudo axal
mimdinareobebs. igive SeiZleba iTqvas sxva postsabWoTa qveynebis da,
pirvel rigSi, rusul kinematografze. Cveni mosazrebis gansamtkiceblad
moviSveliebT rusi kinoscenaristisa da dramaturgis v. mereJkos am
gamonaTqvams: `adre ufro saintereso iyo muSaoba, vinaidan arsebobda
redaqtoris damafrTxobeli landi... saerTod, labirinTSi moZraoba
ufro sainteresoa”. (Теле-радио эфир, 1991 #2: 23-24).
Tumca, rogorc Cans, am orive qveyanaSi mainc ar daviwyebiaT, rom
kinoxelovneba sazogadoebriv cnobierebaze zemoqmedebis mZlavri
saSualebaa. amis damadasturebelia is, rom 2008 agvistos omis Sesaxeb
Zalian male, rusebma saswrafod gamoacxves `olimpius inferno~, sadac
mTavari aqcenti keTdeba imaze, rom omi qarTvelebma daiwyes. rogorc
qarTuli masobrivi infomaciis saSualebebidan gavigeT, `olimpus
infernos~ scenari, Turme, qarTvel dramaturgs – manana doiaSvils _
ekuTvnis da aravin icis, rogor aRmoCnda is rusebis xelSi (gamodis,
qarTvelebi apirebdnen, magram rusebma daaswres).E CvenTvis sainteresoa
isic, rusebs rom ar moeparaT scenari, qarTvelebi rogor gadaiRebdnen
mas.
 23

Aam saqmeSi CaerTnenAsazRvargareTeli kinematografistebic.

magaliTad, Tu saqarTvelos mxardasaWer kinosuraTs `agvistos xuTi
dRe~ iReben amerikelebi (masSi saqarTvelos prezidentis rols
asrulebs endi garsia), meore mxarem poziciebis `gasamagreblad~ mimarTa
e. kusturicas, romelzec is sabolood mainc ar daTanxmda. (arafers
vambobT imaze, rom am Temaze saswrafod Seiqmna satelevizio
dokumentur filmebi, mag. rusuli _ `08.08.08”, qarTuli _`rusuli
partia“ da `qarTuli agvistos qronikebi”).
saerTod,Mmsoflios mraval qveyanaSi xelovnebis am dargSi
uzarmazar Tanxebs debdnen da dResac ase iqcevian, radgan SesaniSnavad
ician is, rom kinos, garda udidesi materialuri Semosavlis motanisa,
efeqturi zemoqmedeba SeuZlia sazogadoebis cnobierebaze. magaliTad,
ase iqcevian amerikaSi _ kinovarskvlavebs Zalian didi Tanxas uxdian
imitomac, rom maT mier gansaxierebuli gmiris saqciels, SesaZloa,
Bbevrma mibaZos. Aase moxda tom kruzis SemTxvevaSic _ roca samxedro
akademiaSi axalgazrdebis Sesvlam iklo, saswrafod gadaiRes filmi am
msaxiobis monawileobiT (`dabadebuli 4 ivliss~)
XXI saukunis dasawyisSi kinos bedze dafiqrdnen rusi
kinematografistebic. magaliTad, reJisori nikita mixalkovis azriT (man
es ganacxada 2002 wels er-te-er-is programa `vestiSi~), aucilebelia
saintereso, problematuri Temebi, radgan mxolod mdidrebze,
Zaladobaze, sisxlze gadaRebuli filmebi kargs verafers moutans
qveyanas. misi mtkicebiT, aseve saWiroa gmiri, romliTac dainteresdeba
xalxi. Aamis nimuSad ki rusuli kinematografis mravali Sedevri
SeiZleba dasaxeldeso.
rusuli kinematografis bediT im periodSiD dainteresda
prezidenti v. putinic, kerZod, igi uCioda samamulo filmebis simcires
(amaze ityobinebodnen 2002 wlis 17 ivliss, o-er-te-s da er- te-er-is
sainformacio programebi) da gadawyda, rom Semdegi wlidan
kinofilmebis gamoSveba sagrZnoblad gaizrdeboda.
cnobili faqtia, rom ara marto kinematografistebi, aramed
politikosebi da sxva, vinc SesaniSnavad icis kinos SesaZleblobebi,
saWiro SemTxvevaSi Tavisi miznis misaRwevad, Tanamedrove periodSic
 24

swored xelovnebis am dargs mimarTaven. magaliTad, amerikaSi

kaliforniis gubernatoris arCevnebis wina periodSi (2003w.)
telekompaniebma Sewyvites erT-erTi pretendentis _ arnold
Svarcenegeris filmebis Cveneba, amitom msaxiobma am dros isargebla misi
morigi popularuli filmis `terminatori-3~-is gamoSvebiT (igi ramdenime
TviT adre_zafxulSi gamovida), romelic jer kidev gadioda
kinoTeatrebSi da misi afiSebic gakruli iyo kaliforniis yvela
kuTxeSi. igi saarCevno kampaniis dros iSveliebda cnobil frazebs am da
sxva Tavisi filmebidan, rasac xalxi yovelTvis ovaciebiT xvdeboda.
2002 wels Kkinofilmi `oligarqic~ `mSvenivrad~ gamoiyenes rusma
politikosebma krasnoiarskis mxaris gubernatoris arCevnebis periodSi.
kerZod, winasaarCevno dReebSi Sedga am ukve gaxmaurebuli filmis
premiera, amitom igi erT-erTi kandidatis winasaarCevno plakatebSi
gamoiyenes mowinaaRmdegis diskreditaciisaTvis, rac imaSi
mdgomareobda, rom plakatebi mouwodebda mosaxleobas xma miecaT
Rirseuli kandidatisTvis, xolo mowinaaRmdegis nomris gaswvriv
brWyalebSi ewera `oligarqi~.
sxvaTa Soris, rac Seexeba cnobili amerikeli kinodokumentalistis
maikl muris skandalur films `9/11 farengeitiT~, reJisorma ganacxada,
rom igi imitom gadaiRo, rom jorj buSma ar gaimarjvos arCevnebSi.
Uunda iTqvas isic, rom es filmi 2004 wels kanis kinofestivalze `oqros
palmis rtoTi~ dajildovda. 2005 wels ki jorj buSi (rogorc mTavari
rolis Semsrulebeli) wardgenili iyo `oqros Joloze~. igi ki, rogorc
cnobilia, anti-`oskaria~.
rogorc vnaxeT, Ykinos meSveobiT marTlac cdiloben sazogadoebriv
cnobierebaze zemoqmedebas, radgan TviTon kinoxelovnebas gaaCnia amis
uSreti potenciuri SesaZleblobebi, Mmagram faqtis gazviadebac ar aris
swori. Tumca, rogor srulyofilad da warmatebulad iqneba
gamoyenebuli kinos SesaZleblobebi damokidebulia imaze, Tu romeli
qveynis da periodis kinematografzea saubari. aseve, cxadia, did rols
asrulebs TviT reJisoris, filmis Semqmneli koleqtivis
profesionalizmi.
 25

unda iTqvas, rom sxvadasxva qveyanaSi kinematografis Seqmnis

pirvelive wlebSive alaparakdnen kinos zegavlenis faqtorze.
magaliTad, im mezeziT, rom fiqrobdnen _ kino xels uwyobs
sazogadoebaSi Zaladobis, danaSaulis gavrcelebas_ miRebul iqna
mravali kanoni, Seiqmna organizacibic, romelic gaakontrolebda mas.
erT-erTi maTgania kinocenzorTa britanuli sammarTvelo (1912),
NSemdegSi ki imis kvlevac daiwyes, Tu rogor axdens kino sazogadoebaze
zemoqmedebas. mkvlevarTa mtkicebiT, (`Медиа”: 2005) erT-erTi pirveli iyo
fond peinis proeqti, (niu-iorkSi Seiqmna 1928 wels), romelmac
gamoikvlia, Tu ra zegavlenas axdens kino axalgazrdobaze da im
daskvnamde mivida, rom igi ar aris Zalian didi da esec ufro metad
ukavSirdeba tansacmels, varcxnilobas da sxv, xolo misi kavSiri
danaSaulebriv qmedebebTan ar dadasturda. am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT i.
baraTaSvilis mtkicebiT (`kinoxelovnebis problemebi~ 1992) sxva azri
aqvs inglisel mecniers j. meiers (me-20 saukunis 40-iani wlebi). igi
piriqiT, sakmao mniSvnelobas aniWebs kinos zemoqmedebis zneobriv,
eTikur mxares Dda miaCnia, rom adamianis RirebulebaTa sistemis,
msoflmxedvelobis CamoyalibebaSi did rols asrulebs kinoc. Mmetic,
MmeierisTvis, gansakuTrebul yuradRebas aqcevda ra kinos zegavlenas
bavSvebze, mniSnelovani iyo im fsiqologiuri meqanizmebis Seswavla,
romliTac xorcieldeba is. masze adre am sakiTxiT dainteresebulni
yofilan sxva mecnierebic, magaliTad, mileri. romelic ambobda:
`filmebSi warmodgenili situaciebi, rogoricaa magaliTad, keTilis
gamarjveba borotze, damnaSavis dasja da sxva, xels uwyoben bavSvis
agresiulobis dakmayofilebas. mileri xazs usvams im movlenis
mniSnelobas, rom bavSvebi xSirad Tavis Tavs aigiveben filmis
personaJTan~ (ina baraTaSvili, `j. meieris wignis `filmis sociologiis
Sesaxeb~ kr. K`kinoxelovnebis problemebi 1992: 284).
amerikaSi ki 1951 wels bavSvebsa da kinoze momuSave saministro
komitetma (the Departmental Committee on children and the Cinema), romelic
asponsorebda kvlevebs axalgazrdebis sasamarTlo procesebis Sesaxeb,
 26

gaakeTa daskvna, rom mozardTa danaSaulebze kinos kavSiri

gamovlinda Zalian mcired.
amis Semdeg kidev uamravi kvleva Catarda da mravali mosazreba
Seiqmna, magram sabolood mainc is daskvna SeiZleba gakeTdes, rom kino
(da saerTod masobrivi komunikaciis saSualebebi) garkveul zemoqmedebas
axdens adamianebze, magram mas ar SeuZlia mTlianad Secvalos adamianis
msoflxedveloba. Aaseve mniSvnelovnad migvaCnia imis aRniSvna, rom bevri
ram aris damokidebuli TviTon auditoriaze. asaki ganaTleba,
kulturuli tradiciebi da a. S. didad gansazRvravs filmis aRqmas.
Mmetic, filmis avtoris Canafiqri da mayureblis aRqma SeiZleba
sruliad sapirispiro iyos, rasac zogjer savalalo Sedegic mohyveba.
magaliTad, ase moxda maSin, roca safrangeTSi 1986 wels ramdenime
mamakacma sastiki Zaladoba ixmara qalze. aRmoCnda, rom es idea maT
stenli kubrikis filmma _ `meqanikuri forToxali~_ ukarnaxa. reJisors
ki, albaT, piriqiT surda_ am filmiT mayurebelSi Zaladobis mimarT
siZulvili gamoewvia.
 27

Tavi II

`sazogadoebrivi mauwyeblis~ I arxisa da `rusTavi-2~-is

daxasiaTeba

1957 wels axali sixaruliT xvdeboda qarTveli xalxi _ Cvens

qveyanaSi unda akiafebuliyo cisferi ekrani. 1956 wlis 30 dekembers
diqtori ase mimarTavda qarTvel telemayurebels: `Zvirfaso
telemayureblebo, Cven gvsurs mogilocoT didi da Zvirfasi saCuqari _
Tbilisis telestudiis gaxsna. Ddedaqalaqis mosaxleoba mouTmenlad
moeloda am RirsSesaniSnav dRes…...studia jer-jerobiT pataraa, axla
pirvel xanebSi giCvenebT kinosuraTebs, koncertebs xelovnebis ostatTa
SesrulebiT da mcire moculobis telegadacemebs. Mmale daiwyeba didi
studiis mSenebloba da Cven vimedovnebT, rom ufro metad SevZlebT
davakmayofiloT Tqveni moTxovnebi~. (fondi 1978, aRwera1, saqme 369, : 1.)
Ppirvel etapze saqarTvelos televizia, materialur-teqnikuri bazis
siRaribis da telepublicistikis ganuviTareblobis gamo, ZiriTadad
xelovnebis sxvadasxva dargis tiraJirebas eweoda. Aam mxriv
saqarTvelos televizia ar aris gamonaklisi. igive gza ganvlo rogorc
centralurma, ise sxva respublikebis (magaliTad, somxeTis, Azerbaijanis
da sxv.) televiziebma. igi droTa ganmavlobaSi iqca masobrivi
informaciis da propagandis mZlavr saSualebad.
masmediis yvela saSualeba Tavis funqciebs asrulebs specifikuri
SesaZleblobidan gamomdinare. swored televiziis specifika
gansazRvravs mis adgils masobrivi informaciis saSualebebs Soris.
televiziis ZiriTadi specifikuri Taviseburebani ki SemdegSi
mdgomareobs: pirveli da Zalian mniSvnelovani Tvisebaa televiziis
yvelgan SeRwevadobis unari _ mas SeuZlia moicvas mosaxleobis yvelaze
farTo fenebi, ris gamoc mas garantirebuli aqvs masobrivi auditoria.
saxlSi mitanili produqcia, cxadia, ufro moxerxebulia
mayureblisTvis da amitomac is am komfortiT mudmivad sargeblobs.
televiziis zogierTi Tavisebureba damaxasiaTebelia masobrivi
informaciis sxva saSualebebisTvisac. magaliTad, yvelgan SeRwevis
 28

unari da programuloba radios Tvisebacaa. Eekranuloba ki kinodan

aiTvisa televiziam (magram, miuxedavad am saerTo niSnisa, maT Soris
mainc mniSvnelovani sxvaobaa).
meore Tviseba_ekranuloba gansazRvravs imas, rom mayurebels
Setyobineba SeuZlia miiRos ara marto xmis, aramed moZravi
gamosaxulebis saxiT, rac mas met damajereblobas matebs. rogorc
ityvian, asjer gagonils erTxel nanaxi jobiao da meorec, mecnierebis
mier ukve didi xania damtkicebulia, rom adamiani informaciis did
nawils mxedvelobis saSualebiT iRebs (yuri TvalTan SedarebiT ufro
zarmaci organoa). sxva sakiTxia, roca daoben, romeli ufro
mniSvnelovania televiziisaTvis – xma, Tu gamosaxuleba. vfiqrobT, aq
sakamaTo araferia, radgan, Cveni azriT, orive mniSvnelovania _
gamosaxulebis gareSe, marto xmiT is televizia ki ara, radio iqneboda,
magram xmis gareSec, marto gamosaxulebiT satelevizio publicistikaze
saubari gaWirdeboda. Aamitom ufro swori iqneba sakiTxi davsvaT ase _
satelevizio gadacemebis romel saxeebSi dominirebs gamosaxuleba
sityvaze da piriqiT, sityva gamosaxulebaze. Aam SemTxvevaSi ki pasuxi
iqneba aseTi _ publicistur gadacemebSi sityva aris ufro
mniSvnelovani, gasarTobi gadacemebi ki vizualuri mxaris gareSe
araferia. Tumca, es arcerTis uaryofas ar niSnavs. sasaubro JanrebSic
gamosaxuleba Zalian mniSnelovania (Tundac informaciis miwodebis
dros mimika, Jesti da sxva) da mxatvrul, an gasarTob gadacemebSic
sityvis roli arc Tu umniSvneloa. aqedan gamomdinare, SeiZleba
davaskvnaT, rom televiziis Zala swored imaSia, rom mas gaaCnia orive es
saSualeba da misi privilegiac masobrivi informaciis sxva
saSualebebTan mimarTebaSi, pirvel rigSi, swored amiT ganisazRvreba (es
faqti ar akninebs masmediis sxva saSualebebis rols).
televiziis mniSvnelovani Tvisebaa is, rom mas SeuZlia faqti,
movlena pirdapir gadasces eTerSi misi uSualod moxdenis momentSi.
Mmayurebels televiziis es Tviseba gansakuTrebiT xiblavs da sabolood
misdami gansakuTrebuli ndobiT ganawyobs, radgan icis, rom Setyobineba,
romelsac mas awvdian, am momentSi mimdinareobs. Ggarda
operatiulobisa, mas am procesSi izidavs is, rom faqti winaswar ar
 29

aris dafiqsirebuli, ris gamoc ufro ijerebs mas ( Tumca, es ar

gamoricxavs Tundac pirdapiri eTeris dros faqtis Tavisebur
transformacias). televiziis am Tvisebas _ mayureblamde Setyobineba
mivides, pirdapir, yovelgvari Caweris gareSe, uSualobas uwodeben,
romelic Tavis mxriv ukavSirdeba mis aseve unikalur Tvisebas
simultanobas. is ki gulisxmobs dakvirvebisa da Cvenebis Tanxvedras,
erTdroulobas. televiziis am Tvisebis gamo mayurebels xSirad eqmneba
iluzia imisa, rom is TviTon aris am faqtis, Tu movlenis monawile imis
da miuxedavad, Setyobineba pirdapir gadaicema eTerSi, Tu winaswar aris
Cawerili (mayurebeli xSir SemTxvevaSi verc xvdeba ra saxis masalasTan
aqvs saqme). aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom simultanobis momenti
garkveulwilad vrceldeba ara marto winaswar Caweril gadacemebze,
aramed filmebzec (ris Sesaxebac dawvrilebiT ufro mogvianebiT
visaubrebT).
televiziis Taviseburebebze roca saubroben, specialistebi
yuradRebas amaxvileben teleinformaciis personificirebulobaze,
romlis ignorireba, Cveni azriT, swori ar iqneba. Ppirvel rigSi, es
ganpirobebulia, albaT, imiT, rom Zalian bevr gadacemas hyavs Tavisi
mudmivi wamyvani, romlis avtoriteti, profesionaluri done didad
gansazRvravs imas, Tu rogor aRiqvams auditoria miwodebul masalas.
programuloba aris televiziis swored is Tavisebureba, romelic
misi masebze zemoqmedebis efeqturobis erT-erTi garantia.
teleprogramas warmoadgens yvelaferi is, rac eTerSi gadaicema. is
moicavs informacias, Caweril, Tu pirdapir gadacemebs, calkeul
gadacemebs, Tu ciklebs, seriebs da serialebs, mxatvrul, dokumentur,
multiplikaciur filmebs da sxv. masSi gaerTianebulia sxvadasxa tipis,
saxis, formis gadacemebi. televizia bolos da bolos televiziis
mkvlevaris _ r. boreckis _ sityvebs Tu moviSveliebT, sxva araferia, Tu
ara programa. yvelaze mTavari ki, albaT, is aris, rom eleqtronuli
mediis es saSualeba sazogadoebriv cnobierebaze moqmedebs masSi
Semavali TiToeuli elementiT da maTi mTlianobiT, radgan isini
erTmaneTTan arian dakavSirebulni.
 30

vinaidan saqarTvelos televizias sabWoTa periodSi uxdeboda

Camoyalibeba Dda ganviTareba, cxadia, totalitaruli reJimis saxsaxurSi
idga. gansakuTrebuli aRmoCnda televiziis roli komunisturi
ideologiis gavrcelebasa da danergvaSi. swored televizia gaxda
masobriv cnobierebaze zemoqmedebis efeqturi saSualeba _ Mmisi
meSveobiT milionobiT mayurebels (yvelgan SeRwevis unaris gamo),
dokumenturad (ekranulobis mizeziT), yoveldRiurad da
mizanmimarTulad (rasac ganapirobebs programuloba) uqmnidnen iluzias
socialisturi sistemis, rogorc saukeTeso wyobis Sesaxeb, rac
TavisTavad mravali faqtis miCqmalvas da miTebis gamogonebas
ganapirobebda. maT Soris pirveli adgili komunisturi partiis wevrTa
patiosnebisa da umwikvlobis, maTi gmiruli saqmianobis Temas ekava. am
`WeSmaritebas~ mxolod 80-iani wlebis bolos Seerya safuZveli.
sabWoTa televiziis erT-erTi usayvarlesi Tema iyo muSaTa da
glexTa Tavdadebuli Sroma mSobliuri komunisturi partiisa da misi
`umcrosi Zmis~ _ komkavSiris xelmZRvanelobiT. Mmagram gavida xani da
televiziis meSveobiTve farda aexada am sferoSi arsebul mraval
problemas, razec adre saubari tabuirebuli iyo.
televiziis saSualebiT gulmodgined vrceldeboda azri sabWoTa
da, saerTod, socialisturi qveynebis xalxTa uryevi megobrobis Sesaxeb.
amasTan, eWvi aravis unda Sehparvoda im faqtSi, rom `urTierTCaxutebis~
garants didi ruseTi warmoadgenda, romlis gareSe yvela ganwiruli
iyo. Aam absurds jer kidev sabWoTa kavSiris daSlamde moefina naTeli.
gavixsenoT sumgaiTis, baqos, vilniusis da CvenTvis yvelaze mtkivneuli
Tbilisis ( 9 aprilis) tragediebi.
am `WeSmaritebasTan” mWidro kavSirSia gamonagoni sabWoTa jaris,
rogorc yvelaze Rirseulisa da humanuris Sesaxeb. Uunda iTqvas, rom
ruseTis jaris uZlevelobis Sesaxeb imdenad Zlieri sazogadoebrivi
azri Seqmnes masobrivi informaciisa da propagandis saSualebebma, rom
mas `perestroikamac~ veraferi daaklo.
arc is aris gasakviri, rom miliciis da saerTod, samarTaldamcavTa
augad xsenebac akrZalul Temad iTvleboda. sabWoTa periodSi
popularuli lozungic ki arsebobda _ `Cven gvicavs Cveni milicia~,
 31

magram SemdegSi masobrivi informaciis saSualebebi alaparakdnen ara

marto maT arakeTilsindisier saqcielze, aramed danaSaulebriv
qmedebebzec.
sabWoTa admianis zneobrivi siwmindisa da moraluri simtkicis
azris dasamkvidreblad didi damajereblobiT arwmunebdnen
telemayureblebs, rom narkomania, prostitucia da a.S. mxolod da
mxolod kapitalisturi samyarosaTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli.
cxadia, akrZaluli Temebis sia amiT ar amoiwureba. Cven mxolod
ramdenime maTganze SevaCereT yuradReba da, vfiqrobT, suraTis
warmosaCenad esec ikmarebs, magram aqve gvinda aRvniSnoT, rom yvelafris
komunisturi ideologiisa da arsebuli mkacri cenzurisaTvis dabraleba
swori ar iqneba. sabWoTa kavSiris ngrevis Semdeg mopovebuli
Tavisuflebac ar iyo sakmarisi. Aam periodidan moyolebuli
saqarTveloSi TviT qveynis SigniT mimdinare socialur-politikurma
viTarebam daamCnia Tavisi kvali televiziis muSaobas _ mis
mimarTulebasa da xasiaTs.
sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdegac saqarTvelos televizia rom
Zlier politizirebuli iyo, am faqtze gaamaxvila yuradReba amerikelma
mecnierma mark keiningma 1992 wels T.s.u. Jurnalistikis fakultetis
tele-radioJurnalistikis kaTedris TanamSromlebTan saubrisas. sxvaTa
Soris, es mecnieri sabWoTa kavSiris rRvevis periodSi ruseTis
televiziis politizirebul xasiaTsac TviT qveyanaSi mimdinare
movlenebiT xsnida. is werda: `Cven vcxovrobT ufro mSvidad da Cveni
televiziac ZiriTadad garTobis, saxlSi dasvenebis saSualebas
warmoadgens. Tqven ki axla ganicdiT istoriul moments da Tqveni
televizia dRes sabWoTa sazogadoebis cxovrebis mniSvnelovani da
winaaRmdegobrivi nawilia. is kolosalur rols asrulebs im
cvlilebebSi, romelsac ganicdis sabWoTa xalxi da amave dros igi
TiTonac ganicdis kolosalur cvlilebebs.“ (Теле-радиоэфир,1991январь: 31).
me-20 saukunis 90-iani wlebis bolosac akrZaluli Temebi isev
mravlad iyo, amaze metyvelebs im periodSi opozicioner g. bokerias
statia `prezidentis, misi naTesavebis da garemocvis Sefasebisas adgili
 32

aqvs moridebis momentebs~ (is maSin arasamTavrobo organizacia

`Tavisuflebis institutis warmomadgeneli iyo), sadac igi acxadebda:
`saqarTveloSi arsebobs saxelisuflebo struqturebidan mediaze
zewola. Tavis mxriv ki, mediisaTvis arsebobs tabudadebuli Temebi,
romelsac igi gaurbis, an Tu ar gaurbis, aqveynebs tendenciurad,
mikerZoebulad. SezRudvebi gansakuTrebiT didia samauwyeblo mediaze.
warmoCnda saxelmwifo televiziis muSaobis aseTi koncefcia:
Jurnalists ekrZaleba sakuTari azris gadmocema, gansja, poziciis
gamoxatva, komentarebi da a.S.” (`axali Taoba~, 1997 30 dekemberi: 6). aseve
am statiidan gaxda CvenTvis cnobili is faqtic, rom amerikis
saxelmwifo departamentisa da avtoritetuli saerTaSoriso
organizaciebis SefasebiT, am periodSi saqarTvlos nawilobriv
Tavisufali qveynis statusi hqonda. Dda is im 58 qveynis ricxvSi iyo,
sadac sityvis Tavisuflebis samarTlebrivi garantiebi ar arsebobda.
xolo `Tavisuflebis saxlis“ yovelwliur moxsenebaSi, `presis
Tavisufleba msoflioSi~, saqarTvelosTvis 68 sajarimo qula miuciaT.
1998 wels ki Cveni yuradReba miiqcia erTma faqtma _ am wlis
dasawyisSive, parlamentis Tavjdomaris z. Jvanias iniciativiT gudaurSi
gaimarTa seminari Temaze `masobrivi informaciis saSualebebis
saqmianoba da misi sakanonmdeblo regulireba~. Cndeboda eWvi, rom es
RonisZieba masmediaze saerTod da gansakuTrebiT samauwyeblo mediaze
cenzuris gasamkacreblad iyo mimarTuli. Tumca, z. Jvania am azrs
uaryofda da mas posttotalitalur sindromad miiCnevda: `CvenSi
samwuxarod, dRemde cxovrobs posttotalitaluri sindromi, SiSi imisa,
rom regulireba cenzuraSi ar gadaizardos, magram masmediis
regulirebisaTvis kanonmdeblobis SemuSaveba Tundac imitom aris
aucilebeli, rom romelime politikurma Zalam ar moipovos masze
diqtati, ar moxdes misi monopolizeba~ (gazeTi `7 dRe~, 1998 5-6 ianvari,
#1). am kanonproeqtze muSaoba jer damTavrebulic ar iyo, roca TviT
masmediis saSualebebi iuwyebodnen, rom man JurnalistTa didi nawilis
ukmayofileba gamoiwvia, rasac isini xsnidnen imiT, rom am kanonproeqtis
amoqmedebis SemTxvevaSi, masmediaze saerTod da samauwyeblo mediaze
 33

gansakuTrebiT, kontroli gamkacrdeboda, rac sabolood maTi

uflebebis SezRudvas gamoiwvevda.
saxelmwifo televiziis `pirveli arxi~ rom xelisuflebis
politikis mxardamWeri iyo, gamomJRavnda Tundac 2003 wlis arCevnebis
procesSic. Aam faqtze yuradReba aqvs gamaxvilebuli telemkvlevar e.
ibersac. kerZod, is werda: `pirvelma arxma” da gansakuTrebiT programa
`moambem~ bolomde erTgulad Seasrula saxelisuflebo arxis funqciebi
da yvelaferi gaakeTa arsebuli mmarTvelobis mxardasaWerad
winasaarCevno kampaniis dawyebidan politikuri brZolis sul bolo
dReebamde.“ (tele-radioJurnalistikis sakiTxebi, t.VII 2005: 10). sxva
sakiTxia, rom am sainformacio omSi mas mainc mougo damoukidebelma
telekompaniam _ `rusTavi-2-ma,” rac TviT `pirveli arxis” naklebi
`profesionalizmiT~ Tu aixsneba. amis gamo ukmayofileba gamoTqva
saqarTvelos imdroindelma prezidentma e. SevardnaZem, rasac mohyva
maSindeli teleradiomauwyeblobis korporaciis Tavmjdomaris (z.
Sengelia) saprotesto brifingi da misi postidan gadadgoma. igive
gaakeTa `pirveli arxis~ gadacema `ra xdebas” wamyvanma koka
yandiaSvilma. Mman, xelisuflebis mxridan `amagis“ daunaxaobiT
ganawyenebulma, imave saRamos _ 19 noembers _ aRiara, rom is sakuTari
sindisis winaaRmdeg moqmedebda _ ar ambobda imas, rac qveyanaSi
xdeboda, radgan amis saSualebas ar aZlevdnen da mas Surda sxva
arxebis im Jurnalistebis, romlebsac simarTlis Tqmis ufleba hqondaT
(da amaSi Jurnalisti, albaT, im periodSi, pirvel rigSi, `rusTavi-2~s
gulisxmobda).
`vardebis revoluciis” Semdeg, xelisuflebaSi nacionaluri
moZraobis warmomadgenelTa mosvliT, qveyana TiTqos demokratiuli
ganviTarebis gzas unda dadgomoda. Mmasmediis saSualebebs ki ufro meti
Tavisufleba unda miscemodaT. es exeboda, cxadia, samauwyeblo mediasac,
radgan isini e. SevardnaZis xelisuflebis dros swored masze
amaxvilebdnen yuradRebas (Cvenc SemTxveviT ar moviyvaneT amis
dasadastureblad g. bokerias statia, sadac is saqarTveloSi sityvis
Tavisuflebis da gansakuTrebiT samauwyeblo mediaze zewoliT iyo
aRSfoTebuli).
 34

saxelmwifo televiziam sazogadoebrivi televiziis statusic miiRo.

`sazogadoebrivi mauwyeblis~ Seqmnas safuZveli Cauyara kanonma
mauwyeblobis Sesaxeb, romelic saqarTvelos parlamentma 2004 wels
miiRo da ZalaSi Sevida @2005 wlis 18 ianvars, rac mas valdebuls xdida
xalxis, sakuTari moqalaqeebis samsaxurSi Camdgariyo, Tumca opozicias
arc Semdeg akmayofilebda mauwyeblobis muSaobis stilistika da
formebi. amaze metyvelebs isic, rom opozicionerTa mudmivi kritikis
sagani gaxda samauwyeblo media saerTod (opoziciuri arxebis
gavrcelebis areali Zalian mcire iyo) da gansakuTrebiT
`sazogadoebrivi televizia~. gadaayenes am televiziis Tavmjdomarec,
Seiqmna sameurveo sabWoc, romelmac axali xelmZRvaneli airCia, magram
saqmes mainc ar eSvela Cveni dakvirvebis bolo_ 2010 wlis CaTvliT.
(mediis TavisuflebasTan dakavSirebiT 03.05.11-Si axali ambebis saagento
GHN (ghn.ge/news-41124html) ityoboneba, rom avtoritetuli saerTaSoriso
organizacia `fridom hausis~ angariSis mixedviT, gasul welTan
SedarebiT viTareba saqarTveloSi nawilobriv gaumjobesda).
rac Seexeba Cveni dakvirvebis meore obieqts _`rusTavi-2-s”, man
mauwyebloba 1994 wlis 1 ivnisidan daiwyo. is Tavdapirvelad
regionalur televizias warmoadgenda da mxolod 1997 wlis 28
aprilidan gaxda SesaZlebeli Tbiliselebsac exilaT am telekompaniis
gadacemebi. oriode wlis Semdeg _ 1999 wlis 20 ianvridan _ `rusTavi-2~
gaxda pirveli qarTuli telearxi Tanamgzavrze. Aam periodidan es
telekompania Zalian reitingulia, risi mizezic iyo, erTi mxriv, is, rom
`rusTavi 2-is” gavrcelebis are gafarTovda da moicva saqarTvelos
umetesi regionebi da, meore mxriv, is, rom es telekompania opoziciur
arxad moiazreboda. imdroindeli xelisufleba mas Tavis mtrad
miiCnevda da yvelanairad cdilobda masze zewola ganexorcielebina.
Aamis dasturia isic, rom `rusTavi-2-is~ mauwyebloba 2-jer SeaCeres,
Tumca, sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT orivejer aRsdga.
2002 wels ki, rodesac xelisuflebam misi daxurva moindoma, daiwyo
saprotesto aqciebi da amas Sedegad mohyva is, rom parlamentis
Tavmjdomare _ z. Jvania Tanamdebobidan gadadga. xalxis mxardaWeriT
 35

gagulianebulma `rusTavi-2~-ma ukve Ria brZola gamoucxada

xelisuflebas.
yvelaferi es, rogorc cnobilia, 2003 wels damTavrda `vardebis
revoluciiT~ da aq xazgasmiT gvinda aRvniSnoT, rom am saqmeSi lomis
wili swored “rusTavi-2~-s miuZRoda. Mman am periodSi kolosaluri
samuSao Caatara, rasac organizatoruli funqciac SeiZleba ewodos.
masobriv cnobierebaze zemoqmedebisTvis ki gamoyenebul iqna ara marto
sainformacio da publicisturi gadacemebi, aramed gasarTobi da
mxatvruli gadacemebic. revoluciaSi gaweuli wvlilisaTvis man
`gamarjvebuli xalxis televiziis~ saxelic ki daimsaxura.
am periodSi gaweul saqmianobas e. kiwmariSvili (“rusTavi-2”is
damaarsebeli) ase afasebda: `revoluciis dros Cven ki ar
vmanipulirebdiT, gamovediT da vTqviT, rom Cven amis gvjera da
gavakeTeT maqsimumi. Mmanipulireba is iqneboda, ukan rom vmjdariyaviT da
obieqturoba gveTamaSa~. (i.SaverdaSvili, `is dabrunda”, `cxeli
Sokoladi~, 2007 #47: 175).
Mmomdevno wlebis mdgomareobam daamtkica, rom `vardebis
revoluciis” Semdeg `rusTavi 2-s” daaviwyda Tavisi opozicioneroba. igi
ukve aRar iyo xelisuflebisadmi kritikulad ganwyobili, (es misi
uflebaa, radgan damoukidebeli telekompaniaa, Tumca, Jurnalisturi
eTikis normebis dacva yvelas evaleba).
televizias ki mravali funqciis Sesruleba uwevs, romelTagan
erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani mainc misi informaciuli funqciaa,
Eradgan is, pirvel rigSi, mowodebulia sazogadoebas gaacnos yvela is
mniSnelovani axali ambavi, romelic xdeba rogorc qveynis SigniT, ise
mis farglebs gareT. Ees siaxle ki SeiZleba ganekuTvnebodes mraval
sferos _ politikas, socialur sakiTxebs, kulturas, mecnierebas,
sports, ekologias da a.S. SemTxveviTi ar aris is faqtic, rom bi-bi-sim
Tavisi muSaobis ZiriTad principTa Soris gansakuTrebulad gamoyo sami
maTgani Dda misi devizia: informireba, ganswavla, garToba.
axali ambavi TavisTavad, cxadia, mayureblamde midis sxvadasxva
formiT da xerxiT. Janrobriv mravalferovnebasTan erTad (mag.
reportaJi, interviu, komentari da sxv.) informaciebi mayurebels xan
 36

pirdapir miewodeba, xan ki Cawerili saxiT. zogi informacia

TvalsaCinoebisTvis, Tu meti efeqturobisTvis damatebiT masalas iTxovs.
Mmag. fotosuraTebi, kinosuraTebi, naxatebi da a.S. arsebobs axali
ambebis mokle da vrceli variantebi da sxv.
kulturul-saganmanaTleblo funqcia erT-erTi mniSnelovani
funqciaa televiziisTvis. cxadia, is Tavis TavSi Seicavs sxva
funqciebsac. magaliTad, gasarTobi gadacema SeiZleba amFfunqcias
warmatebiT iTavsebdes. Kkulturul-saganmanaTleblo gadacemam garkveul
momentSi SesaniSnavad SeiZleba Seasrulos propagandistuli funqciac
ki. unda aRvniSnoT isic, rom xSir SemTxvevaSi kulturul-
saganmanaTleblo funqciaSi kulturul-SemecnebiT funqcias
gulisxmoben, rac bolomde marTebuli ar aris, (magram, vinaidan es
termini damkvidrebulia, Cvenc mas vxmarobT kulturul-SemecnebiTis
nacvlad). unda iTqvas, rom TuAsaganmanaTleblo funqcias saqarTvelos
televizis I arxi adre sakmaod warmatebulad eweoda, Tanamedrove
periodSi igi am movaleobas TiTqmis ar asrulebs. Mmetic, kulturul-
SemecnebiTi gadacemebis raodenobac Zalian aris Semcirebuli.
Mmsoflios bevr qveyanaSi ki mecnierebis, kulturis sferos
specialuri arxebic aqvs daTmobili. magaliTad, `kultura”, `meco”,
`histori~, D`disqaveri~ da sxva. marTalia, yvela maTgans ara aqvs didi
reitingi, magaliTad, arxi `kultura~ didi popularobiT ar
sargeblobs ruseTSi, razec wuxils gamoTqvamen telespecialistebi,
magram faqtia isic, rom es TviTon arxis specifikidan gamomdinareobs _
is masobriv auditoriaze arc aris orientirebuli, Aamitom es bunebriv
movlenad miiCneva da mis daxurvaze aravin fiqrobs.(`телерадиоэфир”, 2005)
rac Seexeba televiziis rekreaciul funqcias, igi adamianTa
garToba, dasvenebisTvis aris mowodebuli. igi erT-erTi maTgania,
romelic masobrivi informaciis sxva saSualebebs Soris yvelaze kargad
ergeba mcire ekrans. am saxis gadacemebis umravlesobas, SeiZleba,
marTlac araferi aqvs saerTo JurnalistikasTan (Tumca, aqac ar aris
gamoricxuli reportaJebSi, interviuSi da a.S. Jurnalisti
monawileobdes), magram is faqti, rom koncerti, kinofilmi speqtakli da
 37

sxva Jurnalistikis dargs ar ganekuTvneba, imas ar niSnavs, rom maT

Tavisi adgili ar hqondeT satelevizio programaSi.
televizia informaciis miwodebasTan erTad, Zalian efeqturi
saSualebaa masebze zemoqmedebisaTvis, sazogadoebrivi azris
Sesaqmnelad. igi yoveldRiurad da mizanmimarTulad eweva
sazogadoebaSi garkveuli politikuri, zneobrivi, sulieri da sxv.
Rirebulebebis danergvas. mis am saqmianobas ki samarTlianad SeiZleba
ewodos propagandistuli funqcia (televiziis zogierTi mkvlevari
calke gamohyofs televiziis organizatorul da integraciul funqcias,
romelic, Cveni azriT, swored propagandistul funqciaSi vlindeba),
vinaidan masmedia saerTod da, pirvel rigSi, televizia, did gavlenas
axdens sazogadoebriv azrze, maqsimalurad iyeneben mis SesaZleblobebs
da amisTvis Tanxebsac ar iSureben. mag. r. niqsons miaCnda, rom
propagandaSi Cadebuli erTi dolari ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre
SeiaraRebaSi Cadebuli aTobiT dolari, radgan igi amuSavebas maSinve
iwyebs. Aaqve gvinda aRvniSnoT, rom termini `propaganda~ srulebiT ar
aris moZvelebuli da savsebiT veTanxmebiT televiziis cnobil
mkvlevars r. boreckis, romelic mas naadrevad daviwyebul sityvas
uwodebs (wignSi “В бермудском треугольнике ТВ”). sxva sakiTxia, rom
propagandam dRes saxe icvala da igi Zalian gansxvavdeba Zvelisagan.
swored am faqts usvams xazs mecnieri g. poCepcovi da iSveliebs sxva
mecnierebis azrsac, kerZod is wers: ,,amerikeli profesori aleqs
edelsteini Tvlis, rom dadga axali propagandis xana, romelic
Zvelisagan mravali niSniT gansxvavdeba. moviyvanT mxolod maT nawils:
axal propagandasTan Sexeba SeuZlia yvelas, ZvelSi SezRuduli iyo
auditoria; axali propagandisTvis damaxasiaTebelia Setyobinebis
sirTule, romelic ganasxvavebs mas Zvelis simartivisagan; sxvadaxvaoba,
romliTac gansxvavdeba is Zvelis homogenurobisagan da a.S.” .
(Г.Г.Почепцов, 2000: 35).
sakiTxi _Aaxdens Tu ara masmedia auditoriaze zemoqmedebas _
mecnierTa kvlevis sagans Seadgens dResac. TanamedroveMmediakvlevas ki
saTave germaniaSi daedo gasuli saukunis 30-ian wlebSi. filosofosebis
 38

es jgufi, romelic dRes cnobilia frankfurtis skolis saxeliT,

acxadebda: `adamianebis socialuri dezintegracia aZlierebs maT
sisustes propagandis winaSe, propaganda ki moqmedebs kanqveSa doneze
da adamianTa gonebasa gulSi ise Seiwoveba, rogorc samedicino xsnari
Seisruteba sisxlSi”(“Медиа”, 2005: 336)
dRes adamianze televiziis aseT zemoqmedebaze saubari ukve
moZvelebulad iTvleba, magram am faqtis sruli uaryofac ar iqneba
swori. Kkvlevebi ki mimdinareobs mravalmxriv _ sxvadasxva saxis
gadacemebze rogor reagireben adamianebi, rogoria grZelvadiani
prognozebi da a. S. aseve am kvlevebis dros didi yuradReba eqceva
TviTon mayurebls _ asaks, socialur mdgomareobas, erovnul
warmomavlobas da sxv. (deflori, denisi, 2009).
faqti erTia, saqarTvelos televizia sazogadoebrivi azris
Seqmnis mZlavri saSualebaa dResac. amitom aris, rom xelisuflebis
warmomadgenlebi maqsimalurad cdiloben mis gakontrolebas (rogorc
`sazogadoebrivi televiziis~, ise ZiriTadi damoukidebeli
telekompaniebis). samauwyeblo mediis nakleb demokratiulobas
Tanamedrove periodSic adastureben sxvadasxva sazRvargareTuli
organizaciebic. `sazogadoebrivi mauwyeblisa” da `rusTavi-2”-is
SesaZleblobebis mobilizacia sazogadoebrivi azris Sesaqmnelad
gansakuTrebiT mJRavndeba arCevnebis periodSi. televiziis es Zala
kargad aqvs gaTviTcnobierebuli opoziciur partiebsac, amitom maT
moTxovnebs Soris erT-erTi televiziis demokratiuloba rCeba. sxvaTa
Soris, televiziebis arademokratiuloba TiTqmis yvela postsabWoTa
qveynis sindromi gaxda (ruseTi, belorusi, ukraina, somxeTi, Azerbaijani
da sxv.) sazogadoebrivi televizia ki, rogorc cnobilia, unda icavdes
ara xelisuflebis, aramed saxelmwifo da saerTo erovnul interesebs.
igi unda iTvaliswinebdes sazogadoebis yvela fenisa da socialuri
jgufis moTxovnebs.Aamitom aris, rom evropis Zalian bevr qveyanaSi
aRiareben sazogadoebrivi televiziis mTel rig upiratesobebs
komerciul televiziasTan SedarebiT.
 39

Tavi III
mxatvruli kino televiziaSi (gamoyenebis formebi da funqciebi)

1) kinofilmis demonstrireba (ukomentarod)

Cven ukve visaubreT kinosa da televiziaze cal-calke, SevexeT

televiziis specifikasac da aRvniSneT, rom televiziis erT-erTi Tviseba
_ ekranuloba_ kinosTvisac aris damaxasiaTebeli. rac Seexeba sxvebs _
yvelgan SeRwevadobas, uSualobas (rac mWidro kavSirSia
simultanobasTan) da programulobas, gvinda vTqvaT, rom is kinos ar
gaaCnia. ar unda gamogvrCes isic, rom sxvaoba aris aRqmis pirobebsa da
auditoriaSic, magram kinosa da televizias Soris mTavari sxvaoba, Cveni
azriT, mainc maT funqciebSi unda veZeboT _ televiziisaTvis mTavaria
Jurnalistikis funqciebis Sesruleba, kino ki xelovnebisTvis saWiro
moTxovnebs anxorcielebs, rac, pirvel rigSi, esTetikas ukavSirdeba.
`kino, rogorc xelovnebis saxeoba, masobriv cnobierebazea
gaTvaliswinebuli, im dros, roca televizia sazogadoebrivi azriskenaa
mimarTuli da aramarto asaxavs, aramed ayalibebs kidec mas~.
(`satelevizio Jurnalistika~, 1998: 38).
rac Seexeba sazogadoebriv azrs, arsebobs misi mravalnairi
ganmarteba. magaliTad erT-erTi maTganis mixedviT sazogadoebrivi azri
aris: `qveynis mosaxleobis, didi socialur-demografiuli jgufebis
damokidebuleba sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis problemebisadmi, gamoxatuli
msjelobebSi, SefasebebSi, emociebSi, ganwyobebsa da sxv~... (socialur da
politikur terminTa leqsikoni-cnobari 2004 : 253). am sakiTxis mkvlevari
patrik Sampani amitomac aRniSnavs, rom advilic aris da amave dros
Znelia gaanalizeba imisa, Tu ra aris sazogadoebrivi azri (`Делать
мнение: новая ролитическая игра” 1997), magram mniSvnelovania is, rom igi
`sazogadoebriv azrs~ akavSirebs ideologiuri brZolis manqanasTan.
amis Semdeg ukve SeiZleba visaubroT imaze, Tu ra xdeba maSin, roca
kinoxelovneba televiziis meqanizmSi xvdeba. kerZod, Cven vfiqrobT, rom
zogierTi filmi teleekranze, garkveulwilad hkargavs Tavis esTetikur
 40

Rirebulebas, magram aq samagierod, xSirad izrdeba kinosuraTis

ideologiuri datvirTva da metic, televiziaSi is sxvadasxva
funqciasTan (pirvel rigSi, kulturul-saganmanaTleblo) erTad, sakmaod
efeqturad gamoiyeneba propagandistuli funqciis Sesasruleblad, rac
xSirad sazogadoebrivi azris Seqnas isaxavs miznad. Aamas ki
ganapirobebs: simultanoba, rac garkveulwilad filmis
demonstrirebazec vrceldeba; rubrikebis (igulisxmeba rubrika-
saTauric), ciklebis, seriebis, serialebis arseboba; kinofragmentebis
gamoyeneba sxvadasxva gadacemebSi da wamyvanis monawileoba.
televiziis swored am specifikuri Tvisebebidan gamomdinare
ganvixiloT mxatvruli filmis gamoyenebis TiToeuli es forma
qarTuli telemauwyeblobis or arxze _`sazogadoebrivi mauwyeblis” I
arxsa da `rusTavi-2~-ze.
didi ekranisTvis gaTvaliswinebuli filmis televiziaSi Cvenebis
dros, marTlac SesaZlebelia, garkveulwilad daikargos misi
esTetikuri mxare.MmagaliTad, ferebze, Suq-Crdilebze Zalian did
aqcents akeTebdnen iseTi cnobili reJisorebi, rogorebic arian
miqelanjelo Aantonioni, federiko felini, lukino viskonti da sxva.
amitom televiziaSi mxatvruli filmis Cvenebis dros misi mxatvruli
mxaris danakargebze aqtiurad alaparakdnen gasuli saukunis 60-70
wlebSi es didi reJisorebi. magaliTad, federiko felinis azriT,
televizia garkveul problemebs uqmnis maT, vinc gamoxatvis
saSualebad gamosaxulebas miiCnevs. kerZod, is werda: `CemTvis kino _ es
uwinares yovlisa, gamosaxulebaa. amasTanave ZiriTadi gamomsaxvelobiTi
saSualebaa _ Suqi. Mme vimeoreb mravaljer: CemTvis Suqi modis
siuJetze adre, rolisTvis SerCeul msaxiobebze adre. Suqi, es
yvelaferia: es azria, grZnobaa, stilia, adekvaciaa... televiziaSi
operacia SuqiT (CemTvis ZiriTadi) ar aris mTavari, radgan iq ar aris
SesaZlebloba saxeebis da obieqtebis mxatvruli, Ffsiqologiuri
mniSvnelobiT ganaTebisa” (40 мнений о телевидении 1978: 148). satelevizio
ekranze, garda imisa, rom Suq-Crdilebis aRqma Zneldeba, gamosaxulebis
ferTa gradaciebic bevrad naklebia, vidre kinoSi Dda arc Tu
 41

umniSvneloa is faqtic, rom teleekranze xazi esmeva, yuradReba

maxvildeba imaze, rac wina planze xdeba, danarCeni aq TiTqmis
miuwvdomeli xdeba mayureblisTvis. amitom aris, rom bevrma reJisorma,
undoda Tu ara mas es (imitom, rom realobas Tvals usworebda da
xedavda, rom teleekrani sul ufro da ufro met konkurencias uwevda
kinoekrans), kinofilmebis gadaReba daiwyes swored teleekranis
TaviseburebaTa gaTvaliswinebiT. magaliTad, eJi kavaleroviCi ambobda,
rom SeuZlebelia kinoSi muSaoba da televiziis ignorirebao.
didi dava midioda aseve teleekranze filmis masobrivi scenebis
Taobaze. cnobilia, rom rene kleri uaryofda televiziaSi masobrivi
scenis efeqtis dakargvas. kerZod, is weda: `televizia TiTqos
ZlivsZlivobiT itans masobriv scenebs da msxvili xedi TiTqos misi
specifikis mniSvnelovan atributs warmoadgens. sxva sityvebiT rom
vTqvaT, televizias SeuZlia kargad daafiqsiros firze dominos partia
da ara fexburTis matCi. Yyovel kviras gvimtkiceben sawinaaRmdegos‟‟.
(40мнений о телевидении 1978: 141). cxadia, es asea, magram roca saqme exeba
kinofilms, faqtia, rom did ekranze masobrivi scenis efeqti sul sxvaa_
igi ufro met STabeWdilebas axdens mayurebelze, vidre televiziiT
nanaxi igive filmi. sxva sakiTxia, rom masobrivi scena televiziaSic
kargad muSaobs, Tu is swored misTvis aris gadaRebuli (satelevizio
filmi) da ara didi ekranisTvis.
amitom ver daveTanmebiT im adamianTa mosazrebas, romlebic
amboben, rom kinofilmi satelevizio ekranze ar kargavs aranair
mxatvrul Rirebulebas. (magaliTad, kino da tele specialisti vs.
vilCeki amtkicebda, rom filmi filmad rCeba), magram arc meore
ukiduresobaSi gadavardna _ filmis televiziiT Cvenebis informaciis
doneze dayvana _ gvgonia swori (rogorc televiziis erT-erTi pirveli
mkvlevari vl. sapaki miiCnevda).
mokled, Cveni mosazreba am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT SeiZleba
Camoyalibdes ase: kinos, miT umetes, maRalmxatruli donis filmis naxva,
cxadia, kinoTeatris ekranebze jobia da zogierTi filmi televiziaSi
Cvenebisas garkveulwilad marTlac kargavs Tavis mxatvrul
 42

Rirebulebas, magram es danaklisi, jer erTi, arc Tu Zalian didia da

meorec, TviT reJisorebi cdiloben, filmebi ise gadaiRon, rom misi
televiziiT Cvenebisas minimaluri danakargebi iyos. da mainc, Tu mcire
ekranze, Tundac umniSvnelod, filmis mxatvruli mxare zaraldeba,
samagierod, mcire ekranze moxvedrili filmi xSirad ufro met
Sinaarsobriv datvirTvas iZens.
Tavdapirvelad saqarTvelos televizia ZiriTadad xelovnebis
nimuSTa da, cxadia, pirvel rigSi, kinofilmebis translaciis
saSualebas warmoadgenda. rogorc televiziis mkvlevari n. leoniZe
ambobs: `miuxedavad garkveuli winapirobebisa, televiziis pirveli
nabijebi metad mZime iyo. gvqonda mxolod sadiqtoro-samaketo studia,
sadac erTaderTi uZravi kamera idga. aseT pirobebSi telestudia
iZulebuli iyo dasjereboda diqtoris mier programis gamocxadebasa da
kinofilmebis Cvenebas, xolo seriozuli SemoqmedebiTi muSaobis gaSla
ar xerxdeboda”. (n. leoniZe, 2002: 383)
pirveli filmi, romelic saqarTvelos televiziiT aCvenes, iyo
`abezara~ (televiziis gaxsnis dRes gadacemis erT-erTi monawile iyo am
filmis mTavari rolis Semsrulebeli leila abaSiZe). am dRidan
moyolebuli kinofilmebis demonstrireba aucilebel movlenad iqca
televiziaSi. aCvenebdnen rogorc Zvel, ise axal filmebs (kinofilmis
gamosvlidan sul ramdenime kviraSi), rac kinogaqiravebis muSakebTan
mudmivi konfliqtis mizezi iyo.
im periodis teleprogramebis Seswavla (saarqivo masalis gacnoba
_ fondi 1978, aRwera I) iZleva Semdegi daskvnis gakeTebis saSualebas –
kinorepertuari ZiriTadad qarTuli da rusuli kinematografidan iyo.
Tumca, socialisturi qveynebis kinosuraTebis Cvenebac ar warmoadgenda
Zalian did iSviaTobas, rasac ver vityviT kapitalisturi qveynebis
kinoxelovnebaze da amas, cxadia, hqonda Tavisi mizezebi. kinoredaqcia ki
kinosuraTebis Cvenebisa da Tavisi ZiriTadi funqciis (kulturul-
saganmanaTleblo funqcia) garda, Zalian male sabWoTa ideologiis
propagandistadac mogvevlina.
Kkinofilmis televiziaSi Cveneba ukve mniSnelovani faqtia misi
reJisorisa da saerTod SemoqmedebiTi koleqtivisaTvis, radgan vercerTi
 43

kinoTeatri (Tundac yvela erTad aRebuli) ver uzrunvelyofs

auditoriis aseT raodenobas.
is faqti, rom filmma garkveul momentSi SeiZleba damatebiTi
ideologiuri datvirTva miiRos, cxadia, ar niSnavs imas, rom
televiziiT gasul yvela kinofilmSi raRacis propaganda veZeboT.
Mmagram faqtia isic, rom filmi teleekranze yovelgvari komentaris
gareSec, arc Tu iSviaTad, mayureblis mxridan TanamedroveobasTan
mimarTebaSi ganixileba. pirdapiri gadacemebis efeqts xSirad
kinofilmebic inarCuneben: `mTeli programa erTdroulad da
paralelurad Tan mihyveba telemayureblis cxovrebis mimdinareobas.
magaliTad, diqtori, romelic pirdapir eTerSi, realur droSi imyofeba,
acxadebs mxatvrul filmis Cvenebas da mayurebeli misdauneburad
aqtualurad aRiqvams am, SesaZloa, Zvel films, ukavSirebs mas Taname-
drove realobas da iseT paralelebs poulobs, razec filmis
Semqmnelebs varaudic ki ar SeeZloT‟‟. (satelevizio Jurnalistika, 1998:
41). magaliTad, 1989 wlis 9 aprilis tragediis dReebSi saqarTvelos
televiziis pervel arxze aCvenes filmi `gandi‟‟ (igi brZolis
mSvidobian meTodebs qadagebs), romelic maSin mayurebelma aRiqva
rogorc saqarTveloSi datrialebuli saSinebuli ambis gamoZaxili. A
aseve, samaCabloSi daZabuli situaciis dros (1990weli) mimdinare
procesebis eqod aRiqmeboda daTo janeliZis filmi `mdgmurebi‟‟ (igi
miunxenSi priziT dajildovda). es kinosuraTi inteleqtualur filmTa
kategorias ganekuTvneba. televiziiT Cvenebisas ki im periodSi filmis
alegoria TiTqos gamJRavnda da dakonkretda (igi mogviTxrobs imis
Sesaxeb, Tu rogor aviwroebdnen saxlis patrons is adamianebi,
romlebic masTan dasaxlnen. Mmetic, misTvis bolos am saxlSi adgili
ar rCeba), ramac farTo auditoriis yuradReba miipyro.
afxazeTis omis dros televiziaSi didi adgili daeTmo im qarTul
filmebs, romlebSic Cveni qveynis istoriaSi momxdari gmiruli warsuli
cocxldeboda da gansakuTrebiT aqcenti keTdeboda imaze, rom axla
yvelaze mTavaria eris gaerTianeba saerTo mtris winaaRmdeg, radgan
daqsasulobasa da urTierT SuRls saqarTvelos istoriaSi kargi
araferi moutania. afxazeTSi mimdinare omis dros saqarTvelos
 44

televizia sabrZolo ganwyobis gaZlierebas cdilobda iseTi

kinofilmebis demonstrirebiT, rogoricaa `xevisberi goCa‟‟, `giorgi
saakaZe”, `baSi-aCuki”, `maia wyneTeli~ da sxv.
1998 wels, galis ambebis dros (roca afxazeTis teritoriaze
xelaxali tragedia datrialda) patriotul Temaze Seqmnili filmebis
(ZiriTadad qarTuli) siuxve, cxadia, SeTxveviTi movlena ar iyo. swored
am faqts gulisxmobda, albaT, im periodSi erT-erTi parlamentari, roca
aRniSnavda, rom marto televiziiT patriotuli filmebis: `maia
wyneTelis~, `giorgi saakaZis~, `baSi-aCukis~ da amerikuli `mamaci gulis~
CvenebiT saqmes ver vuSveliTo.
sainteresod migvaCnia imis garkveva, Tu rogor iqna gamoyenebuli
kinos SesaZleblobebi `sazogadoebrivi mauwyeblisa” da `rusTavi-2~-is
mier 2008 wlis agvistos omis dros Dda rogor axdendnen misi meSveobiT
masobriv cnobierebaze zemoqmedebas.
agvistos `cxel~ dReebSi saqarTvelos televiziis gadacemebi,
ZiriTadad sainformacio gamoSvebebisa da kinofilmebisgan Sedgeboda.
aCvenebdnen rogorc mxatvrul, ise dokumentur filmebs.
kinorepertuaric TiTqmis igive iyo, rac 90-iani wlebis omebis dros,
garda ramdenime ucxouri filmisa. teleekranebze kvlav gamoCnda isev is
qarTuli filmebi: `giorgi saakaZe”, `baSi-aCuki”, `xevisberi goCa”, `maia
wyneTeli~ da sxv. amis mizezi ki is aris, rom bolo wlebSi am Temaze
bevri araferi gadauRiaT saqarTveloSi da rac gamovida, isinic am
filmebze meti patriotuli muxtis matareblebi namdvilad ar aris.
marTlac, Zvel qarTul filmebSi asaxuli Tavganwiruli brZolebi
misabaZ magaliTad rCeba qarTvelebisTvis, magram, mainc vfiqrobT, rom
filmebis Cvenebis drosac zomierebis dacvaa saWiro, radgan rogorc
fsiqologebi amboben, yvelaferi gadametebuli ukureaqcias iwvevs da mas
bumerangis princips uwodeben.
vinaidan TiToeul am kinofilmSi asaxuli ambavi Zalian kargad aris
cnobili yvela CvenganisTvis, amitom maTi Sinaarsis moyolas ar
SevudgebiT da yuradRebas SevaCerebT im or sazRvargareTul filmze,
romlebic am dReebSi TiTqmis yvela qarTul telearxze gadioda (maT
Soris, cxadia, sazogadoebrivi mauwyeblis `I arxsa” da `rusTavi-2”-ze.
 45

esenia: `mamaci guli~ (reJ. mel gibsoni) da `gladiatori” (reJ. ridli

skoti). cxadia, es kinosuraTebic garkveuli principiT iyo SerCeuli.
garda imisa, rom orive maTgani maRal kinematografiul donezea
Sesrulebuli, ris gamoc mayurebels did esTetikur siamovnebas aniWebs
(orive films amerikuli kinoakademiis umaRlesi jildo – `oskari~ aqvs
miRebuli ramdenime nominaciaSi), maTi ideologiac Zalian misaRebi
aRmoCnda samaCabloSi mimdinare omis dros. `mamaci guli~ asaxavs
Sotlandieli xalxis mravalwlian Tavdadebul brZolas
damoukideblobisaTvis, romelsac filmis mTavari gmiri ewireba (mas
TviTon mel gibsoni ansaxierebs), magram es sikvdilic gansakuTrebuli
da amaRlebulia. damoukideblobisaTvis mebrZoli raindis bolo
amoZaxili, ufro sworad, xmis Cawyvetamde yvirili xom swored sityva
`damoukideblobaa~ (Freedom).
`gladiatorSi~ ki, sadac moqmedeba mimdinareobs Zveli romis
imperiaSi, mTavari gmiri (mas rasel qrou asrulebs) gvevlineba mebrZol,
gulgautexel adamianad, romelic beds ar emorCileba da Tavis mters
bolomde ebrZvis. marTalia, is am brZolas TviTonac ewireba, magram misi
Tavganwirva uazroba namdvilad ar yofila _ swored sabrZolo arenaze
gamoaCina man keisris namdvili saxe.
mxatvrul filmebTan erTad qarTvel xalxSi protestis da saerTod
patriotuli grZnobis amaRlebas isaxavda miznad am momentisTvis
sagangebod SerCeuli dokumenturi filmebic. gansakuTrebiT gamovyofdiT
or maTgans, radgan maTSi gamoaSkaravebulia ruseTis imperiis namdvili
saxe. Ppirveli _ andrei nekrasovis `litvinenkos saqme~ exeba ara marto
litvinenkos mowamlvisa da ana politkovskaias mkvlelobis ambebs,
aramed ruseTis yofili prezidentis – vl. putinis – biografiis Sav-
bnel mxareebsac. masSi aseve naCvenebia is, Tu rogor eweodnen rusebi
CeCneTis omis provocirebas. amisaTvis isini arafers eridebodnen da
teraqtebiTa da sxvadasxva qmedebebiT sakuTar xalxsac wiravdnen. am
dokumenturi kinosuraTiT gasagebi xdeba is, rom ruseTi arasodes
Seegueba imperiis daSlas da yvelas vinc Tavisuflebaze da
damoukideblobaze ifiqrebs, sastikad gauswordebian. aRsaniSnavia is
 46

faqtic, rom es filmi `rusTavi 2~-is eTerSi omis dawyebis pirvelive

dResve gauSves, riTac aqcenti keTdeboda imaze, Tu ra sastik mterTan
gvqonda saqme.
Zalian mniSvnelovani da drouli iyo, Cveni azriT, agvistos omis
pirvelive dReebSive edvin Snoris 2008 wels gadaRebuli dokumenturi
filmis_`sabWoTa ambavi”_ demonstrireba (igi pirvelad `sazogadoebrivma
mauwyebelma” aCvena). filmis dasawyisSive kadrsgareT teqsti gveubneba,
rom, roca xelisuflebaSi komunistebi modian, ara aqvs mniSvneloba,
ruseTi iqneba es, kuba, nikaragua, Tu CineTi, isini mosvlisTanave
anadgureben sazogadoebis saukeTeso nawilis 10%-s. am filmSi ZiriTadi
adgili mainc eTmoba imis aRweras, Tu rogor daxoca sabWoTa
xelisuflebam SimSiliT 30-ian wlebSi milionobiT ukraineli, radgan
xmebi misdiodaT, rom am respublikaSi maTTvis arasasiamovno procesebi
mimdinareobda. rogorc filmidan irkveva, xalxis masiuri amowyvetis
gegma TviTon stalinis mier yofila SemuSavebuli – kerZod, piradad
misi brZanebiT moxda ukrainis soflebSi mTeli produqtis likvidacia.
metic, glexebs, romlebsac produqti waarTves, sxvagan wasvla,
produqtis mopoveba, yidva, an gacvla ekrZalebodaT. vinaidan en-ka-ve-de-s
warmomadgenlebs mkvdrebis CabarebaSi 200 gram purs aZlevdnen, isini
Zalian bevr adamians cocxladac marxavdnen.
`sabWoTa ambavis~ mTavari saTqmeli ki, Cveni azriT, mainc is aris,
rom sabWoTa socializmi da nacizmi erTi da igivea. hitleris nacional-
socializmis mSromelTa partia socializmis ganStoebas warmoadgenda.
gansxvaveba am or ideologias Soris Zalian mcirea – orivem milionobiT
mokluli adamiani datova.
rogorc vnaxeT, ara marto dokumenturi filmebiT, aramed saWiro
dros mxatvruli filmebis demonstrirebiTac saqarTvelos yvela
satelevizio arxi da, pirvel rigSi, `sazogadoebrivi mauwyebeli~ da
“rusTavi-2” patriotuli suliskveTebis gaZlierebas cdilobda.
konkretul situaciaSi Sesaferisi filmebis demonstrireba uCveulo ar
aris sxva qveynebisTvisac. magaliTad, ruseTSi elcinis xelisuflebaSi
mosvlis wina dReebSi damoukidebeli telekompania НТВ intensiurad
 47

aCvenebda komunisturi sistemis makompromentirebel filmebs, romelic

damTavrda nikita mixalkovis `mziT gaTangulnis~ CvenebiT. SemTxveviT
ar momxdara isic, rom 2010 wlis aprilSi, rodesac smolenskSi
katastrofa ganicada poloneTis TviTmfrinavma da daiRupnen am qveynis
xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi da maT Soris poloneTis prezidenti
lex kaCinski, ruseTis televiziebSi (vl. Pputinis smolenskSi
Casvlamde) aCvenes anjei vaidas filmi `katini~ da es, cxadia, iyo
sabWoTa Een-ka- ve-des danaSaulis aRiareba (swored amas exeba filmi),
rac ruseTis mxridan diplomatiur nabijad aRiqmeboda.
saerTod, televiziiT konkretul TariRebTan dakavSirebiT
Sesaferisi filmis Cveneba Zalian bunebrivia. magaliTad, sabWoTa
periodSi saqarTvelos televiziaSi 7 noembers (oqtombris revoluciis
gamarjvebis dRes), 9 maiss (meore msoflio omis damTavrebis dRes)
mravlad gadioda am DdReebisadmi miZRvnili filmebi. gansakuTrebiT
xSirad aCvenebdnen magaliTad, `jariskacis mamas~ da `Rimilis biWebs”.
sxvaTa Soris, ruseTis televiziac 9 maiss TiTqmis yovelTvis swored
`jariskacis mamas” aCvenebda. Aam Tematikis filmebi ruseTs bevri aqvs da
amitom, bunebrivia, Tavis produqciasac intensiurad iyenebdnen.
gansakuTrebiT xSirad uSvebdnen (da Tanamedrove periodSic ase
grZeldeba) g. Cuxrais “Баллада о солдате” da g. kalatozovis “Летят журавли”s
amiT, cxadia, xdeba sazogadoebriv azrzze zemoqmedeba _ mayurebels
Seaxseneben gmirul warsuls, riTac patriotuli qmedebebis propaganda
xdeba. swored amitom vfiqrobT, rom, albaT, sworia s. Kkapica (cnobili
mecnieri da telewamyvani), roca ambobs: “sazogadoebrivi azris
formirebis TvalsazrisiT, kinos gamravlebuls teleekranebze
konkurenti ar hyavs.” (Журналист, 1974 #10:36).
aqve isic unda aRiniSnos, rom gansakuTrebul dReebSi Sesaferisi
filmis Cveneba TiTqmis yvela qveynis televiziebSi xdeba. magaliTad,
damoukideblobis dRes amerikaSic uSveben patriotul filmebs. erT-erTi
maTgania `damoukideblobis dRe~ uil smitis monawileobiT.
televiziaSi filmis demonstrirebis sakiTxi daviwyeT imiT, rom
saqarTvelos televiziaSi Tavdapirvelad aCvenebdnen qarTul da rusul
 48

filmebs, rasac SigadaSig sxva sabWoTa respublikebis da socialisturi

qveynebis kinoxelovnebac emateboda. kapitalisturi qveynebis
kinoproduqcia ki ZiriTadad maTsave gasakicxad gamoiyeneboda. dRes ra
kinorepertuars sTavazobs qarTvel telemayurebels Cvens mier
ganxiluli televiziebi? Mmoxda meore ukiduresobaSi gadavardna da
orive telekompaniam _ “sazogadoebrivi mauwyeblis~ I arxma da `rusTavi-
2-ma” didi adgili dauTmo sxvadasxva qveynis filmebs (gansakuTrebiT
bevria amerikuli produqcia), iseTebsac, romlebic ar gamoirCevian
maRali ideur-mxatvruli doniT _ trilerebi, melodramebi da a.S.
arafers vambobT aseve sxvadasxva qveynis, gansakuTrebiT laTino-
amerikuli teleserialebis siuxveze (radgan maT Sesaxeb calke TavSi
visaubrebT). rusuli kinematografi ki saerTod gaqra teleekranebidan,
gansakuTrebiT 2008 wlidan (roca ruseT-saqarTvelos omis Semdegad
moxda qarTuli teritoriebis okupacia).
rac Seexeba dadebiT movlenas, es aris is, rom bolo 5 wlis
ganmavlobaSi am telekompaniebma garkveuli adgili dauTmes qarTul
kinematografsac _ SabaT-kviras mayurebels saSualeba aqvs naxos
qarTuli filmebi, maT Soris didi nawili erovnuli kinematografis
klasikas ganekuTvneba, rac gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania
axalgazrdebisTvis. Aam mxriv qarTul telesivrceSi did saqmes akeTebs
sapatriarqos televizia `erTsulovneba~, romelic yoveldRiurad
uSvebs qarTul filmebs.
sakuTari filmebis popularizacias (an SeiZleba vTqvaT
propagandasac) emsaxureba bevr qveyanaSi specialuri arxebi. aseTia
magaliTad, ruseTis НТВ+ is `Наше кино”, rac Seexeba arxs _ “Культура”, is
orientirebulia msoflio kulturisa da xelovnebis nimuSebze, magram,
Bbunebrivia, gansakuTrebul aqcents akeTebs rusul xelovnebaze da maT
Soris kinoxelovnebis saukeTeso nimuSebze.
igive SeiZleba iTqvas magaliTad, amerikis SeerTebul Statebze _aq
arxiT AMC mxolod amerikuli kinofilmebis demonstrireba xdeba. rac
Seexeba TCM-s (Turner Classic Movies), igi orientirebulia klasikaze _
 49

ZiriTadad Sav-TeTr filmebs uSveben da aqcenti aqac amerikul

kinoxelovnebaze keTdeba.
rogorc aRvniSneT, Cvens telesivrceSi ufro meti adgili eTmoba
sazRvargareTul kinematografs, magram gvinda yuradReba gavamaxviloT
im faqtzec, rac, Cveni azriT, Zalian uSlis xels am filmebis aRqmas _
sazRvargareTuli kinofilmebis demonstrireba subtitrebiT Cveulebriv
movlenad iqca (es stili gansakuTrebiT damkvidrda 2010wlidan), rac,
vfiqrobT, gaumarTlebelia imitom, rom kinoxelovnebisTvis vizualuri
mxare Zalian mniSvnelovania, (televiziaze metadac). Fferebis, Suq-
Crdilebis, montaJis da sxv. gareSe kinoxelovneba araferia (Cvenc,
Ppirvel rigSi, swored amitom gavamaxvileT yuradReba im danakargebze,
rac teleekranze SeiZleba moxdes). is mayureblis dakvirvebul Tvals
iTxovs, rasac ver moaxerxebs adamiani, romelic Sinaarsis gasagebad
titris swrafi kiTxviT aris dakavebuli.
gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom filmis naxva kinoTeatrsa da
saxlSi gansxvavebulia. Tu kinodarbazSi mjdomi adamianebi garemo
situacias wydebian da srulad eflobian filmSi mimdinare movlenebSi
(amitom aRizianebs mas odnavi xmauri Tu Suqi), teleekranze kinofilms
adamianebi uyureben Cveulebrivi saxlis situaciaSi _ erTmaneTs azrebs
uziareben, zogjer raRac saqmesac akeTeben (erT-erTi mizezi, ris gamoc
teleserialebs didi auditoria hyavs). Kkinomayureblisgan gansxvavebiT
(romelic ase iolad ar datovebs darbazs), telemayurebeli, Tu mas
raRac ar moewona, advilad gadarTavs sxva arxze. titriani filmis
yurebas (an iqneb kiTxvas), adamianma namdvilad SeiZleba arCios sxva
gadacemis naxva.
cxadia, is faqti, rom telviziaSi filmis ideologiuri mxare
garkveul momentSi SeiZleba gaizardos (Tundac am movlenasTan
pirdapiri kavSiri ar hqondes), ar niSnavs imas, rom is sxva funqciebs
(esTetikuri, SemecnebiTi, gasarTobi da sxv) ar asrulebs. xSirad es
funqciebi kombinirebuladac gvxvdeba da isini erTmaneTs mSvenivrad
iTavseben.
 50

2) kinorubrikebi
a) seriebi, ciklebi

satelevizio programa saerTod da maT Soris kinogadacemebi, garda

calkeuli gadacemebisa, Sedgeba rubrikebis, ciklebis, seriebisa da
serialebisagan. isini programis blokebis struqturis safuZvels
warmoadgenen. Yyoveli maTgani asrulebs Tavis daniSnulebas da isini
erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdebian.
Ppirvel rigSi unda aRiniSnos is, rom Tu rubrikas ar gaaCnia
mudmivi dro da adgili, maSin is kargavs im funqcias, risTvisac aris
mowodebuli. Mmayurebeli am SemTxvevaSi ver axerxebs mis mudmiv
Tvalyurisdevnas da mas SeiZleba gadacemidan gadacemaSi ganviTarebuli
Tema gamorCes, es gansakuTrebiT mosalodnelia mravalprogramianobis
pirobebSi.
arsebobs gagrZelebiani gadacemebis sxvadasxva formebi. Eesenia:
cikli (gadacemaTa erToblioba, romlebsac saerTo Tema aerTianebT),
seria (maT aerTianebT ara marto Tema, aramed Janri, MmTavari
personaJebi, an wamyvanebi) da seriali (masSi gaerTianebul gadacemebs,
filmebs, gmirebis garda, siuJetic akavSirebs). rac Seexeba rubrikas,
is ufro farTo kategoriaa da igi SeiZleba moicavdes yvela maTgans.
axla mokled gvinda SevexoT saqarTvelos televiziis
kinorubikebis istorias. kerZod, saqarTvelos televiziis daarsebis
pirvelive wlebSi sabWoTa qveynisa da saerTod socialisturi sistemis
upiratesobis propagandas emsaxureboda specialuri rubrikebi: `moZme
respublikebis kinoxelovneba”, `moZme socialistuli qveynebis
kinoxelovneba”. xolo rubrikebi `Cveni nacnobi msaxiobebi”, `kino da
kompozitori~ da sxv. ZiriTadad rusi kinematografistebis Semoqmedebas
exeboda.
`ufrosi Zmisadmi~ siyvarulisa da mowiwebis grZoba kinogadacemebs
arc Semdgom periodSi ganelebia, amis dasturia 1982 wels
`RirSesaniSnavi” movlenisadmi miZRvnili cikluri rubrika `ssrk-s
Seqmnis 60 da saqarTvelos ruseTTan SeerTebis 200 wlisTavi”, romelSic
gaerTianda mravali gadacema, magaliTad, `len.Ffilmis dReebi
 51

saqarTveloSi~, `qarTveli msaxiobebi moZme respublikebis

kinostudiebSi”, `daZmobilebisa da megobrobis ekrani” da sxv. 1983 wels
ki rubrikiT `saqarTvelos ruseTTan SeerTebis 200 wlisTavi”
agrZelebdnen Tavis misias gadacemebiT `filmis gadaRebis win
_`bagrationi~ (1983wlis 2 Tebervali); `preskonferencia _ ~wigni ficisa”
(1983 wlis 11 seqtemberi); cxadia, am filmis demonstrirebac amave
rubrikiT moxda (1983 wlis 15 seqtemberi); `Zmobis ekrani~ (1983 wlis 22
oqtomberi) da sxv. samarTlianoba moiTxovs aRvniSnoT is faqtic, rom es
rubrika zogjer formalur xasiaTs atarebda. magaliTad, rubrikam
`ambavi namdvili adamianebisa” (gadacemis wamyvani da avtori gogi
gvaxaria iyo) mas xarki gadauxada iseTi filmebiTac, romlebsac araferi
aqvs saerTo am TemasTan (garda imisa, rom isini rusul kinematografs
ganekuTvnebian). magaliTad, ilia averbaxis kinosuraTi `sxvisi werilebi”
(1983 wlis 2 oqtomberi) exeba adamianTa urTierTobebs _ gogonas,
romelic dakavebulia sxvebis gansjiT da amitomac yvelasTan
konfliqti aqvs, Seifarebs maswavlebeli, magram moswavle mis pirad
cxovrebaSic ereva da am pirovnebis werilebis kiTxvasac ar Takilobs.
Uunda iTqvas, rom sabWoTa periodSi aseT sakiTxebze filmebis gadaRebas
eridebodnen da is iSviaT gamonakliss warmoadgenda.
80-iani wlebis meore naxevridan nel-nela, magram mainc daetyo
saqarTvelos televizias demokratizaciis procesi, rac adre arsebuli
faqtebisa da movlenebisadmi axlebur midgomaSi gamoixateboda. Ees ki
TavisTavad sabWoTa ideologiis Seryevas niSnavda.
pirveli, romliTac gamoexmaura kinoredaqcia qveyanaSi momxdar
cvlilebebs, iyo rubrika `qarTuli kino _ siaxleni, problemebi” (1986
wlis dekemberi).Aam gadacemiT qarTul kinematografSi mimdinare
movlenebze meti analizis saSualeba Seiqmna. erT-erTi maTgani sabavSvo
kinematografis sakiTxebs exeboda, meoreSi saubari iyo istoriuli kinos
Sesaxeb, mesame ki kinogaqirevebaSi arsebul problemebs mieZRvna. am
periodis progresul movlenad migvaCnia ciklis `xelovani da dro~
daarseba. masSi mowveuli cnobili adaminebi saubrobdnen kinematografis
iseT sakiTxebze, romelic ukavSirdeboda zogadsakacobrio problemebs
saqarTveloSi, saerTod sabWoTa kavSirSi mimdinare socialur-
 52

politikur procesebs. wingadadgmuli nabiji iyo `droTa ekranis~

Seqmnac (pirveli gadacema gavida 1987 wlis 16 maiss). Ees gadacema miznad
isaxavda diskusias filmis garSemo. masSi monawileobdnen ara marto
kinomcodneebi, aramed sazogadoebrivi wreebi. Aaq warmodgenili filmebi
(`anemia”, `ei, maestro”, `safexurebi~ da sxv.) Tanamedrove problemebs
ukavSirdeboda, amitomac saintereso iyo mayureblis azri maT Sesaxeb.
gardaqmnis wlebSi Seqmnil axal rubrikaTa ricxvs ganekuTvneba
`axalgazrduli qarTuli kinoc~, romelic popularizacias uwevda
axalbeda kinematografistTa Semoqmedebas da, rac yvelaze mTavaria,
masSi ikveTeboda axalgazrda Taobis axleburi midgoma, ara marto
kinoxelovnebis, aramed mTeli rigi sakiTxebisadmi, romelze saubarsac
adre gaurbodnen.
1988 wels eTerSi gavida rubrika `video-video~ frensis-ford
kopolas cnobili filmis `naTlimamis~ wardgeniT. am rubrikiT
mayurebels saSualeba mieca exila iseTi sazRvargareTuli filmebi,
romelTa Sesaxeb adre yurmokvriT Tu smenia. pirvel xanebSi es rubrika
maRali mxatvruli Rirebulebis filmebs uTmobda adgils, magram,
samwuxarod, es tendencia male dakarga.
1989 wlidan saxeli Seicvala Zvelma rubrikam `ambavi namdvili
adamianebisa~ da mas `filmis Suq-Crdili~ ewoda. amiT saubris Tema
ufro gafarTovda, Tanac, ukve SesaZlebeli gaxda im sakiTxebze
msjeloba, romelsac adre gakvriTac ar exebodnen, magaliTad,
socialisturi revoluciis kritika, dezertiroba, ebraelebis problema
da sxv. masSi akrZaluli filmebidan uCvenes a. germanis `oci dRe omis
gareSe~, `Cemi megobari ivane lafSini~, a. askoldovis `komisari~ da sxv.
xolo e.w. naxevradakrZaluli filmebidan irakli kvirikaZis `qalaqi
anara~ da `mocurave~ es ukanaskneli telemayurebels ukve nanaxi hqonda,
magram igi cenzuris mier sasatikad iyo daCexili da axla misi sruli
varianti sul sxvanairad aRiqmeboda.
cvlilebebi ganicada Zvelma rubrikamac _ `kinosamyaro”. Nnel-nela
SesaZlebeli gaxda ufro farTod da gabedulad esaubraT im sakiTxebze,
razec adre sdumdnen (kinocenzuraze, kinogaqiravebSi arsebul
problemebze da sxv.).
 53

e.w. `perestroikis~ droidan rubrika `iluzionsac~ meti

Tavisufleba mieca, rogorc filmebis SerCevis, ise maTi analizis
TvalsazrisiT. Dda kidev erTi _ igi ukve aRar gamoiyeneboda religiuri
dResaswaulebis dros xalxis saxlSi `dabmis” saSualebad (adre mas am
mizniT siamovnebiT uTmobdnen eTers im dros, romelic samauwyeblo
badiT ar iyo gansazRvruli). Mmetic, masSi didi adgili daikava swored
am Temisadmi miZRvnilma kinosuraTebma, rac sayovelTao aTeizmidan
religiurobis, eklesiurobisaken mobrunebis mimaniSneblad migvaCnia.
Tumca, aqve gvinda aRvniSnoT, rom `iluzioni” da TviT demokratiis erT-
erTi nayofi _ `video-video” politikuri aqciebis (mitingebis,
demonstraciebis da sxv.) `aRsakveTad~ isev aqtiurad gamoiyeneboda.
Tavidanve aRvniSneT,A rom Cveni dakvirvebis periodi 1996 wels
daiwyo. am droisaTvis ki saqarTvelos televiziis `pirveli arxis”
SemoqmedebiTi garTianeba `iluzioni” calkeuli gadacemebis garda,
amzadebda rubrikebs `sarkmeli~ “mravalsaxeoba” (adre mas
`mravalsaxeoba ekranisa” erqva), `iluzioni~, `qarTuli filmi”,
`ekranizacia~, `panorama~ (manam `video-video” ewodeboda) da `obieqtivi~.
rogorc vxedavT, rubrikebis raodenoba arc ise mcirea, magram saqme
is aris, rom am wlis bolosTvis (noemberSi) realurad moqmedebda
mxolod ori maTgani: `qarTuli filmi” da `mravalsaxeoba”. rac Seexeba
`ekranizacias”, igi oqtomberSi ori filmiT (`dedofali margo” da
`traviata”) warsdga satelevizio ekranze da mere ar gamoCenila, xolo
rubrikiT `obieqtivi” mxolod erTi filmi (`asi dRe palermoSi”)
gviCvenes noemberSi da Semdeg isic gauCinarda.Aarada, es rubrika
politikuri filmebis demonstrirebas iTvaliswinebda da igi sakmaod
perspeqtiuladac gveCveneboda. arc `iluzionis” da `panoramis” bedi iyo
bolomde garkveuli (rodis da sad gamoCndeboda maTTvis adgili).
ram ganapiroba im periodSi mxatvruli mauwyeblobis da kerZod,
kinogadacemebis aseTi Semcireba? Cveni azriT, es gamowveuli iyo Semdegi
mizezebiT:
1. saqarTvelos tele-radiokorporaciis kavSirgabmulobasTan
davalianebis gamo, mkveTrad Semcirda mauwyebloba –pirveli arxis
gadacemebi (programa `alionis” garda) mxolod eqvs saaTs moicavda. M
 54

2. publicisturi gadacemebis mier (rogorc informaciuli, ise

analitikuri) saeTero drois monopolizacia.
3. saxelmwifo televiziaSi komerciuli struqturebis CarTva.
cxadia, aseT pirobebSi SeuZlebeli iyo srulyofili SemoqmedebiTi
saqmianoba, rac bunebrivia kinogadacemebzec vrceldeboda. rac Seexeba
mesame mizezs _ saxelmwifo televiziaSi damoukidebeli telekompaniebis,
studiebis CarTvas, cxadia, igi ganpirobebuli iyo saxelmwifi biujetis
siRaribiT. Kkorporacias awyobda es struqturebi, radgan isini
aZlevdnen, erTi mxriv, mza produqcias da meore mxriv, reklamebidan
miRebuli Tanxis 50%-s. materialuri cduneba, am SemTxvevaSi imdenad
didi iyo, rom SemoqmedebiTi sqmianoba meore planze gadavida. Aam
mizeziaT SeiZleba aixsnas samSabaTobiT `panoramis~ nacvlad `ti-bi-si
tv-s” programis Casma. gaerTianeba `iluzians” ki, rogorc gavigeT
(interviu kinogadacemaTa redaqciis mTavar redaqtorTan nana
TuTberiZesTan), survili hqonda swored am dRes gaeSva Tavisi axali
rubrika. vinaidan kinematografSi gaTviTcnobierebuli mayureblisaTvis
igi asocirdeboda inteleqtualuri filmis CvenebasTan (adre
samSabaTobiT gadioda kinorubrika `sarkmeli”), SemoqmedebiT jgufs ki,
rogorc redaqciaSi gavarkvieT, miznad hqonda dasaxuli es gadacema
ufro mravalferovani da saintereso gaexada. Tumca, `panoramam~ misi
Cveuli droc dakarga (oTxSabaTobiT _ rusulenovani sainformacio
programa `vestnikis” Semdeg), radgan am dResac misTvis mxolod erTi
saaTi da 20-25 wT. rCeboda.

`sarkmeli~
ufro detalurad gvinda SevCerdeT 1996 wels gauqmebul rubrikaze
_`sarkmeli,~ radgan aman Zalian didi aJiotaJio gamoiwvia:
kinogadacema `sarkmeli”, iseve rogorc gogi gvaxarias yvela
gadacema, miznad isaxavda maRalmxatvruli filmebiT xeli Seewyo
mayureblis esTetikuri ganviTarebisaTvis da igi, cxadia, kulturul-
 55

SemecnebiT funqcias asrulebda, radgan auditoria bevr saintereso

informacias iRebda filmSi aRwerili qveynis istoriis, reJisoris
xelweris da a.S. Sesaxeb. igi am kinomcodnis rogorc adrindeli (`ambavi
namdvili adamianebisa,” `filmis Suq-Crdili~), ise Semdegi wlebis
saavtoro gadacemebisgan _ `fsiqo~, `Tavisuflebis Teorema~, `wiTeli
zona”_ gansxvavebiT, naklebad ideologizebuli iyo. aq uCvenebdnen
sxvadasxva qveynis kinematografiul Sedevrebs, magram ZiriTadi aqcenti
mainc evropis kinoxelovnebaze keTdeboda. Ggogi gvaxaria arc malavda,
rom is amerikuli kinematografis mainc da mainc didi Tayvanismcemeli
ar aris. Tumca, cxadia, es imas ar niSnavda, rom am qveynis filmebi
saerTod ignorirebuli iyo `sarkmelSi”. Mmetic, Ees rom ase yofiliyo,
maSin telemayurebeli ver ixilavda cikls “Capliniana”, romelsac
sakmao dro daeTmo am gadacemaSi.
rac Seexeba kinogadacema `sarkmlis” gauqmebas, igi 1996 wlis ivnisis
Tvidan aRar gadioda eTerSi. Tumca, adrec iyo amis mcdeloba _ 1995
wlis aprilSi igi sami kvira amoRebuli iyo programidan espaneli
reJisoris pedro almodovaris filmis `matadoris” Cvenebis gamo, magram
kinos namdvil moyvarulTa CareviTa da mondomebiT `sarkmeli” aRsdga
da amave wlis 2 maisidan gagrZelda am reJisoris filmebis
retrospeqtuli Cveneba suraTiT `maRali quslebi”. Aes faqti aSkarad
metyvelebs adamianis im fsiqologiur Tvisebaze, rom is karg da
sasiamovno movlenas iSviaTad Tu gamoexmaureba, xolo gaRizianebis, an
ukmayofilebis SemTxvevaSi, aqtiurdeba da iwyebs werilebis weras,
telefonze rekvas da a S. rac Seexeba cikls, romelic pedro
almodovaris filmebs aerTianebda, sistemaSi moiyvana am reJisoris
Semoqmedeba. Mmayurebelma bevri saintereso informacia gaigo rogorc
pedro almodovaris biografiidan, ise mis filmebze, msaxiobebTan
muSaobis stilze da a.S.
sabolood ki rubrika `sarkmlis” gauqmeba daukavSirda germaneli
reJisoris rainer verner fasbinderis filmis `petra fon kantis cxare
cremlebis” demonstrirebas.Aam viTarebasTan dakavSirebiT, savsebiT
samarTlianad diskusia gaimarTa `pirveli arxis” gadacema `pres-
studiaSi” da gairkva: SemoqmedebiTi gaerTianeba `iluzionis”
 56

xelmZRvanelobam CaTvala, rom am filmis televiziaSi Cveneba garkveul

gaugebrobas gamoiwvevda da SesTavaza wamyvans misi Secvla sxva
suraTiT, risi uflebac, maTi azriT, hqondaT. Aam kompromiss
kinomcodne gogi gvaxariam televiziis pirveli arxis datoveba arCia,
radgan igi, rogorc profesionali, Tavs Seuracxyofilad grZnobda mis
saqmeSi araspecialistebis Carevis gamo. xolo kompromisze wasvla, misi
TqmiT, ar SeeZlo imitom, rom SemdgomSi gansazRvruli hqonda bernardo
bertoluCis, pier-paolo pazolinis da sxva did reJisorTa filmebis
Cveneba. isini ki, g. gvaxarias sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, cota gansxvavdebian
`umanko” suraTebisagan, magram samagierod sazogadoebis mankier mxareebs
aaSkaravebeno. igi aseve uCioda anonimuri cenzuris kedlebis arsebobas
saxelmwifo televiziaSi, ris Sedegadac miiCnevda am faqts.
imis ufro kargad gasarkvevad, Tu ras warmoadgenda filmi _
“petra-fon kantis cxare cremlebi‟‟ da ras fiqrobda sarkmlis daxurvis
Sesaxeb TviTon giorgi gvaxaria, gavecaniT mis statiebsac:
`Tavisuflebis SiSi‟‟ da `amoiReT bewvi Tvalidan da ise uyureT
fasbinderis filmebs~ (gazeTi `alia‟‟, 1996 wlis 4 da 11 ivnisis nomrebi),
saidanac davrwmundiT, rom igi marTlac rTul filmTa kategorias
ganekuTvneba da, SesaZlebelia, masSi aRwerili ambavi zogs ver gaego
sworad, an ubralod ar moswoneboda. Aadmianebma Tavisi erudiciis,
esTetikuri gemovnebis, moraluri da zneobrivi principebis mixedviT
unda airCion maTTvis sasurveli sanaxaoba. ZaldatanebiT aq Sedegis
miRweva SeuZlebelia. amasTan dakavSirebiT gvaxsendeba mixeil
bulgakovis moTxroba `ganaTlebis kvireuli‟‟. am nawarmoebSi
gaunaTlebel jariskacebs gauuqmeben cirkis bileTebs da iZulebiT
agzavnian TeatrSi `traviatas‟‟ sanaxavad. Teatris karebTan mdgar
qalbatons ki SigniT ar SeuSveben mxolod imitom, rom igi
ganaTlebulia, (es RonisZieba aseTi kategoriis adamianebisTvis ar iyo
gankuTvnili). yvelaferi es ki damTavrda imiT, rom vinaidan
saganmanaTleblo periodi erT kviras gagrZelda, erT-erT jariskacs
moTminebis fiala aevso, ris gamoc man `msxverpli~ gaiRo da skolaSi
Sevida saswavleblad.
 57

`sarkmlis~ gauqmebis Taobaze zemoTxsenebul `pres-studiaSi”

mravali mosazreba gamoiTqva, magram erT-erTi swori daskvna mainc im
dRes, Cveni azriT, stumrad mowveulma reJisorma eldar Sengelaiam
gaakeTa. romelic imaSi mgomareobda, rom erTi arxis arsebobis
pirobebSi (da gindac ori, an sami arxis SemTxvevaSic) demokratia
SeuZlebelia. qarTul telesivrceSi ki am periodSi swored aseTi
mgomareoba iyo.
TviTon giorgi gvaxaria, sruliad samarTlianad, Tavis aRSfoTebas
ver malavda am faqtis gamo, magram Cveni yuradReba miipyro kinomcodnis
im gamonaTqvamma, romelsac is afiqsirebda presaSi `petra fon kantis
cxare cremlebis” akrZalvasTan dakavSirebiT: `makvirvebs mxolod is,
rom Tavad televiziisadmi damokidebuleba CvenSi jer ar Secvlila.
Cveni sazogadoebis did nawils da maT Soris Zalian bevrs, vinc
televiziaSi muSaobs, yvelaferi, rasac yuTSi aCveneben, raRacis
propaganda hgonia. Ees Cveulebrivi `komunisturi paranoia~, romelic
Rrmad aRibeWda Cvens cnobierebaSi da romlisganac Znelia
ganTavisufleba, makvirvebs is, rom Tavad televizia, anu `demokratiuli
qveynis televizia‟‟, ar cdilobs nawilobriv mainc gankurnos Cveni
sazogadoeba am paranoiisagan~ (gazeTi `alia~ 1996 11 ivnisi: 8 )
am gamonaTqvamis gamo Cven vwerdiT (`tele-radioJurnalistikis
sakiTxebi~, 1997: 96), rom, Cveni azriT, es adamianebi Tavisuflad,
yovelgvari qveteqstebis garaSe daiwyeben telegadacemebis da, maT
Soris, kinogadacemebis yurebas maSin, rodesac `demokratiuli qveynis
televizia~ brWyalebis gareSe daiwereba da meorec, telemayureblebi
arc Tu ise `mZime avadmyofebi~ aRmoCndnen, miuxedavad imisa, rom isini 70
wlis ganmavlobaSi komunisturi ideologiis zewolas ganicdidnen
(mniSvnelovani wvlili am saqmeSi swored televizias miuZRoda).
Auditoriis didma nawilma xom uaryofiTi damokidebuleba gamoxata
erTxel `sarkmlis~ gauqmebis gamo da erT-erTi mizezic, albaT, es iyo,
radgan maSin aRadgines xsenebuli kinogadacema.
cxadia, giorgi gvaxariam maSinac Zalian kargad icoda televiziis
is Taviseburebebi, ris gamoc filmma satelevizio ekranze, SesaZloa,
garveul momentSi ufro meti, an sul sxva datvirTva miiRos (es
 58

yovelTvis ar niSnavs imas, rom yvela filmSi raRac veZeboT). Mmasac xom
araerTxel gamouyenebia televiziis es SesaZleblobebi (da, rogorc
vnaxavT, SemdegSic warmatebiT gamoiyena _ magaliTad, gadacemaSi
`fsiqo‟‟, romelic ukve sxva arxze_ „‟rusTavi-2‟‟ ze gadioda.
sanam `fsiqoze” daviwyebdeT saubars, davubrundeT im kinorubrikebs,
romlebmac 1996 wlis Semdegac ganagrZes muSaoba saqarTvelos
televiziis `pirvel arxze” (`mravalsaxeoba~ da `qarTuli filmi~) da,
cxadia, imaTzec, romlebic xelaxla aRsdga (`iluzioni”), an Semdeg
Seiqmna (`laterna magika~, `wiTeli zona~). cxadia, `wiTel zonas~
ganvixilavT `fsiqos” Semdeg, radgan igi g. gvaxarias momdevno gadacemaa
(Tumca, am or gadacemas Soris arsebobda amave avtoris `Tavisuflebis
Teorema”, magram vinaidan is sxva arxze _ telekompania `imedze~ gadioda
da Cveni dakvirvebis obieqts ar warmoadgens, masze detalur yuradRebas
ar gavamaxvilebT).

`mravalsaxeoba~
rubrika `mravalsaxeoba~ 1996 wlis yovelkvireuli gadacema iyo.
(Seiqmna 1995 wels) igi eTerSi gadioda xuTSabaTobiT sainformacio
programa `vestnikis~ Semdeg 22.00 (misi winapari gadacemebi _ `kinos
samyaroSi~ da „~mravalsaxeoba ekranisa‟‟_ yovelTviur gadacemebs
warmoadgendnen). Aam gadacemisTvis saukeTeso drois _ praim Taimis _
daTmoba, cxadia, misi reitingiT iyo ganpirobebuli.
Ees gadacema, SeZlebisdagvarad, aqtiurad exmaureboda
kinematografiul samyaroSi mimdinare movlenebs. aq aCvenebdnen
reportaJebs gadasaRebi moednebidan, interviuebs rogorc saqarTvelos,
ise sazRvargareTel kinematografistebTan, kinoxelovanTa SemoqmedebiT
portretebs da sxv. es iyo kinogadacema, romlis stili da Janri
icvleboda im Temis mixedviT, rasac es gadacema eZRvneboda. miuxedavad
imisa, rom es gadacema mravalsiuJetiani iyo, igi zogjer Tematur
xasiaTsac atarebda. magaliTad, 1996 wlis 31 oqtombris da 7 noembris
gamoSvebebi ukrainaSi gamarTul kinofestivals aSuqebda (rogorc am
gadacemis wamyvanma gviTxra, misTvis ukrainis am saerTaSoriso
 59

festivalze _”Молодость,” gamarjvebuli filmebic uCuqebiaT), 5

dekembrisa ki mTlianad mieZRvna kinoreJisor rezo CxeiZis 70 wlis
iubiles.
am gadacemisTvis, sxva kinofestivalebis gaSuqebasTan erTad,
yvelaze prioretuli iyo berlinis kinofestivali, radgan mas
yovelwliurad stumrobda misi wamyvani _ nana TuTberiZe.
kinogadacema `mravalsaxeoba~ grZeldeboda 1 saaTi da 10 wuTi da
vinaidan es gadacema yovelkvireuli iyo, qarTveli telemayurebeli
marTlac iyo gaTviTcnobierebuli kinosamyaroSi mimdinare movlenebSi,
rac axla ver xerxdeba calkeuli erTjeradi gadacemebis meSveobiT.
`mravalsaxeobam” iarseba 2004 wlis aprilis CaTvliT.
am gadacemisTvis Aarc sazogadoebrivi azris Seqmnis funqcia iyo
ucxo. xSirad Tematikis SerCevisas gaTvaliswinebuli iyo qveyanaSi
arsebuli socialur-politikuri viTarebac. magaliTad, Zalian drouli
da saWiro iyo 1996 wlis 14 da 21 noembris gadacemebSi goga xaindravas
mxatvrul-dokumentur filmze _`ocnebebis sasaflao‟‟_ yuradRebis
gamaxvileba, radgan igi exeba afxazeTis oms, xolo sul male (23
noembers) tardeboda afxazeTidan devnili mosaxleobis plebisciti.
filmidan _`ocnebebis sasaflao~_ fragmentebis Cveneba da cnobil
kinoxelovanTa emociuri gamoxmaurebebi im periodSi did patriotul
SemarTebas iwvevda mayurebelSi. aseve mniSvnelovani iyo TviT filmis
avtoris _ goga xaindravas _ saubari, radgan igi SesaniSnavi magaliTi
iyo humanurobis, urTierTmitevebis gzaze. im dros saqarTvelo or
mowinaaRmdege banakad iyo dayofili da es misgan (rogorc pirveli
prezidentis mowinaaRmdegis mxridan) sapirispiro poziciaze myofTa
mimarT Serigebis nabijad aRiqmeboda.

`qarTuli filmi~
rubrika `qarTuli filmis~ Seqmna 1996 wlis mniSvnelovani movlena
iyo, radgan rubrika `qarTuli kinos istoriidan~ (es rubrika
saqarTvelos televiziaSi pirvelive wlebSive Seiqmna) didi xnis win
gauqmda da ZiriTadad ekrani eTmoboda sazRvargareTul kinematografs.
 60

TavisTavad cudi amaSi araferia, Tu filmebi daxvewili gemovnebiT

iqneba SerCeuli, magram erovnuli kinosTvis meti dros DdaTmoba ufro
mniSvnelovania. amitom aris, rom dasavleTis bevr qveyanaSi aRSfoTebas
gamoTqvamen maT televiziaSi amerikuli filmebis momravlebis gamo.
iaponiis televiziam ki amerikul vesterns am Janris Tavisi
nacionaluri eqvivalenti _ dramebi samuraebze_ daupirispira.
es gadacema yovelkvireuli iyo. igi eTerSi gadioda orSabaTobiT
rusulenovani sainformacio programa `vestnikis~ Semdeg (22.00sT_ze).
rogorc vxedavT, am saqmes im periodSi seriozulad moekidnen, rac
Tundac misTvis saukeTeso drois gamoyofaSi gamoixata.
`qarTuli films‟‟ misi winamorbedi gadacemisagan _ `qarTuli kinos
istoriidan” _ gansxvavebiT, romelsac wamyvani hyavda, sxva forma
hqonda _ filmis demonstrirebas win uZRoda kinosuraTis SemoqmedebiT
koleqtivTan Sexvedra. isini mayurebels uyvebodnen warmodgenili
filmis gadaRebis istorias, igonebdnen kuriozul situaciebs da sxva,
riTac auditoriis interess aZlierebdnen. Ees saubari 20 wuTi
grZeldeboda, Tumca, ukeTesi iqneboda, Tu mas wamyvanic eyoleboda,
radgan swored mas SeeZlo gadacemis monawileTa saubrisaTvis saWiro
mimarTuleba mieca. Mmiuxedavad amisa, rubrika `qarTuli filmi” mainc
wingadadgmuli nabiji iyo, radgan telemayurebels saSualeba hqonda
enaxa ara marto Zveli, aramed axali qarTuli filmebic, romlebic
(rogorc im periodis kinoredaqciis xelmZRvanelobasTan saubrisas
gavarkvieT) am rubrikaSi gadioda kinoTeatrebis ekranebze gasvlis
Semdeg, magram es aucileblad filmis prodiuserTan SeTanxmebiT
xdeboda. rubrika `qarTuli filmi” muSaobas agrZelebda 2004 wlis
martamde.
rac Seexeba am gadacemis ideologiur funqcias, im mizezs, rom
gadacema `qarTul films‟‟ wamyvani ar hyavda, xeli ar SeuSlia.
magaliTad, 1996 wels (18 noemberi), rodesac am rubrikiT aCvenes giorgi
Sengelaias filmi `orfeosis sikvdili‟‟, avtorma, miuxedavad imisa, rom
TviTonve acxadebda _ kinofilmis demonstrirebis win miRebuli ar aris
mis Sinaarze saubario, ara marto detalurad gauSifra mayurebels
masSi gadmocemuli azri, aramed Tavisi politikuri Sexedulebebis
 61

mayureblisTvis Tavsmoxvevasac cdilobda. TviTon filmi _ `orfeosis

sikvdili~_ ki, Cveni azriT, im periodSi aRiqmeboda rogorc qarTvelTa
urTierTdapirispirebisa da adamianebisTvis `iarliyebis‟‟ mikerebis
nimuSi, kerZod, masSi aRwerili movlenebi erovnuli moZraobis,
saqarTvelos pirveli prezidentis_zviad gamsaxurdias_ xelisuflebis
periodSi viTardeba. filmSi prezidentis momxreebi warmodgenilni arian
iseT adamianebad, romlebsac azrovnebis unari ara aqvT, metic, isini
Sedarebulni arian cxovelebTan kerZod, goblinebTan, romlebic, filmis
gmiris TqmiT, agresiulebi arian da Rrialeben. maSin rodesac
mowinaaRmdege mxares rafinirebuli, inteligenti pirovnebebi arian.
mniSvnelovania imis aRniSvna, rom am periodSi saqarTveloSi
afxazeTidan devnili mosaxleobis plebiscitisTvis mzadeba
mimdinareobda (igi sul xuTiode dReSi unda Catarebuliyo), ris gamoc,
Cveni azriT, gansakuTrebiT gaumarTlebeli iyo am dros kinofilmis
_`orfeosis sikdili” _ demonstrireba televiziiT, rom araferi vTqvaT
im komentarebze, romelic am filmis reJisorma_ giorgi Sengelaiam
gaakeTa.

`iluzioni~
iseve rogorc sxva kinogadacemebi, `iluzionic” Zalian cud
mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda _ 1996 wlis bolos masac maqsimum 1 saaTi da 30
wuTi eTmoboda. am droSi ki, cxadia, ver Caeteoda gadacema, romelic
filmis Cvenebis garda (Tundac marto kinosuraTis demonstrireba
yofiliyo gaTvaliswinebuli), wamyvanis _ zviad doliZis _ Sesaval
sityvasac Seicavda. Aamitomac am periodSi kinogadacemebi da maT Soris
`iluzioni”, eTerSi calkeuli patara gadacemebiT warmogvidgebodnen.
magaliTad, 1996 wlis 1 dekembers eTerSi gavida 25-30 wuTiani gadacemebi
`stop kadri” da `kinoTvali”, 7 dekembers `iluzionis” wamyvanma _ zviad
doliZem, filmis Cvenebis nacvlad, 25 wuTiani gadacemiT gagvacno
amerikeli reJisoris jon fordis Semoqmedeba, romelic sxvadasxva
mizezTa gamo, ucnobi iyo qarTveli telemayureblisaTvis. 1996 wlis 25
dekembers ki eTeri daeTmo kinofantazia `dabadebas”.
 62

`iluzionis” daarseba ukavSirdeba kinomcodne oTar sefiaSvilis

saxels _man gasuli saukunis 80-iani wlebis dasawyisSi Seqmna es
kinogadacema. Mmanam ki igi iyo avtori da wamyvani gadacemebisa
`kinoleqtoriumi” da `kinoobieqtivi”.
oTar sefiaSvilma ukve e. w. gardaqmnis wlebSi telemayurebels
gaumxila is saidumlo, romlis meSveobiTac is axerxebda
sazRvargareTuli filmebis televiziiT Cvenebas, risi uflebac mas ar
hqonda. Ees xriki ki imaSi mdgomareobda, rom im periodSi nebadarTuli
iyo am filmebis fragmentebis Cveneba, magram miTiTebuli ar yofila
moculoba, riTac usargeblia kinomcodnes da amitom am rubrikiT
sinamdvileSi xdeboda sazRvargareTuli filmebis principSi sruli
Cveneba. Mmas aklda mxolod umniSnelo nawyvetebi da titrebi filmis
Semqmneli koleqtivis Sesaxeb, romlis Sesaxebac mayurebeli isedac iyo
informirebuli wamyvanis Sesavali teqstiT.
swored am rubrikiT gaecno Tavis droze qarTveli telemayurebeli
kinoxelovnebis namdvil Sedevrebs. `iluzionis” meSveobiT SesaZlebeli
gaxda federiko felinis, lukino viskontis, Carli Caplinis da sxva did
reJisorTa filmebis retrospeqtuli Cveneba. masSi aseve arsebobda
cikli `kino asaxavs Tavis Tavs” (igive kino-kinoSi), romelSic
mayurebelma ixila SesaniSnavi filmebi `triukebis ostati”, `fedora”,
`rogor gviyvarda Cven erTmaneTi” da sxv. filmebis Cvenebis es meTodi
(cnobil reJsorTa filmebis cikluri demonstrireba) SesaniSnav
tradiciad iqca SemdegSi rubrikebisaTvis _ `sarkmeli” da `fsiqo”.
`iluzions” politikasTan TiTqos araferi hqonda saerTo, magram am
faqtTan dakavSirebiT mniSvnelovnad migvaCnia imis aRniSvna, rom mas
sabWoTa periodSi religiuri dResaswaulebis, Semdeg ki politikuri
RonisZiebebis (mitingebis, demonstraciebis) dros `siamovnebiT”
uTmobdnen eTers (samauwyeblo badiT gauTvaliswinebel dros), riTac
sazogadoebas saxlSi darCenas `urCevdnen”. cxadia, am periodSi wamyvani
_ oTar sefiaSvili _ filmebis SerCevis TvalsazrisiT Tavisufali ver
iqneboda da amitom isini, arc Tu iSviaTad, isev kapitalisturi
samyaros `gasacamtvereblad” gamoiyeneboda. Aamitom iyo, rom
gansakuTrebiT xSirad aCvenebdnen stenli krameris filmebs
 63

`gadajaWvulni”, `qancgawyvetil cxenebs xom xocaven?”, aseve uiliam

uaileris films `romauli ardadegebi” da sxv.
1998 wlidan `iluzioni” ganaxlebuli saxiT aRsdga da mas
uZRveboda biZina baraTaSvili. igi, iseve rogorc adre, yovelkvireuli
gadacema iyo da SabaTobiT 22..00 saaTze gadioda. Mmisi qronometraJi
damokidebuli iyo filmis xangrZlivobaze, romelsac emateboda wamyvanis
15-20 wuTiani Sesavali teqsti. igi ZiriTadad warmodgenili filmis
ideur-mxatvrul Rirebulebas exeboda. wamyvani aseve mraval saintereso
informacias awvdida mayurebels am kinosuraTis reJisoris, msaxiobebis
da a.S. Sesaxeb.
wina periodTan SedarebiT gaizarda filmis SeZenis masStabebi,
igi ufro xelmisawvdomi gaxda, amitom SemoqmedebiTi jgufi axla ufro
maRali donis kinosuraTebis SerCevas scdilobda, riTac xels
uwyobdaMmayurebelSi kargi kinematografiuli gemovnebis Camoyalibebas.
am mxriv Tavis droze didi problemebi hqonda oTar sefiaSvils _
misTvis xelmisawvdomi iyo mxolod is filmebi, romelic
kinogaqiravebaSi iyo (im periodSi xelSekruleba iyo dadebuli
saxelmwifo televiziis pirvel arxsa da kinogaqiravebas Soris).
kinogadacema `iluzioni” saqarTvelos televiziis pirvel arxze 2004
wlamde arsebobda.

`laterna magika”
gadacema „Laterna Magica“ 2006 wlis 14 aprils gavida pirvelad
`sazogadoebrivi mauwyeblis~ eTerSi, rac Seexeba saxelwodebas_ „Laterna
Magica“ – igi qarTulad „jadosnur farans“ niSnavs. es saxeli mas
imitom erqva, rom am gadacemis mizans warmoadgenda mayureblisTvis
gaecno msoflio kinematografis Zveli Sedevrebi – is filmebi,
romlebic SedarebiT asakovan adamianebs moenatraT, albaT da didi
siamovnebiT naxavdnen isev, xolo axalgazrda Taoba misTvis ucnobi
kinosuraTebis gacnobiT bevr saintereso da mniSvnelovan informacias
miiRebda. Aase rom, SeiZleba iTqvas, gadacemas rubrika –saTauri „Laterna
 64

Magica“– swored Zveli filmebis Cvenebis gamo daerqva. es gadacema

„sazogadoebrivi mauwyeblis“ eTerSi gadioda yovel SabaTs 23–00–sT–ze.
Laterna Magica–Si aCvenebdnen rogorc sazRvargareTul (ZiriTadad
franguli, italiuri, germanuli filmebi), ise qarTul kinosuraTebs
(naklebi raodenobiT), romlebmac garkveuli roli Seasrules msoflio
kinematografis ganviTarebaSi.
`laterna Mmagika‟‟-s avtori da wamyvani iyo kinosa da Teatris
reJisori nana janeliZe. es kinogadacema naklebad ideologizebuli iyo.
Dda igi kulturul-SemecnebiT kinoprogramas warmoadgenda Tumca,
sazogadoebrivi arxis oficialur saitze (WWW.GPB.ge) igi
klasificirebuli iyo SemecnebiT-gasarTob gadacemad da
Dgvatyobinebdnen, rom misi Tanmimdevruli yurebisas gavecnobodiT ara
marto msoflio kinematografis Sedevrebs, aramed mniSvnelovnad
gagvifarTovdeboda informaciuli areali. bevrs SevityobdiT
kinematografis warmoqmnis da ganviTarebis etapebis Sesaxeb. gavigebdiT
cnobili, Tu ucnobi kinematografistebis cxovrebis da moRvaweobis
mniSvnelovan movlenebze. xolo sainteresod SerCeuli stumrebis azris
gacnobis Semdeg, SegveZleboda sakuTari daskvnebis gakeTeba naCvenebi
filmis Sesaxeb.
`Laterna Magica”–Si filmis demonstrirebas win uZRvoda nana
janeliZisa da mowveuli stumris saubari am dRis sademonstracio
filmis irgvliv (magram ara marto mis Sesaxeb, raSic qveviT
davrwmundebiT), romelic daaxloebiT 25–30 wuTs grZeldeboda.
warmodgenili kinosuraTis garCeva ki ZiriTadad am sqemiT xdeboda:
filmis gadaRebis dro da adgili, siuJeti, reJisura, msaxiobebi, Janrebi
da sxv. mowveuli stumrebi ki ufro metad kinoxelovnebasTan, an,
saerTod, xelovnebasTan dakavSirebuli adamianebi iyvnen: reJisorebi,
msaxiobebi kinomcodneebi, xelovnebaTmcodneebi (marina kereseliZe,
arCil SubaSvili, eldar riazanovi, basa janikaSvili da sxv.).
gadacemaSi, bunebrivia, ZiriTadi adgili daeTmo kinoklasikas –
mayurebels „laterna magica“-Si SesTavazes, rogorc Zalian cnobil
kinoreJisorTa, mag. Carli Caplinis, vitorio de sikas, roberto
 65

roselinis, federiko filinis, eldar riazanovis da sxv. filmebi, ise

naklebad cnobil kinematografistTa namuSevrebi (mag. andre miCelis
„jadoqari“ 11.11.07). „laterna magica“-Si dokumentur kinosac daeTmo
garkveuli adgili. aRniSvnis Rirsia is faqtic, rom „laterna magica“
mxolod licenzirebuli filmebis demonstrirebas axdenda – am
kinogadacemaSi warmogenil filmebs misi xelmZRvaneloba ruseTidan
yidulobda, xolo filmebis gaSvebis vada erTi TviT amoiwureboda.
gadacemis wamyvanis – nana janeliZisa – da mowveuli stumris
saubari filmis irgvliv, cxadia, mniSvnelovan rols asrulebda
mayureblis inteleqtualuri ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT. mag.
Nneorealisturi kinematografis roli, ferebis, Suq-Crdilebis
mniSvneloba kinoxelovnebaSi da sxv.
marTlac am saubrebidan gaigo mayurebelma mravali infomacia,
magaliTad, kinosuraTis „jadoqris“ warsdgenis win maTTvis, vinc ar
icoda, saintereso iqneboda imis Tqma, rom filmis scenars safuZvlad
daedo kuprinis nawarmoebi „Олеся“. aseve is, rom mTavari rolis
Semsrulebels_ marina vladis_ rusuli warmomavloba aqvs da igi
cnobili msaxiobis, poetis vl. visockis meuRle iyo.
rusul kinematografTan dakavSirebiT gvinda gavixsenoT meore
faqtic, romelmac gansakuTrebiT miiqcia Cveni yuradReba. „laterna
magikaSi“ (22.03.08) rusuli kinoxelovnebis erT-erTi saukeTeso filmis –
„eride avtomobils“ – demonstrirebas win uZRoda saubari nana
janeliZesa da TviTon filmis reJisor – eldar riazanovs_ Soris.
studiaSi am adamianis naxva, vfiqrobT, yvela kinomoyvarulisTvis didad
sasixarulo movlena iyo, radgan am reJisoris Semoqmedebaze, mis
cxovrebaze pirveli piridan gavigebdiT mraval faqts, magram moxda ise,
rom iniciativa ratomRac nana janeliZem aiRo da eldar riazanovis
moRvaweobis Sesaxeb ZiriTadad TviTon mouTxrobda mayurebels, riTac
unikaluri Sansi gauSva xelidan – eldar riazanovma xom ufro kargad
icoda, romel filmze rogor muSaobda, ra winaaRmdegobebi Sexvda da
a.S. garda amisa, igi Zalian kargad iyo telespecifikaSi garkveuli – mas
telemayurebelTan urTierTobis mravalwliani gamocdileba hqonda –
 66

eldar riazanovs ruseTis televiziis pirvel arxze wlebis

ganmavlobaSi didi warmatebiT mihyavda gadacema – „‟Кинопанорама‟‟. Mmetic,
swored am reJisoris avtoritets miiCnevdnen xsenebuli gadacemis
gansakuTrebuli popularobis mizezad.
rusul kinoze da reJisorze saubarma ki isev politikasTan
migviyvana, romelTanac `laterna Mmagika‟‟-s TiTqos araferi hqonda
saerTo, magram es rom mTlad ase ar yofila, gamoCnda saqarTveloSi
daZabuli situaciebis dros. Aamis Taobaze ori faqti gvinda
moviSvelioT. 2007 wlis 29 dekembers am kinogadacemaSi aCvenes filmi
„rozmari“ (romelSic sasiyvarulo urTierTobebi sxva Zalebis_
jadosnobis, Savi magiis _ meSveobiT xorcieldeba). erTi SexedviT,
araferia gasaocari, magram am dros _ 2007 wlis 7 noembris Semdeg _
saqarTveloSi ukiduresad daZabul situacia iyo, ris Sedegad 2008 wlis
5 ianvris saprezidento arCevnebi dainiSna (e.i. am gadacemis dRes erT
kviraze naklebi dro iyo darCenili xsenebul movlenamde). am dRes
siyvarulis Temaze da msaxiobebze saubari TiTqos politikis srul
ignorirebaze metyvelebda. (Tumca, SesaZlebelia, TviTon filmma da
Sesabamisad gadacemis avtormac, Tavisi saTqmeli mainc Tqva).
2008 wlis 21 maiss ki saqarTveloSi saparlamento arCevnebi unda
Catarebuliyo. „laterna magica“, rogorc aRvniSneT, ideologiisagan da
gansakuTrebiT propagandisagan gverdze dgomas afiqsirebda yovelTvis,
rasac xazi gaesva 2008 wlis 13 maisis Laterna Magica–Sic. es ki imaSi
mJRavndeboda, rom am dRes kinogadacemaSi filmi saerTod ar uCvenebiaT,
da 2 sT–iani saubari (gadacemisTvis gankuTvnili mTeli dro) Laterna
Magica–s daarsebis dRidan (e.i. daaxloebiT 2 wlis ganmavlobaSi)
gaSvebuli filmebis mimoxilva mimdinareobda.
gavixsenoT, rogor moiqca g. gvaxaria „fsoqoSi“ 2003 wlis
saprezidento da saparlamento arCevnebis dros (kerZod, es kinogadacema
im periodSi aSkara ideologiur, ufro sworad propagandistul
amocanas asrulebda da misi avtori arc malavda amas). nana janeliZe ki
TiTqos politikisgan Sors iWerda Tavs, es gadacema xom mxolod
SemecnebiTi gadacemaa, mas kulturul-saganmanaTleblo funqcia
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ekisrebao, magram xom cnobilia, rom, roca faqts srul ignorirebas

ukeTeb, aqaoda ar mainteresebs es ambavi (arc me, arc Cems mayurebelso)
da axla sxva rameze unda visaubroTo, amiT ukve gamoixateba pozicia _
cnobili faqtia, rom dumilis enac laparakia da Tanac rogori.
gavixsenoT komunisturi saqarTvelo. im periodSi, rogorc cnobilia,
bevri ram miuwvdomeli iyo Cveulebrivi adamianebisTvis. oTar
sefiaSvilma Tavisi gadacemebiT: jer `kinoleqtoriumi~ mere
`kinoobieqtivi‟‟ da bolos „iluzioni“ (mas erTi periodi `filmi,
msaxiobis roli erqva‟‟) kinoxelovnebis namdvili Sedevrebi gaacno
mayurebels. misi popularoba imdenad didi iyo 80–ani wlebis bolos,
rom (rogorc adrec aRvniSneT) „iluzions“ jer saeklesio
dResaswaulebis, Semdeg ki mitingebis dReebSi, imisTviis rom xalxi
gareT ar gasuliyo, samauwyeblo badiT misTvis gauTvaliswinebel
drosac ki uSvebdnen saxelmwifo televiziis pirvel arxze. igive mizniT
araerTgzis miumarTavT musikaluri gadacemisTvisac _ „es estradaa“
(avtori da wamyvani e. maWavariani), romelic aseve izidavda mayurebels
teleekranebTan, radgan sazRvargareTel momRerlebTan eloda Sexvedra,
(rasac ase moklebuli iyo im dros). es faqtebi xom Zalian bevris
mTqmeli iyo – gareT araferi xdeba, Cveulebrivi dRea, dasxediT
televizorebTan da uyureT, moismineT, isiamovneT xelovnebiT, Tanac
namdvili xelovnebiTo.
gvinda gavixsenoT Semdegi periodis saqarTvelos istoriidan is
dReebi, roca „vardebis revoluciis“ dros „aWaris“ televizia rogor
cdilobda nair–nairi filmebiTa da cekva-TamaSebiT mesijis – yvelaferi
kargad aris – xalxSi gavrcelebas. Tanamedrove periodSic xom orive
Cvens mier ganxiluli televizia, arc Tu iSviaTad, mimarTavs am xerxs,
(roca opoziciuri arxebi aSuqeben mitingebs, demonstraciebs da sxv.).
axla ki gvinda aRvniSnoT erTi faqti, romelic, Cveni azriT, ufro
gasagebs gaxdis Cvens saTqmels _ rogorc CvenTvis gaxda cnobili
(sadiplomo naSromisaTvis v. nozaZis interviu), gadacema „laterna magica”s
daarsebis iniciativa TviTon `sazogadoebrivi mauwyeblis~ direqtoris_
T. kinwuraSvilisgan modioda. kerZod, misi azriT, televiziis bades
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raRac iseTi aklda, rac srulyofil saxes miscemda programas, amitom

saWirod CauTvlia reJisor nana janeliZisTvis SeeTavazebina
kinogadacemis Seqmna.
nana janeliZe ki mis gadacema_ „Laterna Magica“–Si cenzuris arsebobas
kategoriulad uaryofda da ambobda, rom cenzuraze „Laterna Magica“–s
aranairi problema ara aqvs, radgan gadacemaSi uSveben iseT filmebs,
romlebic xelisuflebas ar gaaRizianebs da amitomac filmebis
arCevanSi da mis eTerSi gaSvebaze aranairi SezRudvebi ara aqvT. aqedan
ki im daskvnis gamotana SeiZleba, rom garkveuli pozicia ,,laterna
magikas‟‟ hqonia da filmebic garkveuli principiT yofila SerCeuli.
imis dasamtkiceblad, rom arc es gadacema yofila politikisagan,
ideologiisagan Zalian Sors (anu, aqac xdeboda sazogadoebriv
cnobierebaze zemoqmedeba) SeiZleba kidev ramdenime magaliTis moyvana _
gansakuTrebiT dasamaxsovrebeli iyo CvenTvis am TvalsazrisiT is dRe
(2.01.08), rodesac `laterna Mmagika‟‟–s studiaSi stumrad mowveuli iyo
dramaturgi basa janikaSvili (aCvenes saSobao zRapari – „ledi erTi
dRiT“), radgan, Tu oriode kviris win, politika aravis axsovda (Tumca,
saparlamento arCevnebi karze iyo momdgari da mTeli saRamo xelovnebis
sakiTxebze saubars daeTmo), axla, roca arCevnebma Caiara, aRmoCnda, rom
politikis sakiTxebic saintereso yofila „Laterna Magica“s ara marto
stumrisaTvis, aramed wamyvanisTvisac _“ledi erTi dRiT‟‟ demontrirebis
dros, saSobao zRapridan Zalian male aRmovCndiT saqarTveloSi –
Tavisi socialuri da politikuri problemebiT.
da marTlac, is faqti, rom “laterna magica”s mTavar mizans warmoadgens
sazogadoebis inteleqtis amaRleba (kulturul-saganmanaTleblo fun-
qcia), cxadia, ar niSnavs imas, rom masSi mxolod da mxolod filmis
Sinaarsobriv da mxatvrul Rirebulebebze saubrobdnen. gadacemaSi
mowveuli stumrebi da TviTon nana janeliZe saqarTveloSi arsebul
situacias – mis awmyosa da warsulis movlenebs _ kidev ramdenjerme
Seexnen, mag. lukino viskontis filmis _„roko da misi Zmebi“_ Cvenebas
(29.03.08) win uZRoda saubari nana janeliZesa da mowveul stumar_
rusudan lorTqifaniZes Soris, romelSic didi adgili daeTmo imis
 69

gaxsenebas, Tu rogori mdgomareoba iyo 80–iani wlebis saqarTveloSi,

gansakuTrebuli aqcenti gakeTda 9 aprilzec. marTalia, am ambebis
ZiriTadi mTxrobeli rusudan lorTqifaniZe iyo, magram Tu nana
janeliZes ar undoda am mimarTulebiT wasuliyo saubari, is sxva
adamianis mowvevas moaxerxebda.
aseve rainer-verner fasbinderis filmis „lolas“ ganxilvis dros
(19.04.08) nana janeliZisa da misi stumris ana korZaia-samadaSvilis
saubari filmze metad, ZiriTadad saqarTveloSi arsebul situacias,
prostituciis problemas exeboda (am filmis gmiric xom meZavobiT
irCenda Tavs).
mniSvnelovania is faqtic, rom am gadacemaSi dokumenturi
kinematografic ar yofila ignorirebuli, magaliTad, „laterna magikam“
mayurebels warmoudgina mixeil romis dokumenturi filmi „Cveulebrivi
faSizmi“ (7.06.08). igi mayurebels mxolod germanul faSizmze,
diqtaturaze ar mouTxrobs. komunistebmac, etyoba, mSvenivrad dainaxes
maTsa da filmis mTavar azrs Soris msgavseba da amitomac misi Cveneba
televiziiT mTeli 25 wlis ganmavlobaSi akrZaluli iyo. problemebs ki
mixeil romi xedavda rogorc germanel, italiel (gansakuTrebuli
adgili aqvs filmSi daTmobili musolinis figuras) xelisufalTa
Soris (maT „TviTkmayofil, utvino adamianebs uwodebs), ise masad
gadaqceul xalxSi, romlis marTvac advilia. rogorc filmidan Cans,
misTvis aranaklebad saSiS Zalas warmoadgens gawvrTnili jariskacebi
(rogorc germanelebi, ise amerikelebi da italielebi), romlebic mzad
arian nebismieri brZaneba Seasrulon. isini saSiSni arian imitom, rom maT
adamianuri saxe dakarguli aqvT – wvrTnebis dros jariskacebis xmac ki
mxecebis Rrials hgavs.
marTalia, rubrika `laternaMmagikas“ kinorepertuars ZiriTadad
sazRvargareTuli kinoklasika warmoadgenda, magram masSi ramdenime
qarTuli filmic aCvenes mag. am kinogadacemis erT-erTi eTeri (31.05.08)
nana janeliZem dauTmo giorgi Sengelaias films „axalgazra
kompozitoris mogzauroba“, es filmi, rogorc cnobilia, XX saukunis
20–iani wlebis qarTuli aristokratiis Sesaxeb mogviTxrobs, romelTa
 70

ganadgureba (rogorc fizikuri, ise sulieri), reJisoris azriT,

qarTveli eris ganadgurebis tolfasi iyo. rogorc saubridan gairkva,
qarTuli aristokratiisadmi gansakuTrebuli damokidebulebis gamo
moxda Tundac filmis mTavari gmiris rolze levan abaSiZis damtkiceba.
albaT, am movlenam gansazRvra isic, rom „axalgazrda kompozitoris
mogzauroba“ gadaRebul iqna eris moazrovne nawilisTvis da ara
masisTvis. TviTon reJisoric am saubarSi xazs usvamda swored imas, rom
„axalgazrda kompozitoris mogzauroba“ inteleqtualur filmTa
kategorias ganekuTvneba, rac man gaazrebulad gaakeTa.
cxadia, ar migvaCnia naklad, rom kinogadacemaSi sxva sakiTxebzec
mimdinareobdes saubrebi _ Cvens awmyosa da warsulze, agreTve imaze, ra
mogvelis momavalSi, Tu ar gavufrTxildebiT Cvens istoriul warsuls,
tradiciebs, kulturas da sxv. piriqiT, es sainteresod SeiZleba
moxerxdes paralelurad im saxis gadacemebSic, romlebic kulturul-
saganmanaTleblo (SemecnebiTi) funqciis Sesrulebaze amaxvileben
yuradRebas. kerZod, es exeba `laterna magikasac” da am faqtis uaryofa
sruliad ar aris saWiro.
`sazogadoebrivi mauwyeblis~ pirveli arxis satelevizio
programidan 2009 wels “laterna magica”-c gaqra.

`fsiqo‟‟

1996 wels `sarkmlis” daxurvis Semdeg gogi gvaxarias axali

kinogadacema sxva formatiT da saxelwodebiT – „fsiqo“ – 1997 wels
gamoCnda damoukidebel telekompania „rusTavi-2“–is eTerSi. es
telekompania, rogorc cnobilia, Tavidanve moiazreboda opoziciur
televiziad. mas pirvel wlebSi marTlac hqonda yvelaze damoukidebeli
da demokratiuli televiziis imiji. amitom kinogadacema „fsiqos“
daarseba „rusTavi-2“–is eTerSi TavisTavad asocirdeboda met
TavisuflebasTan. gogi gvaxariam am gadacemaSi marTlac SesZlo
eCvenebina is filmebi, romelTa demonstrireba gaTvaliswinebuli hqonda
 71

`sarkmelSi”. kerZod, pedro almodovaris, pier–paolo pazolinis,

bernardo bertoluCis da sxva kinoreJisorTa namuSevrebi.
am axal kinogadacemas „fsiqo“ daerqva alfred hiCkokis filmis
saxelwodebis mixedviT, romlis ZiriTad Temas warmoadgens adamianis
aracnobier samyaroze msjeloba. unda aRiniSnos, rom, saerTod, alfred
hiCkoks miaCnda, rom fsiqoanalizsa da kinematografs erTi Ziri aqvT.
„fsiqo“ rusTavi 2–is eTerSi gadioda yovel SabaTs, sainformacio
programa `kurieris“ Semdeg (daaxloebiT 10 sT-ze). gogi gvaxaria
pirvelad swored am sainformacio gadacemis bolo nawilSi awvdida
mayurebels cnobebs filmis Sesaxeb, romelic im saRamos unda gasuliyo
„fsiqoSi“. gadacemis dawyebisas wamyvani isev mokled waradgenda
kinosuraTs, romlis dasrulebis Semdeg gogi gvaxaria da studiaSi
mowveuli stumrebi saubrobdnen filmis irgvliv (cxadia, es ar
gulisxmobda mxolod kinosuraTze msjelobas). aq iyvnen sxvadasxva
profesiis adamianebi, magram ufro xSirad mainc kinomcodneebs,
fsiqologebs, sociologebs vxvdebodiT. es saubrebi ki saintereso iyo
imitom, rom stumrebi metwilad kompetenturi da sainteresod
mosaubreebi iyvnen da meorec, TviTon gogi gvaxarias profesionalizmi
vlindeboda ara marto imaSi, rom is kargad erkveoda kinos sakiTxebSi,
aramed imaSic, rom wamyvani sxva mosaubreebs saSualebas aZlevda
maqsimalurad gamoeTqvaT Tavisi mosazrebebi.
sayuradReboa is faqti, rom „fsiqo“ yovelgvari Caweris gareSe
gadaicemoda pirdapir eTerSi. es ki mayureblis interess aZlierebda,
radgan pirdapiri eTeri Tavisi moulodnelobebiTa da
gauTvaliswinebeli momentebiT auditorias yovelTvis izidavda. isic
faqtia, rom aseTi saxis gadacemebis mimarT ndobis faqtoric metia
rogorc stumrebis, ise mayureblis mxridan – stumrebs SeeZloT
TavianTi mosazrebebi ise CamoeyalibebinaT, rogorc TviTon surdaT,
mayurebelma ki icoda, rom mas saubris sruli versia miewodeboda,
romelic xSirad Zalian mwvave iyo da moicavda mniSvnelovan
informacias rogorc filmis, ise arsebuli socialuri, politikuri,
kulturuli da sxv. sakiTxebis Sesaxeb.
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arc Tu umniSvnelo detalad migvaCnia is, rom „fsiqos“

mimdinareobis dros mayurebels saSualeba hqonda daereka da
daefiqsirebina Tavisi azri – amiT „rusTavi 2“-is demokratiulobaze
keTdeboda aqcenti. dakvirvebuli mayurebeli, albaT, imasac miaqcevda
yuradRebas, rom satelefono zarebi Sewyda swored im periodSi, roca
„vardebis revolucia“ mimdinareobda. marTalia, TviTon gogi gvaxaria
axla aRar saubrobda dafarul, Tu anonimur cenzuraze (razec
yuradRebas amaxvilebda „sarkmlis“ daxurvis dros) da am faqts drois
uqonlobiT xsnida, magram Tu gavixsenebT imas, rom „fsiqos“ meSveobiT
misi wamyvani am revoluciaSi aqtiur monawileobas iRebda, maSin
mayurebelTa zarebis Sewyvetis mizezic gasagebi iqneba („fsiqos“ rols
„vardebis revoluciaSi Cven ufro gvian ganvixilavT“).
`fsiqos“ mTavari misia (rogorc kulturul-saganmanaTleblo
gadacemis) SemecnebiTi funqcia iyo da, unda iTqvas, rom am rols man
sakmaod warmatebiT gaarTva Tavi, radgan „fsiqoSi“ marTlac didi
raodenobiT iyo wardgenili msoflio kinematografis saukeTeso
nimuSebi, romlebmac didi esTetikuri siamovneba mianiWes mayurebels. es
TavisTavad ar gamoricxavs filmis sxva funqciebs. magaliTad.
ideologiur datvirTvas. metic, esTetiurad lamazi filmi Tavis
ideologias ufro sainteresod da mimzidvelad awvdis mayurebels.
„fsiqo“ am saxis filmebiT marTlac anebivrebda kinoxelovnebis namdvil
Tayvanismcemlebs. aRsaniSnavia, rom gogi gvaxaria da misi stumrebi
mayurebels sTavazobdnen ara marto cnobil reJisorTa mag. viskontis,
antonionis, bunuelis, kusturicas da sxv. marTlac udavod lamaz
filmebs, aramed iseT reJisorTa kinofilmebsac, romelTa Sesaxeb maT
mxolod kinofestivalebidan Tu hqoniaT informacia. am mxriv CvenTvis
Zalian saintereso iyo is faqti, rom 2001 wlis `oskariT”
dajildovebuli filmi „mimaluli vefxvi, Casafrebuli drakoni (reJ.
eng-li) yvelaze adre swored „fsiqoSi“ gavida. igi, upirveles yovlisa,
gamoirCeva Tavisi vizualuri mxariT – lamazi ferebi, araCveulebrivad
mimzidveli triukuli elementebi da a.S.
saerTod, kinosuraTis mxatvrul Rirebulebaze yuradRebis
gamaxvileba gogi gvaxarias yvela saavtoro gadacemisTvis aris
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damaxasiaTebeli. am mxriv gamonakliss arc „fsiqo“ warmoadgenda.

mniSvnelovania, rom xSirad filmis esTetikur mxareze aqcenti
keTdeboda iseT SemTxvevebSic, roca misi Sinaarsobrivi datvirTvis gamo
mayurebeli masze naklebad amaxvilebda yuradRebas. mag. 2005 w. maisSi
„fsiqom“ warmoadgina holandieli reJisoris nik vam dimis filmi
„drevenhameni“, romelic mogviTxrobs mama–Svils Soris arsebul
dapirispirebaze. filmis garCevis dros mowveul stumrebs Soris iyvnen
axalgazrdebic da, cxadia, saubari Seexo TaobaTa Soris urTierTobebs.
aRsaniSnavia, rom filmis ganxilva mxolod am mxriv ar warmarTula da
mniSvnelovani yuradReba miaqcies ekranis gamomsaxvelobiT saSualebs.
magaliTad, aRniSnes, rom Zalian saintereso operatoruli namuSevaria,
vxvdebiT rembrandtiseul Cabnelebul kadrebs da a.S.
Cven ukve visaubreT imis Sesaxeb, rom sabWoTa periodSi
kinogadacemebs didi doziT uwevda propagandistuli funqciis
Sesruleba, magram unda aRvniSnoT isic, rom Tanamedrove periodSic is
faqti, rom am gadacemebis ZiriTadi funqcia SemecnebiTia, ar
gamoricxavs mis ideologiur datvirTvas da zogjer swored
propagandistul funqcias. moviyvanT igive `fsiqos‟‟ rols `vardebis
revoluciis” dros, romelsac warmatebiT gaarTva Tavi g. Ggvaxariam. Aam
periodSi masSi gadacemidan gadacemaSi mizandasaxulad xorcieldeboda
sazogadoebrivi azris formireba. amitom gvinda ufro detalurad
visaubroT masze.
2003 wels saqarTvelos telekompaniebs Soris gaCaRebul
winasaarCevno da arCevnebis Semdgomi periodis sainformacio omSi
yvelaze did warmatebas miaRwia „rusTavi 2“-ma, raSic propagandistuli
zemoqmedebis sxva elementebTan erTad, didi wvlili Seitana kinom
(garda filmebis Cvenebisa, mas sxvdasxva gadacemebSi iyenebdnen), magram
udavoa, rom am saqmeSi badali ar hyavda kinogadacema „fsiqos“ da es
bunebrivicaa, radgan am gadacemis wamyvani g. gvaxaria Zalian kargad
erkveva rogorc kino, ise televiziis specifikaSi. marTalia, is adre
uaryofda, rom televiziaSi naCveneb films raime gansakuTrebuli
datvirTva aqvs. anu, misi sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, „raRacis propaganda
hgoniaT“ da mas „komunistur paranoiad“ miiCnevda (gazeTi „alia“ 1996 w.
 74

11 ivnisi). yvela dros da yvela filmze am azris gavrceleba marTlac

uazrobaa, magram garkveul momentSi Sesaferisi filmis marto
demonstrirebac rom mayurebelze did zegavlenas axdens, es faqtia da
Cven amaze ukve visaubreT.
rac Seexeba „fsiqos“, man televiziis yvela specifikisa da
manipulirebis meTodebis meSveobiT am periodSi SesaniSnavad Seasrula
Tavisi misia. daviwyoT imiT, rom am gadacemis wamyvanma g. gvaxariam
arCevnebamde ramdenime TviT adre ganacxada, rom daiwyeboda politikuri
filmebis Cveneba. metic, man e.w. `vardebis revoluciis” Semdeg
mayurebels auwya, rom politikuri filmebis cikli kidev ori Tve
gagrZeldeboda, (yovel SemTxvevaSi, saprezidento arCevnebamde mainc –
dasZina man).
mainc ra filmebs aCvenebdnen am dReebSi `fsiqoSi” da ras
eubnebodnen amiT mayurebels? magaliTad, goga xaindravas mxatvrul–
dokumenturi filmis „ocnebebis sasaflaos“ (27.09.03) demonstrirebiT
mTavrobas, arCevnebSi monawile politikosebsa da saerTod sazogadoebas
Seaxsenes, rom saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianobis aRdgenis
problema aqvs gadasawyveti – dasabrunebelia afxazeTi. es filmi,
rogorc adre aRvniSneT, pirvelad saqarTvelos televiziiT afxazeTis
plebiscitis dros aCvenes. merab kokoCaSvilis filmi „cxeli zafxulis
sami dRe“ ki Seexeba saqarTvelos 80–iani wlebis yofas. mowveulma
stumrebma – m. kokoCaSvilma da n. WankvetaZem aRniSnes, rom am
periodidan bevri araferi Secvlila. gamomsvlelTa saubari Seexo im
winaaRmdegobebsac, rac filmis gadaRebas da ekranebze gamoSvebas
axlda. aRiniSna isic, rom e. SevardnaZis mmarTvelobis periodSi,
marTalia, sabolood dadebiTad gadawyda es problema – filmi gamovida
ekranebze, magram, maTi sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, marTlac cxeli zafxulis
cxel dRes, Tanac sakmaod didi dokumenturi filmis – „qarTuli
arqeologia guSin, dRes xval“ – wamZRvarebiT. sayuradReboa isic, rom
am saubarSi axsenes fraza – kompromisebi asaks moaqvs.
rac Seexeba reJisor b. levinsonis films „roca kudi ZaRls aqnevs“
(25.10.03), igi ukavSirdeba PR kampanias da amitom saubaric am Temis
 75

irgvliv warimarTa – kerZod, ilaparakes imaze, Tu ra mniSvneloba aqvs

medias da gansakuTrebiT aRiniSna televiziis roli sazogadoebrivi
azris CamoyalibebaSi.
1 noembers, anu arCevnebis wina dRes, kinogadacema „fsiqom“, Cveni
azriT, Tavisi misia brwyinvaled Seasrula, radgan aCvenes vudi alenis
(igi inteleqtual reJisorTa kategorias ganekuTvneba) filmi „zeligi“.
es aris filmi – parodia (gadaRebulia 1983 wels da exeba ebraelTa
beds) imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor „gankurna“ eqimma fleCerma zeligi – kaci -
xvliki, qameleoni. aRsaniSnavia, rom es kinosuraTi zedmiwevniT
dokumenturi meTodiT aris gadaRebuli.
„zeligis“ demonstrirebis dRes studiaSi mowveuli iyo gia
Wanturia (im dros aqtiuri opozicioneri), romelic, rogorc cnobilia,
SesaniSnavi imitatoria. vfiqrobT, esec SemTxveviT ar momxdara. filmis
garCevisas iTqva, rom es aris filmi-parodia adamianebze –
politikosebze, saTvalian inteleqtualebze, romlebsac surT, rom
yvelas moswondeT. zeligis seniT ki daavadebulia bevri politikosi da
ara marto isini. amitom saWiroa maTi gamofxizleba. gansakuTrebiT
yuradsaRebia is faqti, rom filmSi zeligs xalxi ramdenjerme xan
gaakerpebs, xan ki uaryofs, rac TavisTavad mravlismetyveli iyo Cvens
sinamdvilesTan mimarTebaSi. cxadia, xalxis amgvari qcevis mizezebzec
imsjeles gadacemis monawileebma.
gvinda xazgasmiT aRvniSnoT, rom winasaarCevno dRes am filmis
Cvenebas didi mniSvneloba hqonda Tundac masSi gaJRerebuli aseTi
frazebisTvis – `pirovneba unda iyo da arCevani unda gaakeTo maSinac ki,
roca Tqveni arCevani ar moswonT, Tu ara da xvliki gaxdebi.~ an kidev –
`bavSvebo, SeinarCuneT Tqveni Tavi, iyaviT is, vinc xarT. Tqven xom
Tavisufali adamianebi, Tavisufali qveynis – amerikis moqalaqeebi
xarT~... amiT, vfiqrobT, „fsiqom“ da saerTod, „rusTavi 2“-ma Tavisi
saTqmeli bolomde Tqva da sakuTari pozicia daafiqsira.
am films Taviseburad agrZelebda Zmebi tavianebis „alonzafan“,
(8.11.03), romlis gmirsac eSinia arCevnis gakeTebis. is yovelTvis
yoymanobs da ar icis rogori gadawyvetileba miiRos, amitom
Tavisuflebasa da konformizms Soris Tavis arCevans mudam
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konformizmze akeTebs. Tumca, filmis bolos mainc Tavisuflebas airCevs

da revolucioneris wiTel tansacmelSi iRupeba. „fsiqoSi“ mowveulma
stumarma – zurab WiaberaSvilma – filmis Sinaarsidan gamomdinare,
iseTi daskvna gaakeTa, rom axla usamarTlobasTan Serigeba, gaCumeba,
umoqmedoba zustad amgvar dasasrulamde miiyvanda qarTvelebs. man aseve
gaixsena 1968 wlis amboxis erT–erTi lozungi: „iyaviT realistebi –
moiTxoveT SeuZlebeli“.
noembris Sua ricxvebidan, roca saqarTveloSi politikuri situacia
ukiduresad daiZaba, „fsiqo“ dokumenturi filmebis Cvenebaze gadavida da
es gasagebicaa – radgan mxatvruli kinos ZiriTadi funqcia mainc
adamianTa esTetikuri aRzrdaa. am periodSi kinogadacema `fsiqoSi‟‟
cikliT „araZaladobrivi konfliqti“ aCvenes sami dokumenturi filmi,
romlebsac brZolis erTnairi meTodi – mSvidobiani gza – aerTianebda.
kerZod, pirveli filmi exeboda indoeli xalxis erovnul-
ganmaTavisuflebel moZraobas m. gandis xelmZRvanelobiT. vfiqrobT,
amiT mayurebels Seaxsenes, rom arsebobs mSvidobiani brZolis meTodi,
xolo protestis gamoxatvis saukeTeso xerxia daumorCilebloba.
meore filmSi (22.11.03) naCvenebi iyo, rogor moxerxda uiaraRod
slobodan miloSeviCis Camogdeba. movlenebis ganviTarebis kuTxiT Tu
SevxedavT am films, masSi aRweril faqtebsa da saqarTveloSi arCevnebis
Semdeg arsebul situacias Soris mravali paraleli moinaxeba –
magaliTad, qarTuli „kmaras‟‟ da serbiuli „otporis“ Sav-TeTri
plakatebi da simbolurad Sekruli muSti. swored amitom, vfiqrobT, rom
gansakuTrebuli zegavlena moaxdina sazogadoebaze am filmma, radgan
mibaZva adamianebisTvis bunebriv Tvisebas warmoadgens. magaliTad,
cnobilia, rom 1989 wlis bolos komunisturi reJimis damxoba
aRmosavleT evropis qveynebSi swored erTmaneTis wabaZviT
(gamocdilebis gaTvaliswinebiT) xdeboda.
rac Seexeba mesame dokumentur films – „diqtatoris damxoba“
(29.11.03), igi CileSi pinoCetis damxobas asaxavda. am dros saqarTveloSi
ukve momxdari iyo `vardebis revolucia” da studiaSi mowveuli
stumrebis saubaric ZiriTadad swored am ori faqtis irgvliv
 77

warimarTa. stumarTa raodenoba ki sakmaod bevri iyo (mwerali,

politologi, sociologi, Jurnalisti).
gvinda aRvniSnoT isic, rom „fsiqom“ swored am periodSi Secvala
formati – studiaSi mowveul stumarTa raodenoba gaizarda da
mayurebelTa zarebi gauqmda, rac aucileblad daafiqrebda auditorias.
Cven ki gvaxsendeba is dro, roca vsaubrobdiT „sarkmlis“ `pirvel
arxze” gauqmebis Sesaxeb da vaskvnidiT, an ufro sworad, gvjeroda, rom
zogi Wiri margebelicaa, radgan man `rusTavi-2-ze” is Tvisebebi SeiZina,
rac saxelmwifo televiziaSi, albaT, ar eqneboda.
unda vTqvaT, rom 2003 wlis 6 dekembers, roca Zmebi tavianebis
„Rriankalis niSnis qveS“ aCvenes, g. gvaxariam ukve mTavrobis mxridan
mtris xatis Seqmnis mcdelobaze isaubra. man erT-erT gadacemaSi
xazgasmiT aRniSna isic, rom misTvis miuRebelia m. saakaSvilis aseTi
gancxadeba _ ar minda Cemma Svilma aslan ibragimis Ze abaSiZis
saqarTveloSi icxovroso.
2003 wlis 13 dekembers ki „fsiqos“ eTeri daeTmo j. stelingis
films „mfrinavi holandieli“ (Sedgeba sami nawilisagan – „ormo“, „gemi“
da „mfrinavi holandieli“). am films me-16 saukuneSi gadavyavarT – roca
espanelebma holandielebis winaaRmdeg daiwyes brZola da mogviTxrobs
holandielTa sami Taobis warmomadgenlebze, romelTac erTi saerTo
idea aerTianebT – iswavlon frena da holandiamde CaaRwion.
Cveni azriT, filmi, garda imisa, rom Zalian maRal mxatvrul
donezea Sesrulebuli, imdenad simbolurad aris gadawyvetili, rom
advilad gasageb filmTa kategorias ar ganekuTvneba. magram is mainc
aSkaraa, rom saubaria daumorCilebel, Tavisuflebismoyvare sulze,
romelic, albaT, yovel dros iyo da iqneba kidec.
„mfrinavi holandielis“ gasarCevad studiaSi mowveuli iyvnen
erovnuli mTavrobis periodis ganaTlebis ministri l. andRulaZe,
gamomcemlobis redaqtori T. ebraliZe, poeti r. amaRlobeli da
Jurnalisti T. CageliSvili. saubari ZiriTadad exeboda 1991-92 wlebis
gmirs – saqarTvelos pirvel prezidents z. gamsaxurdias da 2003 wlis
revoluciis liders m. saakaSvils (amis Sesaxeb mogvaxsena g. gvaxariam
„kurieris“ anonsSic). mowveul stumrebs Soris diskusiac gaimarTa,
 78

radgan sakamaTo sakiTxic bevri iyo da stumrebic ar iyvnen erT

poziciaze myofni, magram yvela eTanxmeboda im azrs, rom aucilebelia
lideri da sazogadoebis Sinagani mzaoba. gadacemis dasasruls ki iTqva,
rom adamianebs gmirebi uyvarT, magram maTgan kerpebis Seqmna ar
SeiZleba.
Semdeg SabaTs (20.12.03) mayurebelma ixila lukino viskontis
SesaniSnavi filmi „RmerTebis daRupva“. sxvaTa Soris, es filmi g.
gvaxariam axla mesamejer uCvena – pirvelad „sarkmelSi“ erovnuli
xelisuflebis Camogdebis Semdeg, meored 1999 wlis saparlamento
arCevnebis win. amjerad mowveuli stumrebi saubrobdnen faSizmis Sesaxeb
da rom es ar aris erTi qveynis ubedureba, rac saTaurSic Cans (igi
miTologias ukavSirdeba). sxva sakiTxebTan erTad saubris Tema Seexo
paranoias. kerZod, erT-erTi stumris – m. nadiraZis TqmiT, paranoiis
gamoxatuleba aris is, rom logika gerRveva da aseTi magaliTebi
moiyvana: roca mamalaZe saubrobs, rom wesrigs daamyarebs; roca
SevardnaZe ambobs, rom korufcias ebrZvis.
gadacemaSi aRiniSna isic, rom CvenSic Zalian bevri martinia
(mTavari gmiri) da g. gvaxarias sityvebiT, isini, anu infantiluri
ymawvilebi Zlier adamianebs mietmasnebian xolme.
axsenes is, rom faSizmma didi daRi daasva germanul enas. bolos ki
iTqva, rom maT ician, rom garkveuli pretenziebi mainc aris
nacionaluri moZraobis mimarT.
„fsiqos“ es politikuri filmebis seria damTavrda stenli krameris
„gadajaWvulnis“ demonstrirebiT (27.12.03), e.i. igi marTlac gagrZelda,
rogorc es gadacemis wamyvanma Tavidanve gamoacxada, saprezidento
arCevnebamde.
amjerad ZiriTadi aqcenti saqarTveloSi arsebul situaciaze
gakeTda. kerZod, Tu rogor unda icxovron erTad sxvadasxva eTnosuri
jgufebis warmomadgenlebma, romlebic marTlac bevri ramiT arian
gadajaWvulni. problemebi rom gadaiWras, adamianebma, pirvel rigSi,
erTmaneTis mosmena unda iswavlon – swored am daskvnamde mividnen
studiaSi mowveuli sxvadasxva eris warmomadgenlebi – qurTi, somexi,
azerbaijaneli, rusi.
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amgvarad, SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom „fsiqom“ mocemuli momentisaTvis

Sesaferisi filmebis CvenebiT, programaSi dokumenturi filmebis
CarTviT, avtoritetuli wamyvanisa da misi stumrebis komentarebiT,
romlebic, cxadia, mizandasaxulad iyvnen mowveulni, sazogadoebrivi
azri swored im mimarTulebiT waiyvana, ra mizansac isaxavda. garda
amisa, „fsiqo“ „rusTavi–2“–is programis nawilia. es arxi ki opoziciuri
iyo da mas Tavisi pozicia arc daumalavs. amitom „fsiqoc“ mis
interesebs anxorcielebda.
unda iTqvas, rom es aris unikaluri magaliTi, roca wminda
sainformacio, Tu propagandistul gadacemebTan erTad, aseTi saxis
gadacema, romlis ZiriTadi funqcia kulturul-saganmanaTlebloa,
saarCevno kampaniis dros da metic, revoluciis dros did warmatebas
aRwevs.

`wiTeli zona~

bolo wlebSi saqarTvelos televiziaSi didi adgili daikava

`masobrivma kulturam.‟‟ namdvili xelovnebis nimuSebs aq iSviaTad
vxvdebiT. arc kinoxelovneba warmoadgens am mxriv gamonakliss.
iaffasiani teleserialebisa da dabali donis filmebis demonstrireba
Cveulebrivi movlena gaxda (filmis maRalteqnikuri xarisxi am
SemTxvevaSi arafers cvlis). metic, zogierTi maTgani saSiSi ideologiis
matarebelic aris (bevr qveyanaSi aseTi kinosuraTebis gavrcelebas
yvelanairad ewinaaRmdegebian). am situaciaSi gadacema `wiTeli zona‟‟
aRmoCnda is erT-erTi gamonaklisi, romelic kinosmoyvarulebs
mSvelelad moevlina, Tumca, is mxolod kinogadacemis farglebSi ar
jdeba.
mainc ras warmoadgens `wiTeli zona‟‟, ra funqciebs asrulebs is da
rogor aRwevs dasaxul mizans? sanam am kiTxvebze vupasuxebT, mokled
gvinda mimovixiloT gogi gvaxarias Semdegi saavtoro gadacema (`fsiqos”
Semdeg) `Tavisuflebis Teorema”, romelic telekompania `imedis” arxze
gadioda (2006 wels Seiqmna). vfiqrobT, rom swored am gadacemam
moumzada niadagi `wiTel zonas”. Tundac imiT, rom igi radio
 80

`Tavisuflebisa” da `imedis” erTobliv proeqts warmoadgenda. Ees

gadacemac gvian iwyeboda ( 11.30 ) da TiTqmis mTeli Ramis ganmavlobaSi
gadioda (daaxloebiT 4 saaTi). isic sami nawilisagan Sedgeboda. 1)
diskusia arCeul Temaze; 2) sasaubro TemasTan dakavSirebuli filmi, an
siuJeti; 3) filmi, romelsac Tan axlda wamyvanis Sesavali teqsti; Aam
gadacemaSic mraval sakiTxze imsjeles _ dawyebuli imperializmidan,
damTavrebuli SiSveli sxeuliT; Mmowveuli stumrebic sxvadasxva
profesiis adamianebi iyvnen. `Tavisuflebis Teoremis” daxurva
daukavSirda mis arareitingulobas (rogorc ganacxada am gadacemis
prodiuserma) da es arc aris gasakviri _ aseTi saxis gadacemebi ar aris
saerTod reitinguli. `imedi” ki komerciuli arxia da gadacemis
reitingi misTvis mniSvnelovania. magram Cven imasac vfiqrobT, rom
`Tavisuflebis Teoremis” arareitingulobas garkveulwilad (da ara
mTlianad) ganapirobebda isic, rom is gvian RamiT gadioda eTerSi.
kinogadacema `wiTeli zona‟‟ 2007 wlis 27 noembridan gamoCnda ukve
sxva arxze _ mas warmogvidgens `sazogadoebrivi mauwyeblis~ I arxi isev
radio ,,TavisuflebasTan‟‟ erTad. igi yovelkvireuli gadacemaa da
eTerSi gadis paraskevobiT 24 sT-ze (manamde mas aCvenebdnen 23.00-ze). misi
avtori da wamyvani isev kinomcodne g. gvaxariaa. `sazogadoebrivi
mauwyeblis‟‟ saitze (GPB.ge) ganTavsebul oficialuri anotacia
gvamcnobda, rom `wiTeli zona‟‟ mTlianad komunistur xelovnebas
eZRvneba, ufro sworad, mis xelaxal wakiTxvas, axali kuTxiT danaxvas
warmoadgens.
`wiTeli zonis‟‟ pirvel blokSi mcire moculobis siuJet-qronikaSi
warmodgenilia gansaxilveli Temis Sinaarsi da mimarTuleba, ris
Sesaxebac Semdeg mimdinareobs saubari mowveul stumrebTan erTad
daaxloebiT erTi saaTis ganmavlobaSi. bolos ki xdeba filmis (zogjer
ki speqtaklis) demonstrireba, romelic ufro xSirad mxatvrul
kinematografs ganekuTvneba, Tumca, es gadacema arc dokumenturi filmis
naklebobas ganicdis, radgan igi uxvad aris warmodgenili fragmentebis
saxiT. `wiTeli zonis‟‟ kinorepertuarze saubars Cven kidev
davubrundebiT, raTa ufro naTeli gaxdes am gadacemis funqcia da saxe.
 81

sasaubro Temebi ki namdvilad mravalferovania (mag. `avangardis

bedi saqarTveloSi‟‟, `sofeli da globalizacia‟‟, `qristianoba aTeizmis
epoqaSi‟‟, xalxi cenzoris rolSi”, Temur CxeiZis satelevizio speqtakli
`jayos xiznebi‟‟, `kiCi‟‟, `trockizmi”, `axali mdidrebi”, `afxazeTi_iqiT
ruseTi, aqeT saqarTvelo”, `mTavroba”, `evrovizia”, `merab mamardaSvili”
da sxv.). Temebis siWrele ki ganapirobebs im faqts, rom stumrebic
sxvadasxva profesiis adamianebi arian (fsiqologebi, politologebi,
xelovnebaTmcodneebi, mwerlebi, reJisorebi da sxv.).
`wiTeli zonisTvis‟‟ giorgi gvaxarias mier arCeuli Temebi marTlac
sainteresod da aqtualurad SeiZleba CaiTvalos. es Temebi Tavisi
mravalferovnebiT TiTqos abnevs mayurebels, magram maT aerTianebs
erTi saerTo ram _ TiToeuli gadacema mimarTulia yovelgvari
Zaladobis winaaRmdeg, es iqneba fizikuri Zaladoba _ adamianis
fizikurad dasja, misi ganadgureba, Tu pirovnebis sulierebaze
zemoqmedeba, romelic uamravi Tavsmoxveuli azrebiT, miTebiT,
akrZalvebiT da a.S. gamoixateba.
akrZaluli Temebi ki, rogorc cnobilia, sabWoTa periodSi marTlac
Zalian bevri iyo da Sesabamisad miTebic mravlad gvxvdeboda, magram
isic unda iTqvas, rom am miTebis gavrcelebasa da danergvaSi masobrivi
informaciisa da propagandis saSualebebs (rogorc mas im periodSi
uwodebdnen) da kerZod, televizias, didi wvlili miuZRoda. aseve
mniSvnelovani iyo socialisturi sistemis dros kinoxelovnebis roli
masebis komunistur aRzrdaSi.
e.w. `gardaqmnis~ wlebidan viTareba nel-nela Seicvala da es aisaxa
saqarTvelos kinogadacemebzec _ mraval Temas tabu moexsna, magram
srul Tavisuflebaze saubari arc Semdeg wlebSi SeiZleboda.
demokratiis deficiti SerCa rogorc saerTod televizias, ise
kinogadacemebs. amis dasadastureblad SeiZleba davasaxeloT g.
gvaxarias adrindeli gadacemebis `sarkmeli‟‟ (saxelmwifo televizia),
`fsiqo‟‟ (`rusTavi-2‟‟) da `Tavisuflebis Teorema‟‟ (telekompania `imedi‟‟)
daxurva. Erac Seexeba kinogadacema `wiTel zonas‟‟, is erTi periodi _
2008 wlis ivlisSi _ Sewyda da mxolod 2009 wlis aprilSi gamoCnda
isev `sazogadoebrivi mauwyeblis~ pirveli arxis eTerSi.
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aRsaniSnavia, albaT, is faqti, rom pirvelad gadacema radio

`Tavisuflebaze‟‟ saubriT gavida eTerSi, radgan is sabWoTa periodSi
mtrul radioTa rigSi moisazreboda (gadacemis pirvel blokSi aCvenes
patara siuJeti radio `Tavisuflebis‟‟ Sesaxeb). Tanac amiT, vinaidan es
proeqti `sazogadoebrivi mauwyeblisa” da radio `Tavisuflebis‟‟
erTobliv proeqtad gamocxadda, gadacemis pirvelive dResve gamoikveTa
`wiTeli zonis‟‟ mimarTuleba. es gadacema ki damTavrda filmiT `gudbai
lenin‟‟ (reJ. volfgang bekeri), romliTac mayurebelma erTxel kidev
dainaxa, Tu rogor amaxinjebda socialisturi ideologia adamianebis
sulier samyaros. amitom samudamod unda davemSvidoboT mas. (cxadia,
amaze miuTiTebs filmis saxelwodebac).
mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos is faqti, rom `wiTeli zonis‟‟
kinorepertuarSi wina gadacemebisgan – `sarkmeli‟‟ da `fsiqo‟‟ _
gansxvavebiT, bevria qarTuli da rusuli kinemetografis nimuSebi,
rasac Tavisi logikuri axsna aqvs (gadacemis funqciidan gamomdinare).
Tumca, masSi aseve didi adgili eTmoba sazRvargareTul
kinoxelovnebas da gogi gvaxaria saWiro SemTxvevaSi warmatebiT
mimarTavs mas. (rogorc pirvelive gadacemaSi vnaxeT).
rigiT meore gadacema mieZRvna e.w. `perestroikas‟‟. igi warmodgenili
iyo saTauriT `dagvianebuli gardaqmna‟‟. masSi jer gagvaxsenes 1985-1988w.w
saqarTvelo (Teo xatiaSvilis siuJeti), romelsac mohyva stumarTan
saubari (n. gelaSvili) Sesabamisi dokumenturi kadrebiT (zurab
WavWavaZis mitingze gamosvla) da filmiT (`70 SekiTxva”, romelSic zurab
Jvania aris dafiqsirebuli). mesame blokSi ki g. gvaxarias winasityvaobis
Semdeg warmogvidgines tato kotetiSvilis filmi `anemia,‟‟ sxvaTa Soris,
es swored is erT-erTi filmTagania, romelze saubaric (rubrika
`droTa ekrani”) kinogadacemaTa redaqciis TanamSromlebs Tavis droze
gardaqmnis monapovrad miaCndaT.
unda iTqvas isic, rom sasaubro TemisTvis SerCeuli qarTuli
filmebic ar ganekuTvneba SiSveli propagandistuli, plakaturi
filmebis kategorias (cxadia, propagandistuli filmic SeiZleba maRali
xelovnebis nimuSs warmoadgendes). vfiqrobT, amis dasadastureblad maTi
CamoTvlac ki ikmarebs. ai, isinic: `neilonis naZvis xe~ (reJ. r. esaZe),
 83

`pastorali‟‟ (reJ. o.ioseliani), `didi mwvane veli‟‟ (reJ. m. kokoCaSvili),

`pirveli mercxali‟‟ (reJ.Nn. mWedliZe) da sxva.
Tu am faqtTan dakavSirebiT imis Tqma SeiZleba, rom SiSveli
propagandistuli meTodebi qarTuli kinematografisTvis mainc da mainc
arc arasodes yofila damaxasiaTebeli Tviseba, amas, cxadia, ver
vityviT rusul kinoxelovnebaze, magram gogi gvaxaria, Cveni azriT,
cdilobs am SemTxvevaSic mayurebels warudginos plakaturobisgan
Tavisufali nimuSebi. mag. `mifrinaven weroebi‟‟ (reJ. m.kalatoziSvili),
`zeasvla‟‟ (reJ. larisa Sepitko), `sxvisi werilebi‟‟ (reJ. ilia averbaxi)
`Cven jazidan varT‟‟ (reJ. karen Saxnazarovi) da sxv. .Tumca, aqve gvinda
vTqvaT, rom am qveynis namdvili propagandistuli filmebi uxvad
gvxvdeba saubris msvlelobis dros fragmentebis saxiT, mag. s.
eizenSteinis `javSosani potiomkini,‟‟ a. dovJenkos `deda‟‟ da sxv.
(cxadia, Cven ar uarvyofT am filmebis reJisorTa Zalian did rols
kinematografis ganviTarebaSi).
kinofragmentebi Zalian xSirad sxvadasxva qveynis kinoxelovnebas
ganekuTvneba. aqve isic gvinda aRvniSnoT, rom gogi gvaxarias
profesionalizmi _ misi maRali kinematografiuli gemovneba _ amaSiac
gamomJRavnda, radgan am filmebis umravlesoba msoflio kinoxelovnebis
Sedevrebs warmoadgens. magaliTad, `mefisto‟‟ (reJ. iStvan sabo), `kabare‟‟
(reJ. bob fosi), `Cinuri ruletka‟‟ (reJ. rainer verner fasbinderi),
`briyvebis xomaldi‟‟ (reJ. stenli krameri), `ferfli da almasi‟‟ (reJ.
anjei vaida), `amarkordi‟‟ (reJ. federiko felini), `naTlia‟‟ (reJ. frensis
ford kopola) da sxv.
marTalia, `wiTeli zonis‟‟ kinorepertuari ZiriTadad mxatvruli
filmebisgan Sedgeba, ai, magaliTad, pirveli naxevari wlis ganmavlobaSi
eTerSi sul xuTi dokumenturi filmi aCvenes, magram, isic faqtia, rom
saubris dros aseTi saxis kinoc Zalian didi raodenobiT aris
warmodgenili kinofragmentebis saxiT, radgan imis gadmosacemad da
gasaanalizeblad, ra da rogor xdeboda komunisturi diqtaturis
pirobebSi, realuri faqtebi ufro bevrs amboben.
Cveni yuradReba miiqcia im faqtmac, rom `wiTel zonaSi‟‟
warmodgenili mxatvruli filmebi (rogorc rusuli, ise qarTuli)
 84

ZiriTadad sabWoTa periodSia Seqmnili, maSin rodesac 2007-2008 wlebSi

naCvenebi xuTidan oTxi dokumenturi filmis premiera swored am
gadacemaSi Sedga. (sabWoTa periodSi dokumenturi kino gansakuTrebiT
mkacr cenzuras eqvemdebareboda).
axla gvinda SevCerdeT im dokumentur filmebze, romelTa
premierac moxda `wiTel zonaSi‟‟. radgan swored aqedan gaigo
mayurebelma, Tu raze saubroben dRes qarTveli kinodokumentalistebi
_ ra sakiTxebi awuxebT maT da rogor esaxebaT am problemebis gadaWris
gzebi. erT-erTi maTgania `amerika bnel oTaxSi‟‟ (5.02.2008). am kinosuraTis
reJisoria daviT kandelaki. igi manamde aCvenes festival `promeTeze‟‟.
`amerika bnel oTaxSi‟‟ mogviTxrobs raJisoris megobris amerikul
`voiaJze‟‟ (filmi agebulia megobrebis satelefono saubarze), romelic
bolos da bolos cixiT damTavrda. amA kinosuraTs wiTel zolad
gasdevs is azri, rom filmis mTavari gmirisTvis Tu adre amerika iyo
saocnebo qveyana, axla mis erTaderT ocnebas saqarTveloSi dabruneba
warmoadgens.
undaUaRiniSnos is faqtic, rom gadaRebebis dros, rogorc studiaSi
mowveuli reJisoris saubridan gavigeT, mravali winaaRmdegoba hqoniaT,
radgan teroristuli aqtebiT SeSinebuli amerikelebi yvelafers
akontrolebdnen, metic, kinokamerebiT gadaRebac mTel rig problemebTan
iyo dakavSirebuli.
dokumenturi filmi `banditebi‟‟ exeba gasuli saukunis 80-ian
wlebSi gaxmaurebul ambavs (1983w 18 noemberi) _ axalgazrdebis mier
TviTmfrinavis gatacebas. (am Temaze Semdeg wlebSi daidga speqtaklic
daTo turaSvilis amave saxelwodebis piesis mixedviT). masSi saubaria
imaze, Tu ra moxda im sabediswero dRes, vin iyvnen es axalgazrdebi, ram
miiyvana isini am gadawyvetilebamde da riT damTavrda yvelaferi es
(rogorc cnobilia, isini sikvdiliT dasajes).
`banditebis‟‟ naxvis Semdeg mayurebeli midis im daskvnamde, rom am
tragediis mTavari mizezi is epoqa iyo, romelSic maT mouwiaT cxovreba.
es sastiki ganaCeni maT totalitaruli reJimis xanam moutana. cxadia,
axalgazrdebis sikvdiliT dasja marTlac saSineli faqti iyo, magram
aq isic unda vTqvaT, rom filmSi mainc igrZnoba am faqtisadmi
 85

subieqturi damokidebuleba, radgan masSi monawile adamianebis

umravlesoba am axalgazrdebis axloblebi arian (aseve gadacemaSi
mowveuli stumrebi), rom araferi vTvqaT imaze, rom, rogorc gadacemidan
gavigeT, am filmis reJisori gega kobaxiZis ojaxis megobari yofila.
swored am mizeziT gogi gvaxariam erT-erT Semdeg gadacemaSi
gatacebuli TviTmfrinavis ekipaJis wevris _ anzor Wedias Svili moiwvia
sasaubrod.
saerTod, dokumetur kinoSic faqti Tavisebur transformacias
ganicdis, radgan mas iRebs adamiani, romelsac garkveuli
damokidebuleba aqvs am faqtisadmi, rogorc fsiqologebi amtkiceben,
ganwyoba yovelTvis win uswrebs moqmedebas. rom araferi vTqvaT im
saSualebebze, romliTac xdeba sasurveli Sedegis miRweva, magaliTad,
kadri, rakursi, xedi, montaJi, kadrsgareT teqsti da sxv. Ffaqtis
absoluturad obieqturad asaxva, cxadia, Zalian Znelia.
mniSvnelovania isic, rom `wiTel zonaSi‟‟ aCvenes nino kirTaZis
dokumenturi filmi `durakovo, briyvTa sofeli.‟‟Ees kinosuraTi
mogviTxrobs ruseTis erT-erTi provinciis mosaxleobis cxovrebaze,
romelsac mxolod da mxolod monuri Tu SeiZleba ewodos. ramdenadac
gasakviri ar unda iyos mayureblisTvis, iq mcxovrebTa umravlesobas
akmayofilebs arsebuli viTareba. (yovel SemTxvevaSi interviuebidan ase
Cans). aRsaniSnavia isic, rom filmSi xalxis damorCilebis erT-erT
saSualebad gamoyenebulia eklesia. mTavari gmiri _ mixeili _ swored
RmerTiTa da eklesiiT Amanipulirebs.
`durakovo, briyvTa sofelSi‟‟ Zalian kargad gamoikveTa is momentic,
rom ruseTis imperialisturi ambiciebi arsad gamqrala. am qveynis
xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi (magaliTad, filmSi monawile – ruseTis
dumis wevri baburini) sabWoTa kavSiris daSlas dRemde ver eguebian,
metic, misi aRdgenis imediT arian.
`wiTel zonaSi‟‟ moxda aseve Jan miSel kares filmis _ `putinis
sistema‟‟_ demonstrireba (24.06.2008), romlis premiera, gogi gvaxarias
TqmiT, 2007 wels Sesdga, magram ruseTSi es filmi ar uCvenebiaT. sxvaTa
Soris, am gadacemaSi, saubari iyo ara mxolod ruseTis yofil
prezidentze, aramed saerTod liderebis, Tu beladebis fenomenze, (mag.
 86

i. stalinze, m. gorbaCovze, e. SevardnaZeze, z. gamsaxurdiaze, m.

saakaSvilze da sxv.), riTac gadacemis sasaubro Temam _`postkomunisturi
liderebi, beladebi da beladomania‟‟_ ufro sintereso da srulyofili
saxe miiRo da, vfiqrobT, mayurebelic daafiqra.
am Kkinogadacemis xelaxali gamoCenis pirvelive TveSi (24.04.09)
aCvenes Jan renuaris `es Cemi miwaa”. igi politikur filmTa kategorias
ganekuTvneba. `wiTeli zonis” sasaubro Temas ki am dRes warmoadgenda
`kolaboracionizmi guSin da dRes” da es Tema mravalmxrivad gaiSala
nel-nela _ 1) gadacemis dasawyisSi siuJeti kolaboracionizmis Sesaxeb,
romelic Sedgeboda rogorc kinofragmentebisagan (kinofilmebidan _
lui malis `kalomb lusieni”, Ziga vertovis `sergo orjonokiZe), @ise
dokumenturi kadrebiT sergo orjonikiZis Zeglis demontaJis Sesaxeb,
2) mowveul stumrebTan kompetenturi saubari (emzar jgerenaia, Tamar
ebraliZe), Zalian zustad SerCeuli kinofragmentebis TanxlebiT did
kinoxelovanTa Semoqmedebidan (bernardo bertoluCis `konformisti”,
rainer verner fasbinderis `lili marleni”, stenli krameris
`niurnbergis procesi” iStvan sabos `sxvadasva mxares” da sxv.), 3) bolos
filmi `es Cemi miwaa”, romliTac mayurebeli bevr rameze dafiqrdeba.
filmis saTauric xom mravlismTqmeli da simboluria (es ar aris
konkretuli qveyana, ubralod `sadRac evropaSia”). diax, es filmi
agitaciaao Tqva gadacemis wamyvanma_ gogi gvaxariamac.
`wiTelma zonam” am dRidan isev Cveuli stiliT ganagrZo saqmianoba.
Temebi isev mravalferovani da da aqtualuri iyo. mniSvnelovania, rom
ganxilvis Temebi mxolod saqarTvelos ar exeboda. magaliTad, TemiT
`latviis ormagi okupacia” saintereso iyo imis garkveva, Tu ratom
arsebobs latviaSi problema _ sabWoTa memkvidreobisagan
ganTavisufleba. miT umetes,Ees xdeba qveyanaSi, romelic mxolod 50
weli iyo sabWoTa kavSiris SemadgenlobaSi. (24.09. 2010). erT-erTi
gadacema `meoce saukune _ osvencimis saukune” (02.04..2010) germaniidan
mimdinareobda da am qveynis Tanamedrove problemebsac Seexeboda.
samwuxarod, `wiTeli zonac‟‟ maRalreitingul gadacemaTa ricxvs
ar ganekuTvneba, (`Tavisuflebis Teoremis” msgavsad) da mizezic igivea_
erTi mxriv, aseTi saxis gadacemebs, saerTod, masobrivi auditoria ar
 87

hyavs, da meore mxriv, amas nawilobriv ganapirobebs misi eTerSi gvian

RamiT gasvla.
`wiTeli zonis‟‟ SeswavliT erTxel kidev davrwmundiT imaSi, rom
sabWoTa ideologiaze da mis Sedegebze (da ara marto amaze) saubari
Zalian efeqturia isev komunisturi miTebis gamavrcelebeli
saSualebebis –kinosa da televiziis – am ori gigantis sinTeziT, radgan
kino + televizia ufro metia, vidre TiToeuli maTgani cal-calke. xazi
gvinda gavusvaT im sakiTxs, rom `wiTeli zona‟‟, rogorc kinogadacema,
mTlianobaSi mainc SemecnebiTi gadacemaa da adamianTa inteleqtualuri
donis amaRllebaze aris orientirebuli. Tumca, danamdvilebiT SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom igi ufro ideologizebulia, vidre `sarkmeli‟‟ da `fsiqo”
(Tu mxedvelobaSi ar miviRebT `fsiqos” mier Catarebul piar kampanias
2003-2004 wlebis saprezidento da saparlamento arCevnebis dros).
am gadacemis ideologiuri xasiaTi ikveTeba rogorc rubrika-
saTaurSi `wiTeli zona‟‟ _ ise im faqtiTac, rom gadacema mimdinareobs
sabWoTa okupaciis muzeumidan.
giorgi gvaxarias es gadacema marTlac trialebs komunisturi
reJimis irgvliv, magram es ar niSnavs imas, rom is mxolod am umkacresi
diqtaturis periods exeba. Tanamedrove periodSic xom mravali `wiTeli
zona‟‟ gvaqvs, rac aucileblad unda vaRiaroT da misgan gamosvlis
gzebi veZeboT, Torem mxolod warsulis ganqiqebiT da mimdinare
movlenebze Tvalis daxuWviT verafers movimkiT da isev im periodSi
CavrCebiT. ai, amitomac `wiTeli zona‟‟ komunisturi xelovnebis marTlac
xelaxali wakiTxviTa da axali kuTxiT danaxviT Tanamedrove xelovnebas
da saerTo viTarebas exmaureba, riTac, Cveni azriT, Zalian did saqmes
akeTebs.
sainteresoa kidev erTi sakiTxi _ ramdenad axdens `wiTeli zona~
mayurebelze zegavlenas da ra faqtorebi moqmedebs aseT SemTxvevebSi. am
kiTxvebiT mivmarTeT fsiqologebsac. maTi TqmiT (magaliTad, am azrs
anviTarebs fsiqologi revaz jorbenaZe), sabWouri mentaliteti arsebobs
dResac, oRond Secvlili saxiT, adamianis mentaliteti 20 weliwadSi
ver Seicvleba, amas sWirdeba axali Taobebi da saerTodac mxolod
neitralur adamianze aris SesaZlebeli garkveulwilad zemoqmedeba.
 88

`wiTeli zonis~ ganxilviT vamTavrebT rubrikebze saubars da

daskvnis saxiT vityviT, rom vinaidan SeuZlebelia erT gadacemaSi
sakiTxis Rrma da yovelmxrivi gaSuqeba Dda Tanac erTjeradi, zogadi
gadacema mayurebels Znelad Tu daamaxsovrdeba, amitom Zalian kargia
rubrikebis arseboba, radgan maTi meSveobiT xdeba SesaZlebeli meti
efeqtis miRweva da es ganpirobebulia, erTi mxriv, imiT, rom isini xels
uwyoben sakiTxis, problemis gadacemidan gadacemaSi TandaTanobiT
gacnoba-gaanalizebas da meore mxriv, miRebuli codnis sistemaSi
moyvanas (gasuli saukunis 80-iani wlebis meore naxevridan gaizarda maTi
raodenoba, 2003 wlidan ki nel-nela Semcirda da axla `sazogadoebrivi
mauwyeblis~ I arxze arsebobs mxolod erTi kinogadacema _`wiTeli
zona~, `rusTavi-2~-ze ki saerTod ar aris), magram unda iTqvas, rom es
mosazreba sworia mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu rubrika formalur
xasiaTs ar atarebs.

b) serialebi

1967 wels saqarTvelos televiziaSi (telestudiis axal SenobaSi

gadasvlis Semdeg) iqmneba satelevizio filmebis gaerTianeba, sadac
Tavdapirvelad iReben moklemetraJian filmebs. Ppirveli aseTi filmi ki
iyo merab jaliaSvilis `dedis xeli‟‟. mxolod Semdeg gaxda SesaZlebeli
srulmetraJiani da ufro gvian mravalseriani mxatvruli filmebis
gadaReba. unda iTqvas, rom saqarTvelos telestudiam swored
moklemetraJiani mxatvruli filmebiT gaiTqva saxeli. maT Soris
gansakuTrebulad unda aRiniSnos `qolga‟‟, `qorwili‟‟ (reJ. g. kobaxiZe),
`serenada‟‟, `qvevri‟‟ (reJ. i. kvirikaZe), `bzianeTi‟‟, (reJ. l. eliava) da
sxv.
seriali ki satelevizio ekrans marTlac yvelaze kargad ergeba,
metic: `telexelovnebis originalobis dasabuTebisaTvis aucilebelia
iseTi teleformebis arseboba, romlis kinoekranze Cveneba SeuZlebelia,
 89

anu gansxvavebuli arian kinonawarmoebebisagan enis, mxatvruli

pirobiTobisa Tu qronotipis mixedviT.
specialistebis erTi nawili aseT formebad miiCnevs teleserialebs,
romelTa ganxorcieleba kinoekranze marTlac SeuZlebelia, ise mWidrod
ukavSirdebian isini televiziis bunebas.Mmsoflio praqtikaSi cnobilia
mravali qronikaluri da dadgmiTi filmi, perioduli telespeqtaklebi,
romlebic wlobiT da aTeuli wlobiTac ki grZeldeba teleekranze.
raodenoba TvisobriobaSi gadadis da nawarmoebi iqceva programad,
periodul Ria struqturad, romelic aucileblad ingreva kinoekranze
da yovelgvar azrs kargavs (aRarafers vityviT imaze, rom am raodenobis
seriis kinoTeatrSi Cveneba praqtikulad SeuZlebelia).‟‟ ( r. surgulaZe,
e. iberi, 2003: 87.).
sabWoTa periodSi qarTveli mayurebeli mravalserian satelevizio
filmebs uyurebda centraluri televiziiT. pirveli satelevizio
mravalseriani mxatvruli filmi ki iyo `cecxli Cemken‟‟, romelic 1964
wels aris gadaRebuli. centraluri televiziiT gaxda SesaZlebeli
aseve qarTveli telemayurebeli gascnoboda sazRvargareTul
mravalserian mxatvrul films `forsaitebis saga‟‟ (romelic jon
golzuorsis amave saxelwodebis nawarmoebis ekranizacias warmoadgens).
Tumca, rogorc saarqivo masalis Seswavlam dagvanaxa, (fondi 1978,
aRwera I, saqme 880) saqarTvelos televizias jer kidev 1963 wels
uCvenebia germaneli kinematografistebis mier gadaRebuli xuTseriani
satelevizio filmi _ `sindisi iRviZebs‟‟, mas Tan axlda wamyvanis
Sesavali teqsti, romelic filmis ganxilvis nacvlad, socialisturi
sistemis upiratesobis propagandas ufro hgavs.
unda aRiniSnos is faqti, rom filmebis SerCeva, rogorc wesi,
sabWoTa ideologiis Sesabamisad xdeboda. Aamitom centraluri
televiziis mesveurni gansakuTrebul interess iCendnen socialisturi
qveynebis filmebis mimarT. magaliTad, sabWoTa xalxs da maT Soris
qarTvel xalxs gasuli saukunis 60-70-ian wlebSi saSualeba hqonda
centraluri televiziiT exila polonuri `oTxi tankisti da ZaRli‟‟,
`mizani, romelic sicocxleze metia‟‟, bulgaruli `yovel kilometrze‟‟
(isini meore msoflio omis Temas exeba).
 90

sabWoTa periodSi kapitalisturi qveynebis televiziebs sastikad

kicxavdnen teleserialebis, gansakuTrebiT e.w. `sapnis operebis”
demonstrirebis gamo, radgan miaCdaT, rom is aris auditoriis
inteleqtisa da grZnobebis mouridebeli eqspluatacia. magaliTad, am
azrs anviTarebda sabWoTa mecnieri a. nikolaevi krebulSi
(Телелабиринты: 1988), raSic, Cveni azriT, marTlac aris simarTlis
garkveuli nawili, Tumca, mniSvnelovania imis gaTvaliswinebac, Tu
romeli qveynis da ra teleserialzea saubari, magram droni icvalnen da
centralurma televiziam adgili dauTmo iseT dabali donis laTino-
amerikul teleserialebs, rogoricaa ,,mona izaura‟‟, `mdidrebic tirian‟‟
da sxva. cxadia, isini qarTvelma mayurebelmac ixila.
e.w. `sapnis operebis‟‟ maRalmxatvrul doneze dRes arc aravin
saubrobs. saerTod, Tu vityviT, rom teleseriali `maskulturas‟‟
ganekuTvneba, maSin am sferoSi yvelaze didi miRwevebi amerikis
SeerTebul Statebs aqvs da, rogorc mecnierebi amboben, am qveynis
gavlenebi _ Tundac politikuri _ didad aris ganpirobebuli misi
`maskulturiT‟‟.Aaqedan gamomdinare, `sapnis operebi‟‟ marTlac SeiZleba
amerikul fenomenad miviCnioT. rogorc mecnieri e. iberi wers:
“specialistebi azriT, `masobriv kulturas‟‟, masobriv xelovnebas
realobis Semecnebis funqcia ar gaaCnia. Mmisi mizania iseTi xelovnuri
garemos Seqmna, romelic emociurad moemsaxureba adamians,
uzrunvelyofs mis fsiqikur kompensacias, daZabulobis moxsnas,
narkotizacias. realoba mxolod masalaa, risganac iqmneba is emociuri
Rirebuleba, is produqti, romelmac aRgznebis garkveuli doza unda
miawodos mayurebels, mZafri SegrZnebebiT Seuvsos sulieri vakuumi. Ees
SeiZleba iyos rogorc nugeSismomcemi miTebi `lamaz‟‟ cxovrebaze, ise
sisastikis, Zaladobis, erotizmis propagandac... `masobriv kulturas‟‟ ar
sWirdeba Sedevrebi, romlebic saukuneebs gauZlebs _ es satelevizio
arxebze iseTive uazrobaa, rogorc ramdenime TaobisTvis gankuTvnili
buterbrodi‟‟ (r. surgulaZe, e. iberi, 2003: 93).
sxvaTa Soris, gvinda vaxsenoT isic, rom terminis _ `masobrivi
kultura”_ASemoReba ekuTvniT germanel filosofosebs (romlebic
 91

cnobili arian frankfurtis skolis saxelwodebiT) da, rac yvelaze

mTavaria, is Tavdapirvelad ukavSirdeboda propagandis nacistur
manqanas. ( “Медиа” Под редакцией Адама Бриггза и Поля Кобли, 2005)
1996 wlis maisSi saqarTvelos televiziis pirvelma arxma daiwyo
meqsikuri teleserialis `veluri gulis‟‟ demonstrireba, romelic
oqtomberSi damTavrda. amis Semdeg adgili daeTmo italiur
mravalserian mxatvrul films `kriminaluri policiis inspeqtori‟‟ da
amerikul `kobras‟‟. yvela maTgani qarTul enaze gaaxmovana
SemoqmedebiTma gaerTianebam `Teatroni‟‟ da amis gamoc iyo isini kidev
ufro popularuli Cvens qveyanaSi. Aam or teleserials Soris (noembris
bolo, dekembris dasawyisi) aCvenebdnen aseve qarTul mravalserian
mxatvrul films `daTa TuTaSxia‟‟.
1996 wels saqarTvelos teleauditoriis didi nawilis
gansakuTrebuli interesis sagani ki mainc gaxda e.w. `sapnis opera~ _
`veluri guli‟‟.Kkinomcodne giorgi gvaxariam am periodSi (gadacemaSi
`variaciebi Temaze‟‟) `sapnis operebis‟‟ aseTi popularoba axsna
adamianTa azartuli xasiaTiT da aRniSna, rom am Tvisebis gamo,
TviTonac erT-erTi teleserialis (`mdidrebic tirian‟‟) mayurebelTa
Soris aRmoCnda. aseTi filmebis naxvis moTxovnileba, misi azriT,
adamianebs aqvT imitom, rom maT raRac akliaT. akliaT Tundac vnebiani
cxovreba, akliaT is azarti, rasac filmi iZleva ekranidan. e.i. Cven
raRac ar gvaqvs _ ar gvaqvs zeimi _ daamata man.
cxadia, `veluri gulis‟‟ popularobis gamo moxda is, rom
reklamebis didi umravlesoba masSi iyrida Tavs, miuxedavad imisa, rom
misi fasi wamSi xuTi lari iyo. maSin, rodesac sxva gadacemebSi
reklamebis Rirebuleba am periodSi wuTSi 150 lars ar aRemateboda.
yovelive aman ganapiroba is, rom saqarTvelos televiziis I arxma
SeiZina venesueluri teleseriali `kasandra‟‟, romlis demonstrireba
Semdegi _ 1997 wlis ianvridan daiwyo. sainteresoa g. zedelaSvilis es
sityvebic: `dasavleTis saxelmwifoebi iTvaliswineben rogorc afrikuli
qveynebis, ise Cvens finansur siZneleebs da amgvar produqcias iafad,
zogjer ki ufasod gvawvdian, radgan am teleserialebma sakuTar
 92

qveyanasa da ucxoeTSi ukve aanazRaures danaxarjebi‟‟ (`tele-

radioJurnalistikis sakiTxebi~, naw. III. 1998: 112).
1998 wels saqarTvelos teleauditoriis didi interesi gamoiwvia
amerikulma teleserialma `dinastia‟‟, romelsac saxelmwifo televiziam
yvelaze kargi dro dauTmo _ rusulenovani sainformacio programa
`vestnikis‟‟ win. am teleserialis popularobam gamoiwvia masSi reklamis
yvelaze maRali fasi _ wamSi 12 lari (maSin rodesac Semdeg TiTqmis
naxevrdeboda).
amave wlis ianvridan saqarTvelos televiziis `pirvel arxze”
gadioda aseve meore teleseriali `siyvarulis ambavi‟‟, romelsac
dilaobiT uCvenebdnen (10sT. .20wT).
1999 wels amerikuli teleseriali `dinastia‟‟ saqarTvelos
televiziis pirvel arxze Secvala amave qveynis meore teleserialma _
`dalasi‟‟, romelsac aCvenebdnen aseve saukeTeso dros _ 19.05-ze. mTavari
sainformacio programis _ `moambe‟‟ (20.00) _ dawyebamde.
yuradReba gvinda gavamaxviloT im faqtze, rom saqarTvelos
televiziis `pirvelma arxma” teleserialebis Cvenebisas laTinuri
amerikis qveynebis serialebTan erTad, Tavidanve orientacia aiRo
amerikis da evropis sxvadasxva qveynis serialebze. (razec
zemoTmoyvanili faqtebic metyveleben).
`sazogadoebrivi mauwyeblis~ I arxze serialebis raodenoba
gansakuTrebiT gaizarda 2005 wlidan. ufro sworad, am wlis
zafxulidan. (manamde 2003 wlis Semodgomaze gadis erTi seriali
`kordieebis ojaxi,‟‟ 2004 wlis dasawyisSi ori teleseriali _
`soledadi‟‟ da `Cemi yvelaze mSvenieri ardadegebi‟‟, amave wlis bolos
`soledads‟‟ uCveneben `forsaitebis sagis‟‟ paralelurad. 2005 wlis
dasawyisSi seriali `memkvidre luna‟‟ gadis or serialTan erTad _
`maqsimo Cemi siyvaruli‟‟ da `Sirli holmsi‟‟).
am periodSi seialebis raodenoba erTi-orad gaizarda, Tanac, Tu
gaviTvaliswinebT im faqtsac, rom ramdenime maTgans dRis ganmavlobaSi
imeorebdnen, gasagebi gaxdeba, Tu ramdeni dro daeTmo am saxis filmebs.
amis dasadastureblad moviyvanT magaliTad, pirvel agvistos naCveneb
serialebs. 10.00-ze seriali _ ‟‟skolis megobrebi‟‟, 11.00 _ seriali
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`anastasia‟‟, 13.00 _ seriali `udabnos Svilebi‟‟, 14.00 _ seriali `skolis

megobrebi‟‟, 17.30 _ seriali `jet jeqsoni‟‟, 19.00 _ seriali `qali
megobari‟‟, 21.00_seriali `anastasia‟‟, 23.00_seriali `linda da
policieli~.
Semdegi wlebis teleserialebis CamoTvlas aRar SevudgebiT, magram
aRvniSnavT, rom 2006 wels saqarTvelos televiziis pirvel arxze
demonstrirebuli seriali `sopranos klani‟‟ mayureblis mowonebas
imsaxurebda, rasac, Cveni azriT, ganapirobebda misi mxatruli donec (igi
“oqros globusiT” aris dajildovebuli), magram misi auditoria
SedarebiT naklebi iyo. Ees, albaT, gamowveuli iyo imiTac, rom igi
gvian RamiT _ 23.00-ze _ iwyeboda da 00.00-ze mTavrdeboda. Aam periodSi
saukeTeso dro _ sainformacio programa `moambis‟‟ win (19.00) daeTmo
teleserials `ukvalod‟‟, xolo misi damTavrebis Semdegi dro (21.00)
serials `megobrebi‟‟. Tanac, am or serials imeorebdnen meore dRes
(seriali `ukvalod‟‟ _ (10.00) da seriali `megobrebi” _ (14.00).
teleserialebis raodenoba sakmaod bevri iyo 2008 welsac, kerZod,
am periodSi `sazogadoebrivi mauwyeblis~ eTerSi aCvenebdnen amerikul
teleserials `las-vegasi”, romelic sxvadasxva qveynis oTxi
teleserialis paralelurad gadioda. esenia: `Svidi codva”, `gauxsneli
saqme”, `mesame Taoba” da `qali sarkeSi”, magram yuradReba gvinda
gavamaxviloT erT faqtze _ `sazogadoebrivi mauwyeblis~ I arxze 2008
wels yoveldRe, SabaT-kviris garda, gadioda ori sabavSvo teleseriali:
`sezamis quCa‟‟ da `gza avonleasken‟‟. am periodSi `sazogadoebrivi
mauwyeblis~ oficialuri internet saiti (www.GPB.ge) gvamcnobda, rom
teleseriali `sezamis quCa‟‟ warmatebiT emsaxureba bavSvebSi socialuri
da emociuri unar-Cvevebis ganviTarebas. xolo statistikuri monacemebis
mixedviT cnobili yofila, rom skolamdeli asakis bavSvebis mSoblebi
mas saukeTeso sabavSvo gadacemad miiCneven. amave wyarodan gavigeT, rom
es teleseriali Zalian warmatebuli yofila. kerZod, is, rom `sezamis
quCa‟‟ mravaljer yofila dajildovebuli `emiT‟‟ da is 120 yveyanaSi 74
milionze met bavSvs ukve hqonda nanaxi. cxadia, aseTi donis sabavSvo
 94

teleserialis `sazogadoebriv mauwyebelSi‟‟ gamoCena mxolod da

mxolod misasalmebel faqtad SeiZleba CaiTvalos.
sainteresod gveCveneba erTi detalic _ teleseriali “sezamis quCa”
rogorc gavigeT (`Медиа” 2005: 329), yofila erT-erTi im filmTagani,
romelzec CautarebiaT eqsperimenti da aRmoCenila, rom bavSvebi aseTi
samagaliTo filmis naxvis Semdegac (sadac moqmedebebi mimdinareobda
daZabul ritmSi) agresiul reaqciebs amJRavnebdnen.
rac Seexeba meore sabavSvo teleserials_‟‟gza avonleasken‟‟_igive
saiti ityobineboda, rom es aris istoria patara gogona _sara stenlis
_ Sesaxeb. igi mdidari biznesmenis ganebivrebuli qaliSvili iyo, magram
mas Semdeg, rac mogzaurobidan dabrunebuli mister stenli skandalSi
gaexvia, mama iZulebuli iyo Tavisi qaliSvili usafrTxoebis mizniT
gardacvlili meuRlis naTesavebTan gaegzavna avonleaSi, sadac daiwyo
kidevac am gogonas romantikuli TavgadasavlebiT savse cxovreba.
vinaidan es saiti `gza avonleasken‟‟ Sesaxeb sxva arafers ityobineba,
SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom an `sazogadoebrivi mauwyeblis~ pirvel arxs am
teleserialis Sesaxeb sxva informacia ar gaaCnda (igive statistikuri
monacemebi mayurebelTa Sesaxeb, jildoebi da sxv.) da amitomac mxolod
filmis SinaarsiT Semoifarglnen, magram es simarTlesTan ufro
naklebad aris axlos, radgan saWiro SemTvevaSi masalis mopoveba
problema ar iqneboda. amitom ufro sworia is, rom, albaT, `gza
avonleasken‟‟ didad warmatebul da popularul teleserialTa
kategorias ar ganekuTvneba.
2009 wels `sazogadoebrivi mauwyeblis~ I arxi aCvenebda laTino-
amerikuli qveynebis oTx teleserials: `elizas qaliSvili”, `pirispir”,
`anelias saxe” (sainformacio programa `moambis” mTavari gamoSvebis
Semdeg) da `sulebTan moCurCule”. xolo Cveni dakvirvebis bolo _ 2010
wels, (mag. mais-ivnisSi) `sazogadoebrivi mauwyeblis” eTerSi iklo
teleserialebis raodenobam. Aam periodSi gadioda ori laTino-
amerikuli teleseriali `anelias saxe” _ sainformacio programa
`moambis” ( 20.00) Semdeg, romelsac dilasac imeorebdnen da `pirispir”.
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rac Seexeba telekompania `rusTavi-2-s‟‟, teleserialebi aqac didi

raodenobiT aris warmodgenili (sazogadoebriv mauwyebelze metad) maTi
ricxvi ki wlidan wlamde izrdeboda. Tu sawyis periodSi (1997-1998 wlis
pirveli naxevari) am telekompaniis eTerSi ori-sami teleseriali
gadioda, risi mizezic telegadacemebis SezRuduli moculobaa (rac
gamowveuli iyo eleqtroenergiis krizisiT), 1998 wlis meore naxevridan
maTi ricxvi orjer da metad izrdeba, Tanac Tu gaviTvaliswinebT
imasac, rom zogierTi maTgani dReSi orjer gadis, vnaxavT, rom isini
programis did adgils ikaveben. magaliTad, 1998 wlis ianvarSi gadioda
sami seriali: 1) `siyvarulis ufleba‟‟ (20. 05), 2)`tropikuli sicxe‟‟ (22.50
da 10.00), 3) `mezobeli gogonebi‟‟ (19.35). amave wlis meore naxevarSi maTi
raodenoba ukve xuTia: 1) seriali `tagerti‟‟ (9.00 da 23.35), 2) `modelebis
akademia‟‟ (10.20 da 19.30); 3) `siyvarulis ufleba‟‟ (10.50); 4) `ar geSinia
sibnelis?‟‟(12.00); 5) `blankos qvrivi‟‟ (20.00).
Semdeg _1999 wels serialebis ricxvi `rusTavi-2-ze ukve eqvsia; 1)
10.00 da 18.15 seriali `eleni da misi megobrebi‟‟; 2) 10.30 da 19.10_seriali
`cisferi xe‟‟; 3) 11.20 da 20.05 `gvadalupe‟‟; 4) 14.00_`nano‟‟; 5) 17.10_seriali
`los anjelesis kanoni‟‟; 6) 23.55-seriali `maSvelebi‟‟. sxvaTa Soris, es
teleseriali `rusTavi-2-ma‟‟ ramdenime wlis Semdeg ganmeorebiT aCvena
(2003- 2004ww).
aseTi mdgomareoba gagrZelda tlekompania `rusTavi-2-ze‟‟ Semdeg
wlebSic (5-6 teleseriali Cveulebrivi movlena gaxda) da amitom,
vfiqrobT, teleserialebis CamoTvlas azric ara aqvs, magram suraTis
naTlad warmosaCenad mainc davasaxelebT Cveni dakvirvebis bolo wlebis
mag. 2008 wlis_teleserialebs. esenia: 1) 10.10 da 16.50_seriali `lalola‟‟;
2) 12.20 da 19.20_seriali `bedTan mebrZoli‟‟; 3)14.00 seriali `sxvisi
codvebi‟‟; 4) 15. 25 da 18.30_`Cveni ofisi‟‟; 5) 15.50 `Sokoladis saidumlo
recepti‟‟; 6) 19.00 seriali `Ralati‟‟. SabaT-kviras ki am periodSi
telekompania `rusTavi-2‟‟aseve adgils uTmobs sabavSvo teleserials
`fliperi‟‟ (09.20). aRsaniSnavia, rom Tu kviras is erTaderTi
teleserialia, SabaTs igi gadis kviris sxva DdReebSi gasul or sxva
teleserialTan erTad (12.20 da 19.50_`bedTan mebrZoli‟‟; 15.25 da
18.30_`Cveni ofisi‟‟).
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am mxriv yvelaze rekorduli mainc Semdegi 2009 weli aRmoCnda (am

wlis dekemberSi teleserialebis raodenoba `rusTavi-2”-ze cxra gaxda,
amitom maT CamoTvlas aRar daviwyebT). Aarc 2010 wels aris am mxriv
didi cvlileba _ 8 teleseriali, romelTagan 6 laTino-amerikul
produqcias ganekuTvneba. erTi amerikulia da erTic qarTuli (`Cveni
ofisi”).
teleserialebTan dakavSirebiT daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom:
orive telearxze _ rogorc `sazogadoebriv mauwyebelze”, ise
damoukidebel telekompania `rusTavi-2‟‟-ze teleserialebma Zalian didi
adgili daikava. vxvdebiT rogorc laTinuri amerikis qveynebis e.w.
`sapnis operebs~ (ufro didi raodenobiT), ise amerikis da evropis
sxvadasxva qveynis (ZiriTadad italia, safrangeTi) serialebs. Aamitom
isini erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdebian mxatvruli RirebulebiTac. Tundac
laTinuri amerikis qveynebis teleserialebidan braziliuri produqcia,
romelic warmoebulia `globos‟‟ mier, bevrad ukeTes STabeWdilebas
stovebs. aseve, rogorc gairkva, `sazogadoebrivi mauwyebeli‟‟ ufro met
adgils uTmobs sxvadasxva qveynis (ara laTinuri qveynebis) serialebs,
vidre `rusTavi-2‟‟. Tumca, sxvaoba Zalian mcirea. Tematikis mxriv, Tu
laTinuri amerikis qveynebis telenovelebi ufro metad RaribTa
cxovrebas Seexeba, sxva qveynebis serialebi ZiriTadad ojaxur klanebze,
Tineijerebze, Tavgadasavlebze mogviTxrobs.
is, rom teleserialebma da gansakuTrebiT e. w. `sapnis operebma”
didi popularoba moipoves saqarTveloSi, Cveni azriT, pirvel rigSi,
gamowveulia TviTon qveynis socialur-politikuri viTarebiT (qveyanaSi
umuSevrTa ricxvi dResac didia da amas aRiareben xelisuflebis
warmomadgenlebic). fsiqologebis mtkicebiTac (magaliTad, Tea
gogotiSvili) aseT filmebs da realiTi Souebs gansakuTrebuli
interesiT uyureben im qveynebSi, sadac socialuri problemebi aris
gamokveTili, radgan am dros adamianebi wydebian realur cxovrebas.
aseve mas didi interesiT uyureben is adamianebi, romlebsac piradi
cxovreba ara aqvT mowyobili da mas sxvebis cxovrebiT anacvleben.
Tumca, es imas ar niSnavs, rom mas mayurebeli ar hyavs im qveynebSi,
sadac problemebi naklebadaa, MmagaliTad, amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi
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(razec cota qveviT visaubrebT) da davamatebT imas, rom teleserialebs

mayurebelTa didi raodenoba hyavs, albaT, im mizeziTac, rom amis
saSualebas iZleva TviTon serialebis siuJetebi _konkretuli
fragmentebis, an sulac ramdenime seriis gamotoveba ar xdeba imis
mizezi, rom adamianma misi yureba Sewyvitos (Tundac aTi seriis Semdeg
SeuZlia xelaxla CaerTos, radgan gaugebari araferi iqneba), Tanac
teleserialis mayurebels paralelurad SeuZlia sxva saqmec akeTos
(televiziiT naCvenebi sxva saxis filmze metad). teleserialebs
adamianebi bolomde uyureben imis gamoc, rom eCvevian gmirebs,
gulSematkivroben maT da ainteresebT, riT damTavrdeba yveleferi es.
mniSvnelovania g. zedelaSvilis es mosazrebac: `zogni
teleserialebis momZlavrebas diversiad Tvlian, radgan isini
amuxruWeben erovnuli kulturis ayvavebas, socialur ganviTarebasa da
erovnuli TviTmyofadobis damkvidrebas. Aam versiis momxreni cdiloben,
yovelive politikur aspeqtSi gadaitanon da xmamaRla acxadeben, es
saxelmwifoebrivi danaSauliao, magram televiziis specialistebma
kargad ician, qarTveli mayureblisTvis igi gardamavali `sakvebia‟‟,
radgan aris mcdeloba, saqarTvelos televiziaSi, studia `TeatronSi‟‟
qarTuli teleserialebis Seqmnisa. TavisTavad, dabali Rirebulebis
produqcia aClungebs mayureblis SemecnebiT dones, magram am xarvezs
nawilobriv mainc avsebs Targmani. teleserialebis qarTul enaze
Targmna SeZlebisdagvarad gviqmnis gaTavisebis, gaerovnulebis efeqts‟‟
(`tele-radioJurnalistikis sakiTxebi,~ naw. III, 1998: 112).
aseTi teleserialebi studia `Teatronma‟‟ marTlac Seqmna, (mag,
“wvrilvarskvlavTa Rame”, “saxli Zvel ubanSi” da sxv.) magram maT mainc
ver Caanacvles es `gardamavali sakvebi‟‟ im mizeziT, rom jer erTi, isini
arc Tu didi raodenobiT aris _ sami-oTxi seriali aminds ver Secvlis
da Tanac sakuTari problemebis sxva qveynebis lamazi cxovrebiT
Canacvleba ufro mniSvnelovani aRmoCnda. Aaqve vityviT imasac, rom, Cveni
azriT, dabali donis teleserialebis qarTulad TargmniT
`gaerovnulebis efeqti~ SeuZlebelia iqmnebodes. rac Seexeba
`gamoClungebas~, mtkicebiT formaSi ver vityviT, rom isini namdvilad
aClungebs mayureblis SemecnebiT dones, radgan zogjer
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inteleqtualebic uyureben mas. rogorc vnaxeT, g. gvaxariac aRmoCnda

maT Soris. (Cveni kvleviTac davrwmundiT amaSi 1996 wels), magram
udavoa, rom teleserialebis aseTi simravle qarTul telesivrceSi (miT
umetes, iaffasiani laTino-amerikuli teleserialebis ekranze
damkvidreba) karg rameze ar metyvelebs _ `diversiad~ Tu ara, Cvens
qveyanaSi serialebi sazogadoebriv azrze manipulirebis efeqtur
saSualebad SeiZleba miviCnioT.
cnobili faqtia, rom sxva qveynis `masobrivi kulturis‟‟ (maT Soris
teleserialebis) aseTi SemoWris periodi evropis da aziis mravalma
qveyanamac gaiara. maTi mTavari mizani ki maSin amerikis `maskulturis‟‟
winaaRmdeg brZola iyo, romelsac Tavi gaarTves sakuTari
maRalxarisxiani produqtis SeqmniT. Ggaredan Semosul Tavsmoxveul
ideologias ki isini erovnuli kulturis win wamoweviT
daupirispirdnen. ingliselebma, romlebic `sapnis operebs” amerikul
fenomenad miiCneven, Tavis am mravalserian melodramebs saxelic
Seucvales da mas `uwyveti,” gagrZelebiani” serialebi uwodes.
`es problema inglisSic warmoiSva, magram, specialistebis TqmiT, iq
`farTo moxmarebis‟‟ televiziaze bevrad naklebi moTxovnilebaa. Yyvelas
surs naxos Tavisi, erovnuli da maRali klasis gadacemebi.
italiaSi ki Tavisi inteleqtualuri doniT ibrZvis saxelmwifo
televizia `rai‟‟. Eeqspertebis TqmiT, am samprogramian mauwyeblobas
mosmenis yvelaze maRali indeqsi aqvs, magram `rais‟‟ seriozuli
konkurentebic hyavs, romlebic serialebis translirebiT ibrZvian‟‟
(`tele-radioJurnalistikis sakiTxebi~, naw. III 1998: 114).
sxvaTa Soris, Tu Cveni dakvirvebis pirvel 1996 wels ruseTis
televizia, kerZod, `o-er-te” siamovnebiT uTmobda eTers sxvadasxva
qveynis, ZiriTadad laTino-amerikul da amerikul teleserialebs. Mmag.
am wels `o-er-te”-ze gadioda braziliuri `axali msxverpli” da
amerikuli `eleni da biWebi”, magram amave wlis noembridan, gorkis
saxelobis kinostudiam, rogorc Jurnali `te-ve parki‟‟ ityobineboda,
daiwyo teleserialis _ `siyvaruli da fuli‟‟_ gadaReba, romelic
proeqtiT 300-ze met serias Seicavda, Tumca, pirveli aTi seriis
televiziiT Cvenebisas gadawydeboda, gadaeRoT Tu ara danarCeni 290
 99

seria. ufro metic, 1997 wlisaTvis es kinostudia gegmavda kidev sami

serialis gadaRebas, xolo 12 scenarze ukve midioda muSaoba. rogorc
Semdegma wlebma dagvanaxa, aq marTlac momravlda sakuTari
teleserialebi, romlebmac nel-nela TiTqmis gaaZeves teleekranidan
laTino-amerikuli teleserialebi. amaze metyvelebs is faqti, rom 2010
wels (mag. maisSi) ruseTis televiziis I arxi aCvenebda 5 teleserials,
romelTagan 4 rusulia (`saqorwino beWedi”, `kvali”, `ermolovebi”,
`skola”) da erTi amerikuli (“rogor Sevxvdi dedaTqvens”).
mniSvnelovania imis aRniSvnac, rom am teleserialisTvis mxolod gviani
Ramis periodi (04. 20) gamoinaxa.
rac Seexeba amerikis SeerTebul Statebs, radganac am qveyanaSi
laTinuri warmoSobis (ZiriTadad meqsikis) mosaxleoba Zalian swrafi
tempebiT izrdeba da zogierT StatSi mosaxleobis umravlesobasac ki
warmoadgens, arsebobs ramdenime laTinuri arxi, sadac gadacemebi
eqskluziurad espanur enaze mimdinareobs da am arxebze Zalian
popularulia venesuelur-meqsikuri teleserialebi.
mniSvnelovani faqtia is, rom ZiriTad arxebze – CBS, NBC, ABC-ze_
mxolod amerikuli teleserialebi gadis, romlebic stiliT venesuelur
teleserialebs waagavs. aseTi serialebia `All my children”_ ABC-ze, `Days of
our lives”_ NBC-ze da Bold and Beautiful _ CBS-ze.
gvinda xazgasmiT aRvniSnoT, rom PBS.-ze, romelic sazogadoebriv
mauwyebels warmoadgens, mdgomareoba sxvanairia. am arxis dakveTiT,
specialurad iReben Zalian kargi xarisxis filmebs. magaliTad,
aRsaniSnavia gadacemebis cikli saxelad `Masterpiece Theater”, romelSic
istoriul movlenebze, an klasikuri mwerlebis (ZiriTadad britaneli)
wignebis mixedviT iReben ramdenime serian filmebs (ZiriTadad 3-4,
maqsimum 8 seriani) da kviraSi 1 serias uSveben ciklurad. (magaliTad,
jein ostinis wignebis mixedviT gadaRebuli 4 filmi cnobili britaneli
msaxiobebis monawileobiT.) gadis Seqspiris adaptaciebi, britanuli
`Serlok holmsis~ seriebi da kidev uamravi Zalian saintereso mini-
seriali. es filmebi TiTqmis yovelTvis 1 saaTiania da reklamebis
gareSe uSveben.
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saqarTvelos televizias ki _ rogorc `sazogadoebrivi mauwyeblis~

pirvel arxs, ise damoukidebel telekompania `rusTavi-2‟‟-s, didi
survilis SemTxvevaSic, mravali problemis gadaWra mouwevT, romelTa
Soris erT-erTi mTavari mainc materiluri sakiTxis mogvareba iqneba,
radgan sazRvargareTidan kargi teleserialebis SeZenasac da sakuTari
maRalxarixiani produqciis Seqmnasac soliduri Tanxebi Wirdeba.
da mainc, erTxel kidev vityviT: teleserialebis aseTi simravle
qarTul telesivrceSi (igive mdgomareobaa damoukidebel
telekompaniebSi _ `imedze” da `mzeze”, magram es maTi uflebaa, radgan
isini, rusTavi-2”_is msgavsad, komerciuli arxebia), miT umetes,
iaffasiani laTino-amerikuli teleserialebis ekranze damkvidreba,
namdvilad ar metyvelebs karg faqtze. marTalia, isini dasvenebisTvis,
ganmuxtvisTvis aris Seqmnili, magram televizias kedev sxva mravali
funqcia aqvs Sesasrulebeli. es gansakuTrebiT exeba `sazogadoebriv
mauwyebels”_ is xom mayurebelTa yvela kategoriis interesebs unda
akmayofilebdes.
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3) kinofragmentis funqciebi telegadacemebSi

kinofragmentis gamoyeneba saqarTvelos televiziaSi Cveuli movlena

iyo yvela periodSi. metic, mas iyenebdnen rogorc kinogadacemebSi, ise
publicistur, gasarTob da sxv. gadacemebSi. magaliTad, saqarTvelos
televiziis pirveli periodis kinorubrikebi („Cveni sayvareli
msaxiobebi‟‟, `moZme socialisturi qveynebis kinoxelovneba”, moZme
respublikebis kinoxelovneba” `kino da kompozitori‟‟ da sxv.), iseve
rogorc calkeuli gadacemebi („filmis gmiria komkavSiri“, `diadi
qveynis erTguli Svilebi‟‟, da sxv.), rogorc saqarTvelos centraluri
arqivis masalebis gacnobam dagvanaxa, swored kinofragmentebisgan iyo
agebuli da isini sakmaod politizirebul kinogadacemebs
warmoadgendnen _ TiToeuli maTgani xSir SemTxvevaSi raRac doziT
propagandas uwevda socialistur wyobas, (komunistur partias,
komkavSirs, damkvrel brigadebs aS.), razec metyvelebs Tundac maTi
umravlesobis rubrika-saTaurebi.
kinofragmentebi Semdeg wlebSic ideologiuri brZolis erT-erT
saukeTeso saSualebas warmoadgenda. rogorc Cans, `revoluciis
monapovrebs” da masTan dakavSirebul miTebs `perestroikis” periodSic
ki ver eleodnen, ris dasturadac davasaxelebT gadacemas `revolucia
da ekrani” (1987w. 6 noemberi). mas meti efeqturobisaTvis qvesaTaurad _
`aTi dRe, romelmac SesZra msoflio” _ miamates. masSi Zalian didi
raodenobiT iyo gamoyenebuli kinofragmentebi. es gadacema imdenad
plakaturi da revoluciuri suliskveTebiT gaJRenTili iyo, rom mis
fonze ufro adre Seqmnili propagandistuli kinogadacemebic ki
SedarebiT `mkrTalad” mogveCvena _ magaliTad, `komunistis saxe ekranze”
(1984w. 7noemberi), romlis daniSnuleba saTaurSive ikveTeba da mis
garCevas Cven aRar SevudgebiT, vityviT mxolod imas, rom am gadacemis
avtorebs miznis misaRwevad Sesaferisi filmebi marTlac sworad da
uxvad hqondaT gamoyenebuli (gabriloviCisa da raizmanis `komunistiT”
dawyebuli da r. CxeiZis `raikomis mdivniT” damTavrebuli). cxadia, Cven
imis Tqma ar gvinda, rom gadacemebis avtorebi tyuodnen da komunistebs
dadebiTi Tvisebebi ar gaaCndaT. mxolod maTi ase umwikvlo
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pirovnebebad warmodgena gveCveneba sakamaTod. warmodgenili

kinofilmebis gmirebic xom erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebuli adamianebi arian.
magaliTad, T. CxeiZis mier gansaxierebuli raikomis mdivanic
Cveulebrivi adamiania da amitomac moxda is, rom am filmis fragmentebi
erTgvarad aneitralebda komunistTa aseT `gansakuTrebulobas~.
Tanamedrove periodSi ki, axla ukve komunisturi ideologiis
gasakritikeblad, kinofilmebis fragmentebs rogorc mxatvruli, ise
dokumenturi kinosuraTebidan didi warmatebiT iyenebs Tavis saavtoro
gadacemaSi _ `wiTeli zona” _ kinomcodne gogi gvaxaria.
Kkinofragmentebs didi raodenobiT iyenebdnen kulturul-
SemecnebiTi funqciis Sesasruleblad aseve yvela is kinorubrikebi,
romlebzec Cven ukve visaubreT, gansakuTrebiT bevri kinofragmenti iyo
rubrikaSi `mravalsaxeoba”, romelic kinoxelovnebaSi mimdinare
sakiTxebze mouTxrobda mayurebels. Cven isic vTqviT, rom rubrika
`SemoqmedebiTi portetebis” daxurvis Semdeg, misi misia _ kinoxelovanis
SemoqmedebiTi gzis gacnoba _ nawilobriv aiRo `mravalsaxeobam” da
masSi, bunebrivia, mravlad iyo kinofragmentebi. maTi meSveobiT ki
mayureblebi bevr ramesac igebdnen (vin ra gadaiRo, an iTamaSa) da am
filmebis naxvis survilic SeiZleboda gasCenodaT.
Kkulturul-SemecnebiTi Ffunqciis Sesrulebas emsaxureboda
kinofragmentebi televiziis sxvadasxva gadacemebSi, magaliTad,
`sazogadoebriv mauwyebelze” 2006 wels Seiqmna dokumenturi filmebis
seria `saukunis portretebi” masSi mwerlebis, mxatvrebis, (vis Sesaxebac
gadaRebulia filmebi), kinematografistTa Semoqmedebaze saubars
kinofragmentebic umagrebda zurgs, riTac efeqturad xorcieldeboda
kulturul-SemecnebiTi funqcia. magaliTad, aseTebi iyo portretebi
veriki anjafariZeze (21.03.06), dodo abaSiZeze (2.05.06), ipolite xviCiaze
(27.06.06) da sxv. sainteresoa isic, rom filmSi mweral nodar dumbaZis
Sesaxeb (20.06.06) uxvad vxvdebiT fragmentebs kinofilmebidan _`me, bebia,
iliko da ilarioni”, `TeTri bairaRebi”, `me vxedav mzes”. am SemTxvevaSi,
Ggarda imisa, rom mayurebeli gaecno didi mwerlis cxovrebisa da
Semoqmedebis mniSvnelovan momentebs, fragmentebis gamoyenebas,
SesaZlebelia, gamoewvia auditoriis interesi nodar dumbaZis am wignebis
 103

mimarT (saerTod, sakiTxze_ uwevs Tu ara ekranizaciebi popularizacias

literaturas _ televiziis mkvlevarni jer kidev adreul periodSi
msjelobdnen, magram erTmniSvnelovani pasuxi amis Sesaxeb axlac ar
aris. Cveni azriT, aq gadamwyvetia, romeli mwerlis da ra donis
ekranizaciazea saubari).
Zalian karg saqmed miviCnevT `sazogadoebrivi mauwyeblis” I arxze
proeqtis _ `mexsiereba” gaCenas (igi pirvelad 2009 wlis noemberSi
gavida eTerSi), radgan masSi xdeba ara marto `saukunis portretebis”,
aramed saerTod adrindeli periodis xarisxiani teleproduqciis
demonstrireba. magaliTad, aq aCvenes telefilmebi `qolga”, `qorwili”,
`qvevri”, `wkipurtebi” da sxva, romlebsac Tan axlda am filmebis
reJisorebis, msaxiobebis mogonebebi da uxvad iyo gajerebuli
kinofragmentebiT.
mas mravali mizniT mimarTavdnen yvela drosa da gadacemaSi.
magaliTad, rezo CxeiZis filmis „mSobliuro Cemo miwav“ erTi da igive
fragmentiT erT sainformacio programaSi samSoblos siyvaruls
Segvaxsenebdnen (saxelmwifo televiziis `I arxi” – 1997 w. ivnisi),
meorejer ki mosaxleobas wylis ekonomiurad xarjvisken mogviwodebdnen
(1998 w. agvisto) da a.S. radgan 1998 weli vaxseneT, moviyvanT kidev or
faqts, romelic gansakuTrebiT dagvamaxsovrda. 1998 wlis 28 marts
sainformacio programa „moambe“ gvamcnobda, rom komunistTa liderma am
partiis wevrebs aqtiuri moqmedebisken mouwoda, radgan, misi azriT,
dadga dro, roca kapitalizmis winaaRmdeg omi aucilebelia. am movlenas
„zurgs umagrebda“ nawyveti kinofilmidan `yvaryvare‟‟ (sadac is
„aRfrTovanebuli“ xvdeba `sanetaro dros‟‟ mosvlas da muSas
gamoRviZebisken mouwodebs).
amave periodSi (aprilis pirvel ricxvebSi) studia „publicistis“
(igi maSindel saxelmwifo I arxze mauwyeblobda) gadacema „saqarTvelos
konstitucia‟‟, romelic mosamarTleTa atestacias Seexeboda (rogorc
saubridan gairkva, es RonisZieba kanonis damcvelebs patiosani
cxovrebis saSualebasac miscemda), damTavrda ilikos sruliad
logikuri surviliT – zurikela iuristi gamxdariyo (nawyveti filmidan
„me, bebia, iliko da ilarioni‟‟), radgan maTi mosamarTle kargad
 104

dasaxlebula da cal-cali kaloSis nacvlad, dRes rezinis CeqmebiT da

tyavis paltoSi dadis.
aseTi magaliTebis moyvana Zalian Sors wagviyvans, radgan
televiziisTvis kinofragmentebis gamoyeneba marTlac bunebrivi
movlenaa. rogorc i. beliaevi wers: „televiziam SeaCvia mayurebeli
ekleqtikas da igi satelevizio ekranze aRiqmeba bunebrivad. metic,
ekleqturoba gaxda rogorc televiziis niSan-Tviseba. satelevizio
programa igeba ase: mxatvruli filmi – nawyveti, dokumenturi filmi
nawyveti, wamyvani kadrSi, wamyvani kadrs gareT. cekvaven, TamaSoben,
tirian, mRerian, ai, is ris uflebas ver miscemda Tavis Tavs da verc
warmoidgenda kinematografisti – SeeerTebina SeuerTebeli, aeria
Janrebi, aeria formebi – televiziaSi aRiqmeba rogorc Cveulebrivi
satelevizio xerxi.
amitom ar sWirdeba satelevizio reJisors darwmuneba imaSi, rom
SeiZleba aiRo mxatvruli filmis fragmenti da yovelgvari
winasityvaobis gareSec Casva studiur diskusiaSi“ (Беляев И.К. часть I, М.
1998: 28-29).
vfiqrobT, Cveni saTqmelis ufro kargad gasagebad, ukeTesi iqneba,
aviRoT konkretuli periodebi (vinaidan 15 wlis ganmavlobaSi sad,
risTvis gamoiyenes kinofragmenti, ufro zogad mimoxilvad gveCveneba),
romlis drosac, Cveni azriT, yvelaze kargad gamoCnda kinofragmentis
mniSvneloba. aseT periodad ki, pirvel rigSi, migvaCnia 2003 wlis
arCevnebis da Semdgomi periodi. Tanac, Cven ukve visaubreT „fsiqos“
rolze „vardebis revoluciis“ dros. cnobilia isic, rom 2003 wlis
winasaarCevno da arCevnebis Semdgom periodSi gamarTul sainformacio
omSi gaimarjva `rusTavi 2-ma”, risTvisac gamoyenebuli iqna yvela xerxi
da saSualeba. masSi didi roli iTamaSa, pirvel rigSi, sainformacio
gadacemebma, agreTve, rogorc ukve vTqviT, „fsiqomac“ da metic –
gasarTobma gadacemam – „Ramis Sou“. Ees gadacemebi ki Zalian xSirad
iyenebdnen kinoxelovnebas, moviyvanT ramdenime magaliTs: revoluciidan
ramdenime dRis Semdeg sainformacio programa „kurieri“ ityobineboda
imis Sesaxeb, rom Ramis xuT saaTze TbilisSi Camofrinda boris
 105

berezovski, romelic korteJis TanxlebiT pirdapir ritualebis

sasaxlisaken gaemarTa (misi mflobeli ki badri patarkaciSvili iyo).
„kurieris“ mier imis garkvevas, Tu rogor da visTan Camovida platon
elinini (anu, boris berezovski), Tan axlda fragmenti filmidan
„oligarqi“, romlis mTavar gmirTa prototipebs swored es ori adamiani
warmoadgens. Aam `dokumentiT” Bbunebrivia, mayurebels erTxel kidev
Seaxsenebdnen, rom ar daviwyebodaT _ eseni swored is oligarqebi arian
da maTgan kargi araferia mosalodneli.
amave dReebSi `kurieris” informacias imis Sesaxeb, rom qvemo
qarTlis gubernatoris levan mamalaZis mier saqarTvelodan waRebulia
25 kg. Ooqro, „amtkicebda“ nawyveti cnobili amerikuli filmidan „makenas
oqro“. (gmirebs Soris gamarTuli Cxubi), cxadia, es fragmenti
SemTxveviT ar iyo naCvenebi _ mayurebels eubnebodnen, rom am ganZis
gamo, iseve rogorc filmSi, bevri danaSaulia Cadenili. aRsaniSnavia is
faqtic, rom „rusTavi 2“–is eTerSi meore dRes swored es filmi aCvenes.
am periodSi „rusTavi-2“–is sainfomacio programa „kurierma“ isic
Segvatyobina, rom „e-de-pes“ yofilma liderma i. sariSvilma uari Tqva
partiis Tavmjdomareobaze da igi axali organizaciis Seqmnas apirebda.
magram, rogorc aRmoCnda, am organizaciis ori warmomadgeneli
Sekrebaze ar gamocxadda (kadrSi ori carieli skami Cans). am faqtis
komentari irina sariSvilma daamTavra imiT, rom mas es ambavi agonebs
erT frangul films da aCvenes nawyveti filmidan „saTamaSo“, (swored
es kinosuraTi hqonda mas mxedvelobaSi), sadac gazeTis mflobeli Tavis
qveSevrdoms eubneba, rom Caixados da ise eCvenos TanamSromlebs, magram
rodesac dainaxavs, rom es adamiani mzad aris Seasrulos brZaneba,
ekiTxeba – visi saqcielia ufro uzneo: Cemi, romelmac brZaneba gaveci,
Tu Seni, romelic mzad xar brZaneba usityvod Seasrulo da SiSvelma
gaiaro TanamSromlebis Tvalwino. `kurierma” irina sariSvilis
mosazrebas Tavis politikur partniorebze ilustrireba gaukeTa
Tavisive naxsenebi filmiT, imitom, rom am fragmentiT asociaciurad
paralelebis gavleba xdeboda filmis gmirsa da naxseneb adamianebs
Soris. saerTod, manipulirebis, sazogadoebriv cnobierebaze
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zemoqmededebis erT-erT meTodad SemTxveviT ar miiCneven, asociaciebis

efeqts.
gasarTobi gadacema „Ramis Souc“, iseve rogorc damoukidebeli
telekompania „rusTavi 2“-is yvela gadacema, revoluciis periodSi
cdilobda ar gadaexvia am arxis interesebidan da dasaxuli miznis ukeT
gansaxorcieleblad isic warmatebiT iSveliebda kinoxelovnebas.
(cxadia, kinofragmentebis saxiTac), magaliTad, am dReebis erT–erT
gadacemaSi `Ramis Soum‟‟ dasmul kiTxvas: ras izams eduard SevardnaZe –
gadadgeba, Tu arao, „pasuxi gasca“ nawyvetiT leonid gaidais erT–erTi
yvelaze popularuli filmidan „kavkasieli tyve qali“ (moaxloebuli
manqaniT SeSinebul g. vicins orive mxridan eqaCebian da gaqcevis
saSualebas ar aZleven i. nikulini da g. morgunovi).
im periodSi ki, roca daZabulobam kulminacias miaRwia da opozicia
ukompromisod moiTxovda prezident e. SevardnaZis gadadgomas, erTgvar
gafrTxilebadac ki Canda „Ramis SouSi“ fragmenti i. kvirikaZis
filmidan „qvevri“ (masSi damwyvdeul kacs eubnebian: amodi, nawil-nawil
xom ar amogiRebT iqidano).
axla ki gvinda gavixsenoT meore situacia – 2008 wlis agvistos
omis periodi – romlis drosac aseve sakmaod efeqturad iqna
gamoyenebuli kinoxelovneba (am periodSi patriotuli filmebis
Cvenebaze Cven ukve visaubreT), kerZod, kinofragmentebs „sazogadoebrivi
mauwyeblisa“ da „rusTavi 2~-is sainformacio programebSi arc Tu
iSviaTad vxdebodiT. magaliTad, fragmentebi kinofilmebidan, „giorgi
saakaZe”, `baSia-Cuki” da sxv. cxadia, am filmebis fragmentebs imitom
aCvenebdnen, rom isini qarTvelebisTvis cnobili filmebia da
mayurebelma kargad icoda filmis personaJebis gmiruli saqcieli.,
romlisTvisac SeiZleba miebaZaT. Ggarda amisa, kinofilmebis
fragmentebiT emociur muxts aZlierebdnen, rac didi doziT aqvs
kinoxelovnebas da aq SeiZleba manipulirebis (an propagandis) emociuri
efeqtze vilaparakoT (rac didi doziT aqvs swored kinoxelovnebas)
fsiqologebis mtkicebiTac (Эллиот Аронсон, 1998) informaciis miwodebisas
 107

didi mniSvneloba aqvs ara marto imas, Tu ras awvdi, aramed imasac,
rogor awvdi.
isic unda iTqvas, rom sainformacio gamoSvebebSi dasaxmareblad
dokumentur filmebsac mimarTavdnen. rom araferi vTqvaT satelevizio
dokumentur filmebze (magaliTad, Toma CageliSvilis „soxumis dacema“),
rac, Cveni azriT, metwilad omis amsaxveli videomasalis arqoniT iyo
gamowveuli. sxvaTa Soris, igive avtoris filmze _ `rusuli partia”
(romelic am omis damTavrebisTanave maleve gamoCnda “rusTavi 2~-is
eTerSi), pirvelad swored am arxis sainformacio gadacemidan gavigeT
da igi, cxadia, warmogvidgines fragmentebis fonze. vinaidan
satelevizio dokumenturi filmi ar Semodis Cveni kvlevis sferoSi, Cven
am sakiTxze aRar SevCerdebiT da 2008 wlis agvistos omis TemasTan
dakavSirebiT moviyvanT sxva magaliTs (igi pirdapiri gagebiT
kinofragments ar warmoadgens, magram swored aq SeiZleba misi xseneba):
2009 wlis 20 oqtombers `sazogadoebrivi mauwyeblis~ I arxis
sainformacio programa `moambem”, gadmosca reportaJi, romelSic
gvamcnobdnen, rom iReben films 12 agvistos Sesaxeb (am dRes,
solidarobis niSnad, saqarTveloSi Camovida 5 qveynis prezidenti). am
gamoSvebaSi garda imisa, rom movismineT politikosTa, Sefasebebi, aCvenes
parlamentis SenobaSi rogor iRebdnen endi garsias emociur gamosvlas,
anu es iyo scena, Tu rogor mimarTa m. saakaSvilma mTels msoflios
dasaxmareblad. `moambeSi” Aam momentze yuradReba imitomac gaamaxviles,
rom swored mas mohyva msoflios sxvadasxva qveynis mxardaWera da,
kerZod, xuTi prezidentis Camosvlac.
Tanamedrove periodSi, rogorc komerciul televizia `rusTavi-2”-ze,
ise `saogadoebrivi mauwyeblis~ I arxze didi raodenobiT gamoiyeneba
reklama, romelic aseve kavSirSia kinoxelovnebasTan. sanam visaubrebdeT
reklamaSi Kkinofragmentis rolze, gvinda isic aRvniSnoT, rom
sareklamo klipebSi xSirad swored kinematografiuli xerxebi
gamoiyeneba, metic, zogjer mas patara filmsac eZaxian. Aaq gamoiyeneba
gaTamaSebuli siuJeti, an scena (epizodi) Dda kinosTvis saWiro sxva
elementebi, magaliTad, momqmedi gmirebi, grimi, dekoracia, naturaSi
 108

gadaRebuli scenebi da sxv. am xerxebiT gadaRebuli kargi satelevizio

rgoli marTlac SeiZleba kinoxelovnebas miekuTvnos. amaze metyvelebs
Tundac kanis festivalze wardgenili nimuSebi. sxvaTa Soris, vityviT
imasac, rom scenas uwodeben erT adgilze mimdinare erTi moqmedebis
fragments. reklamebis didi nawili gadaRebulia 16 an 35 milimetrian
kinofirze. jer iReben negativs da misi gamJRavnebis Semdeg gadaaqvT
videofirze. kinofiri Sedgeba kadrebisagan da proeqtorSi kinofiris
gasvlis dros xdeba kadrebis cvlileba, rac mTlianobaSi qmnis
moZraobis iluzias. Kkinofirze Caweris siswrafea 24 kadri wamSi,
videofirze gadaweris Semdeg ki wamSi 30 kadri iwereba. (Уильям
Уэллс…“Реклама”: 2001)
saerTod, unda iTqvas, rom misdami ufro da ufro met interess
iCenen Jurnalistebi, politologebi, fsiqologebi, ekonomistebi,
sociologebi da sxv. mas xan mediaxelovnebis erT-erT dargs
miakuTvneben da xanac Jurnalistikis erT-erT saxed miiCneven (mag. v.
cviki: „Реклама как вид журналистики”). Cveni azriT ki, orive mosazreba
misaRebia imis da mixedviT, Tu reklamis ra saxeze da formazea saubari.
karg sareklamo klips marTlac bevri saerTo aqvs xelovnebasTan da
aseve sworia isic, rom: „sareklamo saqmianoba Semoqmedebis
damoukidebeli saxea, magram is Zalian axlos dgas JurnalistikasTan.
aSkaraa, rom reklamis bevri Tviseba da funqcia damokidebulia mis
informaciul Semcvelobaze. reklama mowodebulia, pirvel rigSi,
momxmarebels informacia miawodos (Seatyobinos) da daarwmunos
(propagandistuli funqcia?) isini gamoiyenon esa Tu is saqoneli,
momsaxureba da sxv. ai ratom SeiZleba sruliad logikurad misi
ganxilva saqmiani informaciis nawilad, anu Jurnalistikis
gansakuTrebul saxed“ (`Реклама как вид журналистики”, 2001 : 52).
oriode aTeuli wlis win ki reklama kapitalisturi qveynebis
televiziis erT-erT „makompromentirebel argumentad“ miiCneoda, magram
sabWoTa wyobis moSlis Semdeg bevri ram Seicvala, rac, cxadia, saerTod
televizias da kerZod, masSi reklamis gamoyenebasac Seexo. am sferoSi
mimdinare procesebs Soris mniSvnelovani iyo komerciuli televiziis
 109

gaCena. televiziis mkvlevari e. iberi statiaSi `saqarTvelos

damoukidebeli telekompaniebi saxelmwifo mauwyeblobis struqturaSi~
ambobs: „saqarTveloSi pirveli damoukidebeli telestruqtura iyo
komerciuli telekompania „mermisi“, romelic „eTerSi gamoCnda“ 1990
wlis 10 dekembridan da pirvelma daiwyo reklamebis sistematuri
gadacema (damfuZneblebi a. beTaniSvili da n. devdariani)”. (`tele-
radioJurnalistikis sakiTxebi” naw. II, 1997: 72).
am periodidan moyolebuli reklama nel–nela iWreba qarTul
satelevizio sivrceSi da ramdenime weliwadSi moxda meore
ukiduresobaSi gadavardna _ maT Zalian didi adgili daikaves eTerSi.
unda iTqvas, rom televizia, erTi mxriv, kinos, ufro sworad, didi
ekranis konkurents warmoadgens, magram meore mxriv, eweva xelovnebis am
dargis popularizacias. dRes televiziaSi, marTalia, ar aris iseTi
saxis gadacemebi, rogoric iyo „kinoafiSa“ (igi 90-iani wlebis meore
naxevridan aRar gadis pirveli arxis eTerSi), an `mravalsaxeoba” magram
axla sxvadasxva gadacemebSi mag. Toq-SouebSi xdeba kinofilmebis
reklamireba, magaliTad, `sazogadoebrivi mauwyeblis” 2005 w. 8 ivnisis
gadacemaSi _ `Tavisufali Tema‟‟ _ ganixilavdnen sakiTxs wignisa da
filmis – „da vinCis kodis“ – Sesaxeb. kerZod, stumrebi (levan
berZeniSvili, nodar ladaria da sxv.) saubrobdnen imis Taobaze, aris Tu
ara codva am filmis naxva (da wignis wakiTxva), SesaZlebelia Tu ara
aman adamianebs rwmena Seuryios, eWvebi gauCinos qristianuli religiis
mimdevrebs da a.S. gadacemaSi aseve iyo pirdapiri CarTva, romlis
drosac kinoTeatr „rusTavelis“ direqtori amtkicebda, rom „da vinCis
kodi“ aris Zalian maRalanazRaurebadi filmi da igi aucileblad unda
gadiodes saqarTvelos kinoTeatrebSi. bunebrivia, gadacemaSi
gamoyenebuli iyo fragmentebi am kinofilmidan, romelic auditorias met
warmodgenas uqmnida masze. yovelive amis Semdeg ki mayurebeli TviTon
gadawyvetda, enaxa Tu ara filmi.
sxvaTa Soris, skandalma gagvaxsena, rom 2006 wlis 27 oqtombris
„reaqciis“ (telekompania `imedi”) sasaubro Tema iyo dito cincaZis
axali filmi „reversi“. studiaSi mowveulni iyvnen mTavari rolis
Semsruleblebi giorgi nakaSiZe, kaxa abuaSvili, giorgi yifSiZe, da sxv.
 110

berlinidan pirdapiri CarTviT filmis reJisori – dito cincaZe – ki

mayurebels uxsnida, rom am kinosuraTiT mas undoda standartebisa da
CarCoebis garkRveva... es filmi xelovnebaa da masSi araferia iseTi, rac
xalxs ar unaxavso. saubarTan erTad filmis fragmentebi saSualebas
aZlevda mayurebels garkveuli warmodgena Seqmnoda mis Sesaxeb.
Tu am or Toq-SouSi sasaubro Tema skandaluri filmebi iyo, 2008
wlis bolos „rusTavi 2“-is Toq-Sou „profili“ sami axali filmis
(„mediatori“ „sami saxli“ da „idiokratia“) gamosvlas mieZRvna da
Sesabamisad sami nawilisgan Sedgeboda. TiToeul maTganSi mTavari
gmirebis saubars drodadro filmebis fragmentebi avsebda. aRsaniSnavia,
is faqti, rom gadacemis mTavari mizani am filmebis reklama iyo, raSic
kinofragmentebis SerCevac garkveul rols asrulebda.
aseve, bunebrivia, rom axali filmebis Sesaxeb mayurebeli xSirad
sainformacio programebidan igebs. da es xdeba sainformacio
gadacemebis kulturis blokebSi. am saqmesac, cxadia, didi
profesionalizmi sWirdeba: `sainformacio gadacemebis kulturis
blokebis siuJetebi mayurebels informaciis miwodebasTan erTad,
mxatvruli nawarmoebis xilvis survilsac unda uRviZebdes. Sesabamisad,
maT erTgvari propagandistis funqciac unda gaaCndeT. Ees ar
gulisxmobs siuJetebSi ama Tu im nawarmoebis xilvisaken pirdapir
mowodebas. Mmagram siuJeti ise unda iyos agebuli, rom aRZras
mayureblis interesi.” (g. CarTolani, 2008: 206) amaSi, cxadia,
mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs kinofragmentebis gamoyeneba.
Tbilisis kinoTeatrebSi demonstrirebuli kinofilmebis Sesaxeb
saqarTvelos televiziis sxvadasxva arxebi da maT Soris
`sazogadoebrivi mauwyebeli” da `rusTavi-2”, cxadia, reklamebis
meSveobiTac amcnoben mayurebels. igi xSirad am axali filmis yvelaze
saintereso fragmentebis saxiT aris warmodgenili, raSic araerTxel
davrwmunebulvarT TviTon kinofilmis naxvis Semdeg.
Cveulebrivi movlena gaxda kinofilmebis nawyvetebis gamoyeneba
reklamebisTvis, radgan teleJurnalistebma sworad „ganWvrites“ – aseTi
reklama did Tanxas da Sromas ar moiTxovs. moviyvanT 1997-1998 wlebis
ramdenime aseT reklamas. eldar Sengelaias filmis „araCveulebrivi
 111

gamofenis“ gmiri – pipinia erisTavi Tavisi keTilsindisieri saqcieliT

(roca avsebda wylis, Suqis qviTrebs) SesaniSnav magaliTs iZleoda
imisTvis, rom mosaxleobas droze gadaexada daxarjuli
eleqtroenergiis safasuri. amave filmis sxva fragmentebiT (sadac
glafira Tavis ojaxis wevrebs axalgaCenili bavSvebis wonisa da feris
Sesaxeb esaubreba) mayurebels im samSobiaro saxlSi epatiJebodnen,
sadac „araCveulebrivi gamofenis“ mTavari gmirebis Svilebi daibadnen.
„sabudareli Wabukidan“ saCinos saxlis saxuravis dazianeba ki
mniSvnelovan sababad miiCnies imisTvis, rom saxuravTan dakavSirebuli
problemebis dros mayureblebs firma „safarisTvis“ miekiTxaT.
„Rvinis qurdebis“ personaJi elibo ki namdvilad ver waroidgenda,
rom kaxuri RviniT savse fialiT da sityvebiT: „ai, Sen Tu amas dalev... “
telemayurebels israelidan Camotanil yavas sTavazobda.
sxvaTa Soris, kinofragmentis reklamebSi gamoyeneba misaRebi aris
sxva qveynebSic, magaliTad, ruseTSi (erT-erTi maTgania fexsacmlis
reklamisaTvis fragmenti filmidan `petre pirveli”). amerikaSi ki am
mizniT xSirad mimarTaven Zvel Sav-TeTr filmebs.
marTalia, kinofragmentebis gamoyenebaze ar aris aq saubari, magram
mainc gvinda vTqvaT, rom erT-erTi mniSvnelovani sakiTxi, romelic
kinosa da reklamis urTierTobas exeba, esaa kinematogorafistTa
aqtiuri monawileoba reklamebSi. jer kidev 90-ian wlebSi Tu SedarebiT
axalgazrdebi“ (mag.zura yifSiZe) reklamas uwevdnen xan bank „oqros
sawmiss“, xan aray „saSas da xanac lataria `iberias”, ufrosi Taobis
warmomadgenlebi (g. berikaSvili, k. kavsaZe) gvirCevdnen dagvelia induri
Cai, migvekiTxebia stomatologiuri firma „unidentisTvis“, SegviZina
mobiluri telefonebi, ar gagvecdina koncerti „bari–barSi“ da a.S. es
procesi Semdeg wlebSic intensiurad mimdinareobda, rac dRemde
grZeldeba mag. sofiko Wiaureli reklamas uwevda Rvino „badagons“,
medea Caxava _ `pe-es pe~-s saafTiaqo qsels da a.S.
sxvaTa Soris, arc politikur reklamebSi monawileoba aRmoCnda
qarTveli msaxiobebisTvis miuRebeli. am saxis reklamebSi aqtiuri
monawileoba miiRes msaxiobebma magaliTad, 2003 wlis „vardebis
revoluciis“ Semdeg, axali saprezidento arCevnebis periodSi. es iyo
 112

politikuri reklamebis seria, romelic daiwyo `pirvel arxze” msaxiob

imedo kaxianis monawileobiT sloganiT: „Cveni bedi Cvens xelT aris,
daviwyoT axali cxovreba‟‟. axali wlidan ki mas mohyva ojaxuri
siuJetebi msaxiobTa monawileobiT. maTi meSveobiT mosaxleobas
registraciaze gasvlas urCevdnen. Bbunebrivia, Ees faqti SemTxveviT ar
momxdara, radgan xelovnebis warmomadgenelTa monawileoba politikur
bataliebSi propagandis aprobirebuli meTodia Dda mas mediatorebis
gamoyenebis meTods uwodeben. gavixsenoT, rogor aqtiurad aSuqebdnen
msoflios telekompaniebi im faqts, romBbarbara streizandi
saprezidento arCevnebis dros mxars uWerda bil klintons.
am faqts kargad acnobiereben politikosebi da amitom xelovnebis
warmomadgenlebisadmi did sifrTxiles iCenen. vfiqrobT,Aam mxriv
badali ar hyavda prezident e. SevardnaZes. amas adasturebs g. gvaxarias
es sityvebic: `SevardnaZem brZola gamoucxada korufcias, meqrTameobasa
da proteqcionizms, cekas pirveli piri daundobeli iyo saxelmwifo
qonebis gamflangvelTa mimarT da, amave dros, Cin-medlebsa da premiebs
ar iSurebda inteligenciisaTvis. reJisorebi, msaxiobebi, poetebi da
mxatvrebi uzarmazar sasaxleebs iSenebdnen, dasavleTis qveynebSi
mogzaurobdnen, qarxnis direqtorebs ki agarakebs arTmevdnen da
apatimrebdnen. Aamitom SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom swored qarTuli
SemoqmedebiTi inteligencis ZalisxmeviT gaxda SesaZlebeli
gamsaxurdias xelisuflebis damxobis Semdeg, eduard SevardnaZis
dabruneba saqarTveloSi~ (`snobizmi da korufcia~. Jurnali
`Tavisufleba”, 2004, seqtemberi).
reklamisa da kinematografis urTierTobis sakiTxi, (an ufro
sworad, kinofragmentis roli reklamaSi) gvinda davamTavroT anonsiT,
romelsac yoveldRiurad mimarTavs saqarTvelos televiziis yvela arxi.
„filmebis, gadacemebis da seriebis anonsebi teleprogramebis
aucilebeli elementia. SeerTebul StatebSi kanoni mkacrad iTxovs, rom
reklama produqciis realur xarisxs Seesabamebodes. anonsSi unda
gamoiyenebodes gadacemidan amoRebuli kadrebi”. (m.edilaSvili, `reklama
televiziaSi”, tele–radioJurnalistikis sakiTxebi, t. V, 2001: 135-136).
 113

reklamidan Zalian bunebrivad gadavdivarT musikalur klipebze,

sadac sakmaod xSirad mimarTaven kinofragmentebs (rom araferi vTqvaT
kinematografiuli xerxebis gamoyenebaze) _ araerTxel SevxvedrivarT
sxvadasxva momRerlebis klipebSi cnobili kinofilmebis fragmentebs.
qarTuli sinamdvilidan ki sakmarisia dasaxeldes Tundac mxolod
`nikol Sous” `Seberilebi,” romelic mTlianad agebulia swored
kinofragmentebze. masSi gamoyenebulia fragmentebi cnobili qarTuli da
sazRvargareTuli filmebidan: `qeTo da kote,” `londre,” `ar daidardo,”
`giorgi saakaZe,” `Rvinis qurdebi”, “serenada”,‟natvris xe”, “qolga”,
`lazare”, `amadeusi” `viRacam gugulis budes gadaufrina,” `naTlimama”
da sxv. am klipSi vxvdebiT aseve fragmentebs sxvadasva dokumenturi
filmebidan. Uunda iTqvas, rom “SeberilebSi” sakmaod warmatebulad aris
gamoyenebuli kinofragmentebi, radgan isini Zalian esadageba am klipis
ideas. Aam kinofilmebSi xom yvela Taviseburad `uberavs”.
ara Tu filmi, aramed kinofragmentic rom didi Zalis Semcvelia,
imiTac dasturdeba, rom bevri kinokritikosi, sociologi, fsiqologigi,
roca auditoriaze kinos zegavlenis sakiTxebs swavlobda, xSirad
saeqsperimentod swored kinofragments mimarTavda. magaliTad, rogorc
irkveva (wignidan `Медиа”. Введение 2005 ), me-20 saukunis 60-iani wlebis ori
cnobili fsiqologi albert bandura (stenfordis universitetidan) da
Lleonard berkoviCi (viskonsinas universitetidan) ikvlevdnen ra
mediaagresiis problemebs, Tavisi eqsperimentisTvis kinofragmentebs
iyenebdnen. kerZod, bandura amtkicebda, rom Tu bavSvebs aCveneb filmis
nawyvetebs, romelic agresiis scenebs Seicavs, isini im bavSvebisgan
gansxvavebiT, romlebsac es fragmentebi ar unaxavT, agresiul TamaSebs
iwyeben. (filmis gmiri urtyamda saTamaSos, romelic maSinve swordeboda,
bavSvebic igives imeorebdnen). berkoviCic laboratoriuli
eqsperimentebidan gamomdinare acxadebda, rom Zaladobis scenebis naxva
teleekranze aaqtiurebs agresiul azrovnebas. Aam daskvnas igi akeTebda
imis safuZvelze, Tu rogor iqceodnen Zaladobis da neitraluri
scenebis mayurebeli studentebi. (sxvadasxvanairad eqceodnen darbazSi
myof adamians, romelic maT specialurad ayenebda Seuracxyofas). aqve
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isic gvinda aRvniSnoT, rom aseTi daskvnebi dRes ukve aRar miiCneva
srulfasovnad da amis erT-erTi mizezi isic aris, rom maTSi
moklevadian efeqtebzea saubari.
faqtia, rom kinofragmentebis roli televiziaSi Zalian
mniSvnelovania. is did adgils ikavebs satelevizio programaSi
(kinofgragmenti marTlac kargad ergeba mcire ekrans). mas iyeneben xan
rogorc ilustracias, xanac rogorc dokuments ideologiuri (an
propagandistuli), SemecnebiTi, gasarTobi, sareklamo da sxv. funqciebis
Sesasruleblad.
 115

4) wamyvanis roli kinogadacemebSi

1996-2009 wlebSi arsebul kinogadacemaTa umravlesobas hyavda

wamyvanebi da es Zalian kargia, radgan isini xelovnebis am dargSi
gaTviTcnobierebuli adamianebi iyvnen da amitom teleauditoriisTvis
maTi azri saintereso iyo. – maT Sesaxeb garkveulwilad Cven ukve
visaubreT, roca kinorubrikebs ganvixilavdiT, xazgasmiT aRvniSnavdiT
aseve imas, rom erT-erTi mniSvnelovani faqtori, riTac izrdeba kinos
zemoqmedeba mayurebelze, wamyvanis arsebobaa. igi exmareba mayurebels
gaerkves ara marto filmis ideologiur mxareSi, aramed imaSic, Tu
rogoria reJisoris, operatoris da sxv. namuSevari, rogor gaarTves Tavi
saqmes msaxiobebma da a.S. aqedan gamomdinare SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
swored wamyvanis arsebobaa erT-erTi is faqtori, riTac izrdeba
kulturul –SemecnebiTi funqcia ideologiur funqciasTan erTad.
cnobili rusi reJisori sergei gerasimovi werda: „warmoidgineT,
cnobili maRalkvalificiuri kinokritikosi, kinomcodne Tavis Tavze
iRebs Sromas Seafasos esa Tu is filmi. telemayurebelTa yuradRebas
amaxvilebs imaze, Tu rogor aris gakeTebuli scena, rogoria epizodis
Canafiqri, rogor iTamaSa msaxiobma, gadaiRo operatorma, ganviTarda Tu
ara siuJeturi xazi da a.S. igi mTliani wyebidan gamohyofs ama Tu im
filmebs da maTi Temisa da Sinaarsis Sesaxeb ubralo informacias ki ar
iZleva, aramed mTeli siRrmiTa da principulobiT swored recenzirebas
axdens“ („Мера ответственности,‟‟ Наш друг - телевидение”, .1983 : 35-36).
is, rom wamyvanis meSveobiT Zlierdeba kinos zemoqmedebis faqtori,
Cven vaxseneT kinosadmi miZRvnil TavSi, roca aRvniSnadiT, rom leninis
davalebiT kinofilmebis demostrirebas win uZRoda cnobili
oratorebis mag. lunaCarskis, krupskaias komentarebi. vTqviT isic,
romEes xSirad (da rac mTavaria, advilad) xorcieldeba televiziaSi da
davamatebT imasac, rom swored komentari aris manipulirebis,
propagandis erT-erTi yvelaze Zlieri meTodi. SemTxveviTi ar aris is
faqti, rom komentars aSS-Si `mowamlul sendviCs” adareben. cxadia,
gansakuTrebul rols am SemxvevaSi asrulebs wamyvanis profesionalizmi.
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axla ufro detalurad gvinda SevCerdeT wamyvanis rolze. Uufro

zustad ki gvinda gavarkvioT avtoritetul Aadamians Tavisi teqstiT,
anu imiT, Tu rogori interpretaciiT miawvdis mayurebels films (an
filmis nawyvets) rogor SeuZlia gavlenis moxdena auditoriaze.
saubaria ara marto Sesaval sityvaze, aramed imazec, Tu rogor
warmarTavs igi saubars filmis irgvliv (da ara marto mis Sesaxeb)
mowveul stumrebTan. cxadia, mayurebelze zemoqmedeba miT ufro metia,
rac ufro avtoritetuli da popularulia wamyvani. Tumca, aq isic unda
aRiniSnos, rom arc auditoriaa erTgvarovani. isini erTmaneTisgan
gansxvavdebian inteleqtiT, esTetikuri gemovnebiT da a.S. da amitom
gadacemis aRqmac Sesabamisad gansxvavebulia. mayureblebi met-naklebad
endobian, ujereben wamyvans. zogierT SemTxvevaSi ki aravis azri ar
ainteresebT da maT Sexedulebebze zemoqmedebis moxdena Zalian Znelia.
sxvaTa Soris, fsiqologebis mtkicebiTac magaliTad, baueris azriT,
jiuti auditoriis gadarwmuneba TiTqmis SeuZlebelia. (Багиров Э. Г, 1978)
amiT Cven avtoritetis rols ki ar ugulvebelvyofT, piriqiT,
vfiqrobT, rom adamianebi aseTi pirovnebebis azrs xSirad brmad
endobian. cnobilia es eqsperimentic: erT-erTi umaRlesi saswavleblis
auditoriaSi leqtorma studentebTan Seiyvana cnobili ofTalmologi,
romelsac TiTqos axalgazrdebis mxedvelobis Semowmeba surda. amisTvis
ki am profesorma qaRaldze `dasva” wertili da studentebs sTxova
xeli aewiaT, roca mas naxavdnen garkveuli distanciidan.
Aaxalgazrdebma marTlac `dainaxes” wertili raRac momentSi (albaT
maSin, roca misi naxva realuri unda yofiliyo) da amitom xelic
aiwies. sinamdvileSi qaRaldze wertili aravis dausvams. Ggamodis, rom
studentebma imdenad daujeres am avtoritetul pirovnebas, rom eWvic ar
SeparviaT qaRaldze wertilis arsebobaSi. sxvaTa Siris, es sakiTxi _
ufro zustad, Tu ra gavlenas axdens adamianze, mSoblebi, eklesia,
saxelmwifo, sazogadoebrivi azri, Zalian sainteresod aqvs gadmocemuli
erix froms naSromSi `adamiani sakuTari TavisTvis: fsiqologiis kvleva”
(qveTavi `avtoritaruli sindisi”).
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imis dasadastureblad, Tu rogor cvlis faqtis arss gamocdili

adamianis komentari, moviyvanT aseT magaliTs: cnobilia, rom mixeil
romis `Cveulebriv faSizmsa” da germaneli reJisoris leni rifenStalis
filmSi `nebis triumfi” Zalian bevri erTi da igive kinoqronikaa
gamoyenebuli, magram germaneli reJisoris mier gadaRebuli kadrebs
mixeil romma iseTi komentarebi daurTo (cxadia, miznis misaRwevad sxva
xerxebicaa gamoyenebuli), rom, Tu erTi nacisturi ideebis qadagebas
warmoadgens, meore mkveTrad gamoxatuli antifaSisturi filmia, sxvaTa
Soris, mixeil romi “Cveulebriv faSizmSive” ambobs, rom filmSi
gamoyenebuli bevri qronika nacistebis mier aris gadaRebuli.
SemTxveviTi arc is aris, rom kinospecialistebi (magaliTad, i.
vaisfeldi wignSi “Кино как вид искусства“,1983 ) am dokumentur films
ganakuTvneben film- monologs (radgan avtori TviTon akeTebs komentars
kadrs gareT), film-analizsa da aseve films filmisagan.
rac Seexeba televiziaSi kinowamyvanis rols, cxadia,
kompetenturi wamyvanis teqsti mraval saintereso informacias awvdis
mayurebels kinosuraTis Sesaxeb da amave dros exmareba zogierTi
sakiTxis garkvevaSi, magram Cven imis mowmenic vyofilvarT, Tu rogor
icvleboda droTa ganmavlobaSi wamyvanis teqsti erTi da igive filmis
Sesaxeb. Mmag. me-20 saukunis 60-iani wlebis gadacemaSi `diadi qveynis
erTguli Svilebi” (1963 wlis 9 noemberi) Tu misi mTavari momqmedi
gmiri qalis _ mariutkas saqcieli (revoluciur ideebs sayvarel
adamians, Tavis `lurjTvalebas” Seswiravs), Sefasebuli iyo rogorc
misabaZi magaliTi, gardaqmnis wlebSi es saqcieli sxvadasxva gadacemaSi
(maT Soris ruseTis televiziis gadacemebSic) imis sailustraciod
gamoiyeneboda, Tu rogor gaauxeSa da sastikad aqcia revoluciam
qalebic ki.
erTi da igive filmis sxvadasxva mizniT gamoyeneba sxvadasxva
drosa da SemTxvevaSi gasakviri ar aris televiziaSi (kinofragmentebis
Sesaxeb saubris drosac SevexeT Cven am Temas). wamyvanma ki,
SesaZlebelia, paralelebi gaakeTos xan erT gmirTan da movlenasTan,
xanac meoresTan. gvinda moviyvanoT erTi magaliTi. 1992 wels
 118

(saqarTvelos pirveli prezidentis damxobis Semdeg periodSi)

saxelmwifo televiziis gadacema `sarkmelSi” aCvenes lukino viskontis
`RmerTebis sikvdili”. Aam dros wamyvanis, gogi gvaxarias komentari
ZiriTadad faSizmis Temas exeboda. igi cdilobda bevri saerTo epova
filmSi aRweril faqtsa da sinamdviles Soris, (aRniSnavda, rom filmi
diqtaturis Sesaxeb aris da Cven sul axlaxan gamoviareT aseTi
periodio). `vardebis revoluciis” periodSi (2003) igive filmis
F`fsiqoSi” (telekompania `rusTavi-2”) demonstrirebis dros ki wamyvani
axla ukve sxvagan _ arsebul politikur situaciasa da xelisuflebis
liderebs Soris eZebda paralelebs.
komunisturi sistemis dros arsebul politikur kinogadacemaTa,
(magaliTad, `filmis gmiria komkavSiri”, 1963 wlis 29 oqtomberi)
kadrsgareTa komentarebi, cxadia, Zalian plakaturi iyo da
propagandistul xasiaTs atarebda, razec metyvelebs Tundac es sityvebi:
`ra gamolevs axalgazrdul Temas, miT umetes, Cveni sisxlsavse
axalgazrdobisas, romelic yoveldRiurad axal miRwevebs, axal
saocrebebs axdens Cveni diadi sabWoTa samSoblos sakeTildReod.
komkavSiruli sasaxelo saqmianobis, maTi sisxlsavse cxovrebis
ekranze asaxva Cveni kinematografistebis sapatio amocanaa” (fondi 1978,
aRwera I, saqme #880 : 195).
aqve isic gvinda vTqvaT, rom telewamyvanTa komentarebis cvla
mxolod cenzuriT da demokratiis deficitiT ar SeiZleba aixsnas.
icvleba dro da icvleba adamianis Sexedulebebi politikis, zneobis,
moralis, esTetikis, eTikis da sxv. Sesaxeb. amasTan dakavSirebiT Zalian
sainteresod gveCveneba paskalis gamonaTqvami imis Taobaze, rom
samarTlianobis cneba iseve eqvemdebareba modas, rogorc qalebis
tansamkaulio. Mmagram eWvs ar iwvevs is, rom masmediis
samarTlianobisaTvis, obieqturobisaTvis aucilebeli faqtoria
Tavisufleba. demokratiis deficits ki sicruisken mivyavarT. magaliTad,
gadacemaSi `Cveni interviu” (1963 wlis 13 marti) interviueri ityueboda
Sesavali sityviT da Tanac stumars ise ekiTxeboda (an ufro sworad
karnaxobda), rom misTvis sasurveli pasuxi mieRo. Aai rogor: `TviTon
is faqti, rom partiisa da mTavrobis xelmZRvanelebi am bolo drois
 119

ganmavlobaSi ukve meored Sexvdnen literaturisa da xelovnebis

muSakebs, udaod ipyrobs yvela Cvenganis yuradRebas. Amisi naTeli
dadasturebaa isic, Tu mSromelTa raoden didi interesi gamoiwvia
nikita xruSCovis sityvam, romelic man am Sexvedraze warmoTqva. Ees iyo
udaod sasargeblo gakveTili kulturisa da xelovnebis yoveli
muSakisaTvis...” (aRwera I, fondi 1978, saqme 705: 87). gadacemis wamyvanis am
sityvebs miemata aseTi kiTxvebi: “rogorc cnobilia, am Sexvedraze
samarTlianad iqna gakritikebuli sxvadasxva ideologiis Tanaarsebobis
momxreTa pozicia, ai, Tqven, rogorc xelovani ras ityodiT amis
Sesaxeb?” (iqve: 89). bunebrivia studiaSi mowveuli adamianisTvis (igi
cnobili qarTveli kinoreJisoria) Zneli iqneboda simarTlis Tqma _
gulwrfeli komentari gaekeTebina nikita xruSCovis sityvisTvis (Tumca,
am Sexvedrebze gakritikebul adamianTa mosazrebebis dafiqsireba
garkveulwilad mainc moaxerxa) da pasuxic sabolood aseTi iyo:
`...SeuZlebelia ori ideologiis Tanaarseboba, unda iyos brZola
daundobeli da, ra Tqma unda, partia moiTxovs xelovnebis iseTi
nimuSebis Seqmnas, romelic emsaxureba Cveni xalxis interesebs,
komunizmis aSenebis miznebs...” (iqve: 94).
vinaidan gvinda gadmovceT, sinamdvileSi ras warmoadgenda nikita
xruSCovis es Sexvedrebi literaturisa da xelovnebis muSakebTan
(“leninskie goriSi” da kremlSi), vnaxoT ras werda amis Sesaxeb mixeil
romi statiaSi n. s. xruSCovi, anu dauviwyari Sexvedrebi, (romlis
qarTuli varianti Jurnal `droSaSi” daibeWda 1988 wels). ai, zogierTi
maTgani misi STabeWdilebebidan: `me ganmacvifra im mowadinebam, rasac
xruSCovi xelovnebaze saubrisas iCenda, xelovnebisa ki araferi
gaegeboda”... avtoris TqmiT, cekas pirveli mdivani risxvad daatyda
ernst neizvestnis imitom, rom igi, Turme, ar exmareboda komunizms,
daiwuna marlen xucievis filmi im mizeziT, rom ver gaigo masSi
Cadebuli azri, Aandrei voznesenskis ki `gza dauloca”
sazRvargareTisken... samagierod, rogorc kargi leqsis nimuSi, waikiTxa
viRac maRaroelis leqsi da a.S. mixeil romi am statiaSi imasac
aRniSnavda, rom damswre sazogadoebis nawili ar eTanxmebioda iq
gamoTqmul mosazrebebs, kuluarebSi erTmaneTs bodiSsac ki uxdidnen,
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magram umravlesoba mainc Tavis tyavs ufrTxildeboda: `upirveles

yovlisa, ganmacvifra Cveni umaRlesi inteligenciis, ase vTqvaT, naRebis
qcevam” (droSa, 1988: #10A). aqedan gamomdinare, arc aris gasakviri
qarTveli kinoreJisoris saqcieli. Ees iyo dro, rodesac adamianebs
simarTlis Tqma did usiamovnebas ayenebda da amitom bevri erideboda
`autkivari Tavis atkivebas”, xolo roca maTgan amas moiTxovdnen,
iZulebulni xdebodnen TeTrisTvis Savi ewodebinaT da _ piriqiT (sxva
sakiTxia, roca adamiani kargs ver ansxvavebs cudisagan, rasac am
kinoreJisorze namdvilad ver vityviT).
gansakuTrebulad unda `aRiniSnos oTar sefiaSvilis roli,
romelmac gasuli saukunis 80-ian wlebSi Tavisi `iluzioniT” qarTveli
telemayurebeli aziara sazRvargareTul kinoxelovnebas. es is periodia,
rodesac bevri ram kapitalisturi samyaros kinematografis Sesaxeb
akrZalulia, magram oTar sefiaSvilma is mainc SesZlo, rom garkveuli
warmodgena Seeqmna mayureblisTvis maT Sesaxeb, Tumca, rogorc vnaxeT
(rubrika `iluzionze” saubrisas) garkveul daTmobebze wasvla masac
uwevda.
mxolod Ggardaqmnis periodidan Seiqmna pirobebi imisaTvis, rom
esaubraT manam tabuirebul Temebze (maT Soris bevri kinoxelovnebasac
exeboda). am periodSi Seqmnil ciklebs (maT Tematikas Cven SevexeT, roca
rubrikebs ganvixilavdiT) uZRvebodnen kinomcodneebi, kinoresorebi. Mmag.
`droTa ekrans” uZRveboda avtori da wamyvani kinomcodne naTia
amirejibi, am dros popularuli cikli iyo `xelovani da dro”, romelic
aseve mihyavda kinomcodne olRa TabukaSvils”. isini, rogorc rubrika-
saTaurSive Cans, ukve Tanamedrove periodTan mimarTebaSi ganixilavdnen
kinoxelovnebis problemebs. swored e.w. `gardaqmnis~ wlebSi gaxda
SesaZlebeli qarTveli kinematografistebi da Jurnalistebi piradad
Sexvedrodnen sazRvargareTel reJisorebs, msaxiobebs, prodiuserebs,
scenaristebs da a.S. magaliTad, marCelo mastroianis, robert de niros,
robert redfords, jein fondas da sxv. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovnad
migvaCnia cnobili poloneli reJisoris anjei vaidas wardgena qarTveli
telemayureblisaTvis (misi Semoqmedeba TiTqmis ucnobi iyo sabWoTa
adamianebisaTvis), radgan man komentari gaakeTa ara marto poloneTSi
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mimdinare politikur sakiTxebze, aramed Cvens qveyanaSi dawyebul

gardaqmnis proceszec da, rac mTavaria, man am intervius dros Tavisi
Sefaseba misca ramdenime Tvis win momxdar 1989 wlis 9 aprilis
tragedias. aqve isic gvinda aRvniSnoT, rom wamyvanis SesaZleblobebi
yovelTvis ar iyo srulyofilad gamoyenebuli. magaliTad, gadacemiT
`Sexvedra marCelo mastroianTan” (1988 wlis 2 marti) mayureblis
inteleqts, Cveni azriT, araferi Sematnia, radgan wamyvanma (n. TuTberiZe)
msaxiobi ZiriTadad imaze alaparaka, Tu ra azri aqvs mas qarTul kinoze
da rogor moswons mas Cveni qveyana. Tumca, igive wamyvani gadacema
`mravalsaxeobaSi” xSirad amomwurav informacias awvdida auditorias
kinematografSi mimdinare movlenebze.
rac Seexeba gogi gvaxarias, gvinda aRvniSnoT, rom igi marTlac
inteleqtualur da popularul wamyvanTa kategorias ganekuTvneba da
vinaidan mTeli Cveni dakvirvebis periodis ganmavlobaSi ramdenime
gadacemis wamyvani iyo swored es kinomcodne (romelic didi xania
gascda kinomcodnis farglebs), Cvenc ZiriTadi yuradReba masze
SevaCereT.
rogorc giorgi CarTolani wers: `gogi gvaxaria qmnida imgvar
gadacemaTa ciklebs da programebs, romlsac uyurebda yvela, visac
maRali xelovneba da kino uyvarda. Ggogi gvaxarias saavtoro gadacemTa
struqtura wlebis ganmavlobaSi imis mixedviT icvleboda, ra
moTxovnebsac ayenebda mis winaSe axali drois Jurnalistika. isini
monologuri Sesavlebidan gadaiqca jer Jurnalistur debatebad
(telekompania `rusTavi-2”, gadacema `fsiqo‟‟), xolo Semdgom analitikur
Toq-Soud (telekompania `imedi‟‟, gadacema `Tavisuflebis Teorema‟‟ da
telekompania `sazogadoebrivi mauwyebeli‟‟ gadacema `wiTeli zona‟‟).
Ggogi Ggvaxarias ekranuli moRvaweoba imis kargi magaliTia, Tu rogor
moxda satelevizio specifikis gaTvaliswinebiT, xelovnebis
Teoretikosis da kritikosis gardaqmna kulturis Jurnalistad.‟‟ (giorgi
CarTolani, 2008: 211 -212).
gogi gavaxariam avtoriteti moipova ara marto imiT, rom is kargad
erkveva kinoxelovnebis sakiTxebSi, aramed Tavisi samarTlianobiTa da
ukompromiso bunebiTac. (“sarkmlis” daxurvis dros kompromisze
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wasvlas, I arxis datoveba arCia). marTalia, `vardebis revoluciis‟‟

dros vinaidan `rusTavi-2‟‟ ukiduresad opoziciuri arxi iyo, gogi
gvaxariamac im periodSi Tavisi saavtoro gadacemis _`fsiqo‟‟_ meSveobiT
radikaluri pozicia daikava (imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor dauWira
kinomcodnem am periodSi mxari nacionalur moZraobas, gadacema `fsiqos‟‟
ganxilvis dros visaubreT da amitom amaze aRar SevCerdebiT), magram
faqtia isic, rom am kinogadacemis mier Catarebul PR kampaniis
warmateba didad iyo gaTvlili swored mis avtoritetul wamyvanze.
cxadia, Zalian Znelia iyo miukerZoebeli Jurnalisti, radgan yvela
adamians aqvs Tavisi Sexeduleba rogorc politikis Sesaxeb, ise
moralis, zneobis da a.S. cnobilia rom, rac ufro obieqturi da
miukerZoebeli iqneba Jurnalisti, telekompania, miT met avtoritets
moipoveben isini, magram aqve gvinda aRvniSnoT, rom am periodSi es
kanoni naklebad moqmedebda rogorc saxelmwifo televiziis `I arxis~,
ise damoukudebeli telekompania `rusTavi-2”-is muSaobaSi _ orive Tavisi
poziciis gasamyareblad ibrZoda.
sxva sakiTxia, rom zogjer faqtisadmi loialuri, humanuri
damokidebuleba ufro zneobrivi saqcieli SeiZleba aRmoCndes. aseT
faqtTan gvqonda saqme, rodesac gadacemaSi “wiTeli zona‟‟ Sesdga
dokumenturi filmis _ `banditebi”_ premiera (18.03.08). Aam DdRes studiaSi
mowveulni iyvnen filmis reJisori da TviTmfrinavis erT-erTi
gamtaceblis _ gega kobaxiZis deda. Aamitom, cxadia, saubari (rom
araferi vTqvaT TviTon filmze) subieqtur xasiaTs atarebda da es arc
aris gasakviri (amiT araviTar SemTxvavaSi ar gvsurs axalgazrdebis
sikvdiliT dasjis gamarTleba), radgan deda ar SeiZleba obieqturi iyos
Svilis saqcielis Sefasebis dros. amasTan dakavSirebiT gvaxsendeba
muxran maWavarianis es sityvebi:

`Zmis azri Zmaze,-

ginda kargi, ginda augi;
vinc aris kaci,-
misTvis erTic ar Rirs Sauri~
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sxva Temaze sasaubrod, albaT, sxvadasxva azrze myofi adamianebis

mosmena ufro saintereso iqneboda, magram am SemTxvevaSi gadacemis
avtoris saqcieli SeiZleba gamarTlebulad CaTvalos, radgan am dRes
studiaSi polemikis gamarTva _ imis garkveva, vin raSi iyo marTali da
mtyuani, gega kobaxiZis dedisTvis Zalian Zneli mosasmeni iqneboda. Aai
am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT SeiZleba moviSvelioT iugoslaveli
filosofosis dragan eremiCis marTlac brZnuli sityvebi, romelic
imaSi mdgomareobs, rom ufro advilia iyo mkacri, vidre samarTliani da
ufro advilia iyo samarTliani, vidre humanurio (“С лица и с изнанки”).
cnobili mkvlevari da praqtikosi brus luisi (mas `bi-bi-si‟‟- Si
muSaobis 25 welze meti xnis gamocdileba hqonda) gvirCevs: `nurasodes
gayoyoCndebiT da CaTvliT, rom Tqven yovelTvis marTali xarT‟‟ (Врус
Льюис, 1973: .134). marTalia, gogi gvaxarias am dRis saqciels, Secdoma ar
SeiZleba ewodos, magram vinaidan TviTmfrinavis gatacebis saqmeSi
dazaralebulebi sxva mxaresac iyvnen, cxadia, maTac hqondaT ufleba
Tavisi mosazreba gamoeTqvaT. Aamitom kinomcodnis mxridan Zalian karg
saqcielad SeiZleba CaiTvalos is, rom man sul male ( 8.04.2008) `wiTeli
zonis~ rubrikaSi `gamoxmaureba gadacemaze_`TviTmfrinavis gataceba~
sasaubrod moiwvia gatacebuli TviTmfrinavis ekipaJis wevris _anzor
Wedias_ Svili Teona Wedia, romelmac am faqtTan dakavSirebiT Tavisi
pozicia daafiqsira.
gogi gvaxarias mxridan sworad migvaCnia isic, rom `fsiqoSi‟‟
satelefono CarTvebis dros araerTxel mogvismenia arakompetenturi
saubari da wamyvanis mimarT utaqto pretenziebi, romlebzec igi Zalian
Rirseulad reagirebda _ awonil-dawonili pasuxebiT, an gaCumebiT
(Tumca, mis saxeze reaqcia mainc ikiTxeboda. cxadia, aseT situaciebSi
Jurnalists saerTod, da am SemTxvevaSi _ gogi gvaxarias_ didad
exmareboda Sinagani kultura da is, rasac fsiqologebi ase xsnian:
`verc erTi moqmedeba ver ganxorcieldeba, Tu mas win ar uswrebs
reagirebis garkveuli formisadmi mzaoba, romelic mas ubiZgebs,
imoqmedos swored amgvarad da ara raime sxva saxiT.
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individi imdenad aris moqmedebis subieqti, ramdenadac is ganewyoba

ara uSualod moqmedebis momentSi, aramed winaswar aris amisTvis mzad.‟‟
(a. frangiSvili, 1987 :174)
am kinomcodnis TiTqmis yvela saavtoro gadacemaSi didi dro
eTmoboda studiaSi mowveul stumrebTan saubrebs (gamonakliss
warmoadgenda 80-iani wlebis kinogadacema `ambavi namdvili adamianebisa‟‟,
sadac filmis demonstrirebas wamyvanis teqsti uZRoda win) da Tamamad
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom wamyvanis movaleobebs is SesaniSnavad arTmevda
Tavs da amaSi, pirvel rigSi, mas exmareboda is iSviaTi Tviseba, (yovel
SemTxvavaSi qarTul JurnalistikaSi es marTlac asea), rasac mosmenis
kultura hqvia. Ggogi gvaxarias damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebas marTlac ar
warmoadgens mosaubris azris gawyveta da sakuTari azris Tavze moxveva,
(iSviaTi gamonaklisis garda), Tumca, rogorc araerTxel garkveula, mas
ufro bevri da saintereso informacia aqvs, vidre mowveul stumars.
gogi gvaxaria marTlac inteleqtualur wamyvanTa kategorias
ganekuTvneba. igi prifesionali kinomcodnea da amitom misi mosazrebebi,
Sexedulebebi kinoxelovnebis ama Tu im nimuSis Sesaxeb xSirad Zalian
sainteresoa _ mayurebels exmareba gaerkves kinematografis sakiTxebSi _
aseTi magaliTebi Zalian bevria, magram, rogorc aRvniSneT, iSviaT
SemTxvevaSi gogi gvaxariac scodavda Tavisi subieqtivizmiT. Cvenc
(rogorc auditoriis erT-erT warmomadgenels) es magaliTic kargad
dagvamaxsovrda da is kritikis sagnad vaqcieT. etyoba Cvenzec vrceldeba
is fsiqologiuri Tavisebureba, romlis Sesaxebac dragan eremiCi ambobs,
rom boroteba ufro Sors ismis, vidre sikeTe, radgan sikeTes adamianebi
Rebuloben uCumrad, maSin, rodesac borotebaze wivil-kiviliT
reagirebeno (“С лица и с изнанки). cxadia, sityva boroteba am faqts zustad
ar Seesabameba.
vaxseneT isic, rom gogi gvaxaria profesionalia, rasac TviTonac
xazs usvamda `sarkmlis‟‟ daxurvis dros. sityva profesionalTan
dakavSirebiT cnobili Jurnalisti melor sturua (gadacemaSi `dobri
den‟‟) aRniSnavda, rom es termini CvenTan (is am SemTxvevaSi gulisxmobda
ruseTs, magram igive Tavisuflad SeiZleba iTqvas saqarTveloze)
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arasworad gamoiyeneba. amerikaSi es sityva statusis ganmsazRvrelia

(magaliTad, akonkretebs asa Tu is adamiani profesionali mokrivea, Tu
moyvaruli) da mas ara aqvs is datvirTva, romelsac CvenTan aniWeben.
Tumca, amas gogi gvaxariasTan mimarTebaSi gadamwyveti mniSvneloba ara
aqvs, radgan es termini, Cveni azriT, orive gagebiT esadageba mas. Aamitom
misdami moTxovnebic ufro didia. kinomcodne ki, Cveni azriT, yvelaze
cud ampluaSi mogvevlina 2001 wlis `oskarebis‟‟ gadacemis sazeimo
ceremoniis translaciis dros. sanam uSualod am gadacemas da masSi
gogi gvaxarias komentarebs ganvixilavT, vfiqrobT, jer unda gavarkvioT,
ra saxis gadacemas danekuTvneba is, ra Taviseburebebia misTvis
damaxasiaTebeli, ra wesebs da kanonebs iTvaliswinebs am kategoriis
gadacemebi. Aam sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT Zalian saintereso mosazrebebi
aqvs i. beliaevs. kerZod, axdens ra televiziis klasificirebas,
sanaxaobas ekranze is yofs oTx kategoriad: 1). sinamdvile sinamdvilis
formiT; 2). sinamdvile Semecnebis formiT; 3). Semecneba sinamdvilis
formiT da 4). Semecneba Semecnebis formiT. igi aqve akonkretebs, rom is
pirvel kategorias ganakuTvnebs pirdapir translaciebs. am saxis
gadacemebisaTvis, misi azriT, cudia, roca reJisoris pultTan
aRmoCndeba niWieri adamiani, romlisTvisac damaxasiaTebelia Taviseburi
mxatvruli saxeebiT azrovneba. translacia obieqturi unda iyos. man
unda gamoricxos subieqturi momenti. sxva SemTxvevaSi, motyuebas eqneba
adgilio.
vfiqrobT, Cven mier xsenebuli gadacema ar jdeba ubralo
translaciis CarCoebSi. amaze metyvelebda masSi ekranis
gamomsaxvelobiTi saSualebebis gamoyeneba. Aamas Tu davamatebT imas, rom
saqarTvelos televiziaSi (`rusTavi-2‟‟) translaciis msvlelobis dros
komentars akeTebda kinomcodne gogi gvaxaria TanakomentatorTan erTad,
cxadia, rom faqti Taviseburi transformaciiT mivida mayureblamde. Ee.i.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom `oskarebiT‟‟ dajildoebis 73-e sazeimo ceremonia
garkveul wilad meore kategoriisakenac (sinamdvile Semecnebis formiT)
ixreba, magram is mainc translacias ufro ganekuTvneba. aseTi saxis
gadacemebSi gansakuTrebuli taqti da zomierebis grZnoba mniSnelovani
faqtoria da ai ratom: `arsebobs televiziisadmi garkveuli moTxovnebi,
 126

roca mayurebels unda movlenebisa da faqtebis sufTa saxiT naxva da

ara reJisorisa da avtoris gancdebi da analizi. Ffaqts sufTa saxiT
iZleva pirdapiri translacia _ es dokumentia, Semdeg ki iwyeba masalis
deformacia. am deformaciis xarisxi ki sxvadasxvagvaria‟‟ (Беляев,
“Введение в режиссуру” часть I, 1998 : 21 22).
am gadacemaSi gogi gvaxariam, vfiqrobT, gadaaWarba Tavis
kompetencias, radgan igi sazogadoebisTvis Tavisi azris Tavsmoxvevas
cdilobda zedmetad subieqturi SexedulebebiT. kinomcodnem am dRes
gaakritika ramdenime adamiani da maT Soris stiv martinis (igi sazeimo
ceremonials am weliwads pirvelad uZRveboda), romelic, Cveni azriT,
masze dakisrebul movaleobas arc Tu cudad arTmevda Tavs. miT umetes,
Tu gaviTvaliswinebT imasac, rom aseTi RonisZiebisTvis yovelTvis
yvelaferi winaswar aris dagegmili da misgan gadaxveva TiTqmis
akrZalulad iTvleba. Ees rom namdvilad ase xdeba, amis
dasadastureblad moviSveliebT kinomcodne a. SubaSvilis am sityvebs:
`martini, Cveulebrisamebr, mkacrad iyo gafrTxilebuli _ araviTari
improvizacia scenaze. teqsti, romliTac igi darbazs mimarTavda,
xumrobebis CaTvliT, winaswar iyo momzadebuli. Aaseve winaswar aris
dagegmili, ra da rogor ilaparakon maT, vinc nominantebsa da
gamarjvebulebs asaxeleben‟‟ (`amarta‟‟, 2001, zafxuli: 91).
Kkinomcodne mTeli gadacemis ganmavlobaSi amtkicebda, rom
`oskars‟‟ saukeTeso filmisaTvis (rogorc cnobilia, es yvelaze
mniSnelovani da prestiJuli kategoriaa) miiRebda eng lis kinosuraTi
`Casafrebuli vefxvi, mimaluli drakoni‟‟ (man oTxi `oskari‟‟ daimsaxura).
AamasTan dakavSirebiT erTgvari `sanaZleoc‟‟ ki daido gadacemis
msvlelobis dros gogi gvaxariasa da Tanakomentators Soris, romlis
azriT, es jildo `gladiators‟‟ ergeboda. mas Semdegac, rodesac
principSi gadawyda am filmis bedi _ `Casafrebuli vefxvi, mimaluli
drakoni‟‟_ saukeTeso sazRvargareTul filmad gamocxadda, gogi
gvaxaria bolomde mainc ar aRiarebda imas, rom is `damarcxda‟‟. Tumca,
man, rogorc kinomcodnem, SesaniSnavad icoda, rom `Casafrebuli vefxvi,
mimaluli drakoni‟‟ am jildoTi faqtobrivad gamoeTiSa brZolas
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saukeTeso filmisTvis, radgan orive kategoriaSi gamarjveba ararealuri

iyo. wina wlebis gamocdilebac xom amas adasturebda: `oskarebis
istoriaSi msgavs SemTxvevas mxolod orjer hqonda adgili: 1969 wels
safrangeT-alJiris erToblivi filmi `Zeta‟‟ da 1998 wels italiuri
`cxovreba mSvenieria‟‟ acxadebdnen pretenzias `oskaris‟‟ orive
nominaciaze. sainteresoa, rom orive suraTma, taivanuri filmis msgavsad,
sabolood `oskari‟‟ miiRo `saukeTeso ucxouri filmis‟‟ kategoriiT‟‟
(`amarta‟‟, 2001: zafxuli, 93).
2001 wlis `oskarebis‟‟ gadacemis sazeimo ceremoniaze
gansakuTrebuli yuradReba imitom SevaCereT, rom migvaCnia, es gadacema
naTeli magaliTia imisa, Tu rogor scodaven zogjer avtoritetebic.
vfiqrobT, aseTi saxis gadacemebi arafers waageben imiT, Tu TviTon
mayurebels miandoben yvelafers, radgan amgvari kategoriis gadacemebs
SemTxveviTi auditoria ara hyavs. miT umetes, kinos sakiTxebSi
gauTviTcnobierebuli adamiani dilaadrian ar adgeboda mis sayureblad
(ceremoniis translacia `rusTavi-2‟‟-is eTerSi dilis 5 saaTze daiwyo).
Tanac gogi gvaxarias amdRevandeli komentarebi, kinoxelovnebis
sakiTxebs ki ar exeboda, aramed ufro metad Woraobas waagavda, rac
saerTod, misTvis damaxasiaTebeli Tviseba namdvilad ar aris.
sxvaTa Soris, ruseTis televiziamac (o-er-te) aCvena `oskarebiT‟‟
dajildoebis es ceremonia da, Cveni azriT, sakmaod sainteresodac _
pirvel rigSi, moigo swored imiT, rom zedmeti komentarebisagan, Tavi
Seikava.
sakuTari azris sxvisTvis Tavsmoxveva rom cudia, es erTi sakiTxia,
magram meorea, rom es azri SeiZleba swori arc iyos. Secdomebisagan ki,
cxadia, dazRveuli aravin aris. moviyvanT aseT magaliTs: cnobilma
reJisorma da telewamyvanma mark zaxarovma (mis mosvlas gadacemis
wamvyanad `kinopanoramis~ da SemdegSi `kinoserpantinis~ ucvleli
reJisori qsenia marinina namdvil movlenas uwodebda Jurnal “Эфир”-is
1991 wlis agvistos nomerSi) 1990 wlis dasawyisSi gadacemaSi
`kinoserpantini‟‟ sasaubrod moiwvia estradis popularuli momRerali
valeri leontievi, romelsac im periodSi ieso qristes roli
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SesTavazes, am faqtiT ukmayofilo reJisorma arakoreqtulad

Camoayaliba Tavisi mosazreba. kerZod, is msaxiobs sayvedurobda imas, Tu
rogor gabeda da daTanxmda am rolis Sesrulebaze.Mmark zaxarovisagan
gansxvavebiT, am SemTxvevaSi Zalian Rirseulad moiqca momRerali _ man
taqtianad, auRelveblad da sakmaod sainteresod isaubra. (misTvisac
Turme sruliad warmoudgeneli iyo eTamaSa ieso qristes roli). Tavisi
Secdoma gadacemis msvlelobis drosve igrno m. zaxarovma (is
yuradRebiT usmenda mosaubres da misi saxis gamometyvelebac amasve
adasturebda). aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom man Semdeg Tavisi araeTikuri
saqcieli ase Tu ise aRiara JurnalistTan saubarSi, romelmac es
detali Seaxsena. kerZod, reJisori am faqtTan dakavSirebiT aseT
komentars akeTebda: `leontievTan saubari rTul saubarTa ricxvs
ganekuTvneba, radgan is Cems ideals ar warmoadgens. Ggarda amisa, im
interviuSi iyo raRacnairi Sinagani uaryofiTi emociis momenti,
romelic ukavSirdeboda misTvis qristes rolis SeTavazebas. Mme TviTon
es idea ar momewona. saubris procesSi, SeiZleba, davuSvi raRac eTikuri
Secdomebi, SeiZleba, raRac ise ver Camovayalibe... Semdeg me gavaanalize
saubari. roca stumrebs iReb, ufro alersiani unda iyo, magram
Segnebulad ar mindoda damemala misTvis, rasac vfiqrobdi. Mme vigrZeni,
rom misi imiji, roca igi mikrofoniT Zalian bevrs, swrafad moZraobs
estradaze da misi adamianuri saxe _ es sruliad gansxvavebuli ramea.
Mme Zalian momewona, rogor azrovnebs is, rogor fiqrobs. . .’’ (Теле-радио
эфир,1991 апрель: 11).
Secdoma marTlac Yyvelas SeiZleba mouvides, magram mark zaxarovze
gansakuTrebuli aqcenti imitom gavakeTeT, rom, jer erTi, is
telewamyvanTa avtoritetul kategorias ganekuTvneboda da meorec, man
Secdoma dauSva im sakiTxSi, romelSic swored is iyo yvelaze kargad
gaTviTcnobierebuli _ mark zaxarovis erT-erTi saukeTeso filmis _
`swored is miunhauzeni‟‟_ finalSi usazRvro fantaziebis mqone baroni
iq damswre sazogadoebas mouwodebs, rom gaiRimon da Tan Seaxsenebs,
rom kacis Wkviani saxe srulebiT ar niSnavs mis gonierebas. Mmetic,
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yvela sisuleles dedamiwaze swored saxis am gamometyvelebiT Cadiano _

ambobs is.
sazogadoebaze avtoritetebis zemoqmedebis Zala yvela qveyanaSi
didia, Aamitom manipulirebas xSirad maTi meSveobiT ewevian. sxva
sakiTxia, romel qveyanaSi vin iTvleba avtoritetad _ zogjer
popularul adamianebs, ufro sworad, cnobil saxeebs aigiveben
avtoritetebTan. isic faqtia, rom avtoritetebis zegavlenisagan
ganTavisufleba gansakuTrebiT Znelia Cveni xalxisTvis (cxadia,
axalgazrdebi ar igulisxmebian), radgan komunisturi sistemis
mravalwlian batonobas SeuZlebelia ukvalod Caeara. Tumca, rogorc
aRvniSneT, maTi roli yvela drosa da qveyanaSi imdenad didia, rom maT
xSir SemTxvevaSi `TvaldaxuWulad” endobian. Tumca, aq
gasaTvaliswinebelia mayureblis Tvisebebic. zogierTi maTgani
akritikebs kidec avtoritetebs, miuxedavad imisa, rom SeiZleba maT arc
daujeron. am faqtTan dakavSirebiT Zalian sainteresod migvaCnia erix
fromis es mosazrebac: `im SemTxvevaSi, Tu individi avtoritetis
kritikisaTvis safuZvels poulobs, amaSi TviT am safuZvlis mpovneli
individia damnaSave. xolo am individis damnaSaveobis sabuTs
warmoadgens TviT faqti imisa, rom man avtoritetis gakritikeba gabeda.”
(erix fromi, 1998: 7).
rogorc vnaxeT, e. w. gardaqmnis wlebidan saqarTvelos televiziis I
arxze (2005 wlidan `sazogadoebrivi mauwyebeli~) kinogadacemebis
deficiti ar aris. magram maTi raodenoba nel-nela Semcirda (rogorc
kinorubrikebze saubrisas aRvniSneT). 2009 wels `laterna magikas”
gauqmebis Semdeg darCa mxolod `wiTeli zona”. `rusTavi-2 ze” ki, 2003
wels `fsiqos~ gauqmebis Semdeg, arc gasula kinogadacema. am
kinorubrikebs da calkeul gadacemebs hyavdaT wamyvanebi, romlebic
kinosakiTxebis Rrma codniT marTlac xels uwyobdnen mayureblis
inteleqtis amaRlebas (kulturul-SemecnebiTi funqcia) da zogjer maTi
avtoritetiT izrdeboda kinogadacemaTa ideologiuri funqciac. cxadia
isic, rom wamyvanTa saqmianobaSi koreqtivebi Sehqonda periods,
romelSic maT uwevdaT muSaoba. Tanamedrove periodSi kinoxelovnebis
Sesaxeb informacias auditoria iRebs reklamebiT da Toq-SouebiT,
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romelTa wamyvanebi, bunebrivia, am sakiTxebSi profesionalur doneze

ver erkvevian da amitomac maT mayurebeli naklebad endoba.
vinaidan auditorias kinos Sesaxeb ainteresebs profesionali
wamyvanebis mosazrebebi, amitom mraval qveyanaSi kinogadacemebs swored
am dargis specialistebi uZRvebian. rogorc svadasxva wyaroebidan
gavarkvieT, (:www.ebertpresents.com), aseTia magaliTad amerikaSi “At the
Movies”, anu “kinoSi”. am gadacemam ramdenjerme gamoicvala saxeli, adre
erqva “Siskel and Ebert and The Movies” da Semdeg “At the Movies with Ebert
and Roeper.” am gadacemaSi 2 kinokritikosi uziarebs erTmaneTs Tavis
azrs ama Tu im axal filmze. gadacemis pirveli wamyvanebi iyvnen rojer
iberti _ cnobili gazeTis `Cikago san-Taimsis” kinokorespondenti da jim
siskeli _ aseve Zalian cnobili Cikago Tribunis korespondenti. riCard
roeperi _ `Cikago Tribunis” korespondenti _ ibertis regularuli
partniori gaxda 1999 wels, siskelis gardacvalebis Semdeg.
ibertma 2006 wels avadmyofobis gamo Sewyvita televiziaSi
gamosvla, amitom, mis magivrad, sxvadasxva stumari wamyvanebi yavdaT
mowveuli. 2008 wlis aprilidan agvistomde gazeTi `Cikago tribunis”
kinokorespondeti maikl felpsi iyo aseTi stumari. 2008 wlis
seqtembridan ki Enternatiment Television (aseTi gasarTobi arxia)
kinokritikosi ben laionsi da cnobili telepersona ben mankevici
gaxdnen gadacemis wamyvanebi. 2009 wlis 5 agvistos gaxda cnobili rom
maikl felpsi ubrundeboda gadacemas da Tan moiyvanda `niu-iork
Taimsis” kinokritikoss a.o. skots. gadacema, jer kidev maSin, rodesac
siskelis da ibertis mihyavdaT, Svidgzis iyo wardgenili prestiJul
`emmis~ jildoze. yvelaze bolos es iyo 1997 wels. gadacema gauqmda 2010
wlis 4 agvistos, magram momdevno Tves ibertma, romelic amasobaSi
gamojanmrTelda, gamoacxada rom gadacemis axal versias gamouSvebda
saxelad “At the Movies” (igi 2011 wlis 21 ianvarSi marTlac gavida
eTerSi). gadacemaSi mokled, 2-3 wuTSi momoixilaven axal filmebs_
maT Sinaarss da msaxiobebis Sesrulebis dones. bolos ki rekomendacias
aZleven mayurebels, Rirs Tu ara filmis kinoTeatrSi naxva. Cveni azriT,
aseTi profesionalebis azrs, albaT, bevri adamiani iTvaliswinebs.
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Tavi IV
satelevizio auditoria

televiziis produqcia da, maT Soris kinogadacemebi,

auditoriisaTvis iqmneba. Aamitom aucilebelia mayurebelTa moTxovnebis
gaTvaliswineba, rac Tavis mxriv, auditoriis yovelmxriv Seswavlas
gulisxmobs.
sabWoTa kavSirSi auditoriis sakiTxiT daintereseba daiwyes gasuli
saukunis 60-ian wlebSi, (am periodSi ukve gaCnda mravalarxiani
mauwyebloba), magram misi mizani maSin ZiriTadad telemayureblebis
(aseve televizorebis) raodenobis garkveva iyo da ara maTi interesebis
gaTvaliswineba. auditoriis Seswavlis sakiTxi wlebis ganmavlobaSi
SezRuduli iyo, radgan televizias mkacrad gansazRvruli funqciebi
unda Seesrulebina.
1979 wels saqarTvelos teleradiokomitetSi Seiqmna sociologiuri
centri, magram masze cota ram iyo damokidebuli. aqve gvinda aRvniSnoT,
rom auditoriis Seswavlisa da televiziis programirebis sakiTxebi
Zalian mWidro kavSirSia erTmaneTTan, radgan auditoriis mravalmxrivi
Seswavlis gareSe gadacemebis programireba ar iqneba srulyofili da
piriqiT _ swori programirebis gareSe, mayureblis interesebis
dakmayofileba sruliad warmoudgenelia. sabWoTa periodSi
srulfasovan programirebaze saubari Zalian Wirda, radgan mas
arTulebda ruseTis centralur televiziaze damokidebuleba. cxadia, am
dros gadacemebis e.w. koordinacia, sinamdvileSi calmxrivad
sruldeboda. centraluri televiziis diqtati imdenad didi iyo, rom
amis Sesaxeb sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg TviT rusi Jurnalistebi,
Tu telemkvlevarebi bevrs laparakobdnen (mag. v. cviki JurnalSi
Телевидение и радиовещание 1991).
vinaidan Cveni kvlevis periodi 1996-2010 wlebs moicavs, imis
saCveneblad Tu rogori mdgomareobaa auditoriis Seswavlis
TvalsazrisiT, jer gvinda pirveli, anu 1996 wlis mdgomareoba
ganvixiloT am TvalsazrisiT, miT umetes, Cven teleauditoriis
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Seswavlis problemebs maSinve mivaqcieT yuradReba (cxadia, saubaria

maSindeli saxelmwifo televiziis `pirvel arxze~) da mis Sesaxeb 1997
wels gamocemul statiaSi `satelevizio kinogadacemebi‟‟ (`tele-
radioJurnalistikis sakiTxebi~, II naw) Cven vwerdiT, rom am periodSi
auditoriis Seswavlas emsaxureboda teleprogramebis generaluri
direqciis sociologiuri kvlevis ganyofileba, romelic isev im
`tradiciebs‟‟ agrZelebda da amis mTavari mizezi iyo is, rom igi
damoukidebel organizacias ar warmoadgenda. sxvaTa Soris, auditoriis
Seswavlis sakiTxi im periodisTvis problemad rCeboda bevri
postsabWoTa qveynisTvis da maT Soris ruseTisTvisac, rac
dasturdeboda telekompania en-te-ves prezidentis igor malaSenkos
sityvebiTac. kerZod, igi ambobda, rom eyrdnoba mxolod da mxolod
Tavis intuicias, radgan maTTan, misi sityvebiT rom vTqvaT: `ar aris
sazogadoebrivi azris gamokiTxvis da programebis reitingis
gansazRvris Tundac odnav saimedo sistema‟‟ ( ТВ парк 1996, N48: 49).
1996 wlis noembris bolos Cven davinteresdiT saqarTvelos
televiziis pirveli arxis ZiriTad gadacemaTa reitingiT, risTvisac
CavatareT mayurebelTa anketuri gamokiTxva (gamoikiTxa 600 adamiani.
Aaqedan 500 Tbiliseli iyo, 50 rusTavidan da 50 samtrediidan). am
gamokiTxviT davrwmundiT imaSi, rom kinogadacemebi didi popularobiT
sargeblobda qarTvel telemayurebelSi.. aseve gairkva, rom
teleserialebis yvelaze aqtiuri mayurebeli iyvnen qalebi (Sua asakis),
xolo axalgazrdebi gansakuTrebuli intensiurobiT uyurebdnen
`iluzions‟‟ da `panoramas” (igive “video video”). saintereso faqtia
isic, rom `ekranizacia‟‟, romelic mxolod orjer gavida eTerSi,
mayurebels mainc axsovda. ganaTlebis mixedviT diferenciacia ufro
gaZnelda. magaliTad, saSualo ganaTlebis adamianebi, iyvnen serialis da
aseve, arc Tu iSviaTad, `sarkmlis” mayureblebi da piriqiT, umaRlesi
ganaTlebis adamianebi, teleserialebzec ar ambobdnen uars. M(metic,
meore varianti ufro gamokveTili aRmoCnda).
cxadia, igi ar iyo srulyofili _ moiTxovda Semdeg mecnierul
damuSavebasa da gaazrebas, rasac am dargis specialistebi Tu
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SesZlebdnen, radgan arsebobs uamravi niuansi, romelic cnobilia

mxilod profesionalebisaTvis. Mmetic, TviTon anketuri gamokiTxvis
dros mravali faqtis codnaa saWiro. specialistebi yuradRebas
amaxvileben imaze, rom didi mniSvneloba aqvs imasac ki, Tu rogor aris
dalagebuli kiTxvebi da rogoraa isini formulirebuli anketaSi,
aRniSnaven imasac, rom garkveul rols asrulebs, anketioris
(interviueris), qcevis manerebi, Cacmuloba.Aaseve sociologebisaTvis
cnobilia isic, rom Aadamianebi sxvadasxvanairad pasuxoben qal-
interviuersa da mamakac-interviuers da a.S. amitom Semdeg wlebSi
gaazrebulad ar CavatareT auditoriis kvleva (fiqrobT, Cven es arc
gvevaleboda_ mizani xom is iyo, rom gagverkvia, aris Tu ara auditoria
srulyofilad Seswavlili da ara is, rom Cven ukeTesad
ganvaxorcielebdiT am saqmes).
1996 wels mxatvruli mauwyeblobis da maT Soris kinogadacemebis
Semcireba, Cveni azriT, gamowveuli iyo rigi obieqturi, Tu subieqturi
faqtorebiT. amis Sesaxeb Cven am periodis rubrikebis ganxilvisas
visaubreT da amitom am mizezebze metad aRar gavamaxvilebT yuradRebas.
am periodSi Aauditoriis yovelmxriv Seswavlas teleprogramebis
generaluri direqciis socioligiuri kvlevis ganyofileba, Cveni azriT,
Zalian zereled asrulebda. kerZod, kinoauditoriis Semcirebis erT-
erTi mizezi SeiZleba yofiliyo is faqti, rom meore arxi xSirad
aswrebda filmebis Cvenebas pirvel arxs. amitom mayurebels, SesaZloa,
erCivna bolomde enaxa is kinosuraTi, vidre gadaerTo pirvel arxze, miT
umetes, man xSir SemTxvevaSi ar icoda filmis demonstrirebis zusti
dro. metic, kinogadacemebis mxolod ori rubrikisTvis _ `qarTuli
filmi” da `mravalsaxeoba” _ iyo gamoyofili kviris konkretuli dReebi
(orSabaTi da xuTSabaTi), magram arc maT hqondaT zusti dro da
qronometraJi. Aaseve Cveulebrivi movlena gaxda rubrikebis xSiri,
zogjer didxniani gauCinareba, rac mayurebels abnevda. Cven maSin
mayureblis swori orientaciis, daintresebisTvis karg saSualebad
miviCnevdiT pirvel arxs miemarTa kviris kinorepertuaris reklamisaTvis.
mdgomareobis gamosworebis gzad ki gvesaxeboda: 1).saqarTvelos
televiziis pirveli arxis komerciuli struqturebisagan gamoyofa da
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sazogadoebriv televiziad gadaqceva; 2).auditoriis srulyofili

Seswavlis mizniT sociolologiuri kvlevis ganyofilebis tele-
radiokorporaciidan gamoyofa da calke organizaciad Camoyalibeba; 3).
auditoriisadmi diferencirebuli midgoma, ris SesaniSnav saSualebas
iZleva mravalarxianoba; metic, vfiqrobdiT, rom momavlisTvis kargi
iqneboda aqcentis dakeTeba fasian arxebze da mis erT-erT saxeze _
SekveTiT gadacemebze, sadac mayurebeli Tavisi gemovnebis mixedviT
gamoiwerda films, koncerts, gasarTob programas da a.S. SemTxveviTad
ar migvaCnda is faqtic, rom fasian arxebs maSinac farTod mimarTavdnen
ara marto aSS-Si, inglisSi, safrangeTSi, germaniaSi, SveicariaSi da a.S.
aramed skandinaviis qveynebSic, romlebic yovelTvis didi
TavSekavebulobiT gamoirCeodnen komerciuli mauwyeblobisadmi.
am periodis Semdeg ra Seicvala? mivyveT isev am rigiT _ 1).
saqarTvelos televiziis pirveli arxi, romelic saxelmwifo arxs
warmoadgenda, am periodidan TiTqmis aTi wlis Semdeg marTlac
gadakeTda sazogadoebriv mauwyeblad, magram amiT araferi Secvlila,
Tumca, rogorc aRmoCnda, _ arxi saxelmwifo iqneba, Tu komerciuli,
arafers wyvitavs. Aam daskvnis gakeTebis saSualebas ki gvaZlevs Tundac
isev `fsiqos” magaliTi: rodesac 1996 wels saxelmwifo arxze `sarkmeli”
daixura, man arseboba ganagrZo ukve kinogadacema `fsiqos” saxelwodebiT
`rusTavi-2~-is eTerSi, (im periodSi gaxsnil axal kerZo arxze), sadac
ukve mayurebelTa zarebi Semodioda. amis meSveobiT auditoriaze, mis
Sexedulebebze, moTxovnebze garkveuli warmodgena iqmneboda, amitom
kidevac aRvniSnavdiT, rom zogi Wiri margebelicaa, radgan amis
saSualeba `sarkmels” saxelmwifo televiziaSi ar hqonda. Mmagram,
rogorc Semdeg vnaxeT, es formati `fsiqom” am telekompaniaSic dakarga
`vardebis revoluciis~ periodSi, radgan sazogadoebis azri axla arc
aq ainteresebdaT.
2).saqarTvelos televiziis yvela arxis da maT Soris
`sazogadoebrivi mauwyeblis” I arxis auditoriis SeswavliT ki
dakavebulia marketingis samsaxuri da sxvadasxva saagento. amis mizezi
aris is, rom reklamebis raodenobiT `pirveli arxi” didad ar
Camouvardeba kerZo telekompaniebs. amitom TavisTavad aqcenti keTdeba,
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teleserialebze da sxvadasxvagvar Souebze, romlebic maRali reitingiT

sargebloben. aqedan gamomdinare,Auditoriis mravalmxrivi Seswavlis
sakiTxic aqtualurad ar iTvleba, miuxedavad imisa, rom Tanamedrove
pirobebSi auditoriis gamokiTxva bevrad gaaiola teqnikurma progresma_
kompiuteris gaCeniT SesaZlebeli gaxda adamianTa didi raodenobis
(ufro meti vidre telefoniT, an sxva saSualebiT) gamokiTxva onlain
reJimSi, romlis monacemebis damuSaveba specialuri programebis
meSveobiT xorcieldeba. am saSualebaze, operatiulobis garda,
specialistebi yuradRebas amaxvileben misi Zalian dabali
TviTRirebulebis gamoc.
3). Tu 1996 wels ramdenime arxi arsebobda (`pirveli arxi,‟‟ `meore
arxi‟‟, `kavkasia”, `iberia”, `saqarTvelos xma”), telearxebis raodenoba
droTa ganmavlobaSi sagrZnoblad gaizarda, Tanac zogierTi maTgani
mauwyeblobda ara marto saqarTvelos mTels teritoriaze, aramed
sazRvargareTac, magram, rogorc Semdeg vnaxeT, arc mravalarxianoba
aRmoCnda auditoriisadmi diferencirebuli midgomis sababi. Mmetic,
jansaR konkurenciaze saubaric Zneldeba. marTlac daujerebelia, rom
auditoria kmayofili iyos teleserialebis ase didi raodenobiT da Tu
is mainc popularulia qarTvel telemayurebelSi, (amis gamomwvev
mizezebze Cven ukve visaubreT), es imas ar niSnavs, rom ar iyos
gaTvaliswinebuli mosaxleobis sxva nawilis interesebi.
rac Seexeba Cvens mosazrebas fasian arxebze da mis erT-erT saxes
_SekveTiT gadacemebs, is ararealur da auxdenel faqtad darCa Cveni
kvlevis bolo _ 2010 wlamde, radgan mosaxleobis umravlesobas am
Tanxis gadaxda ki ara, `sazogadoebrivi mauwyeblis~ Senaxvac uWirda.
sainteresoa televiziebis reitingebis 2010 wlis monacemebi (BCG-
Gis mier Catarebuli). rogorc gairkva: 2010 wels yvelaze reitinguli
arxi yofila `rusTavi-2~ _ 94,40%. am arxis Yyurebis saSualeba aqvs
99,50% s TbilisSi da 99,40% regionSi, xolo I arxi reitingiT mesame
adgilzea __ 69,80% (meore adgili `imeds” aqvs _ 93,50) Dda misi yurebis
saSualeba aqvs TbilisSi _ 97,80%,s regionebSi _ 94,20%.s. CvenTvis
saintereso iyo isic, rom SemecnebiT gadacemaTa (CamonaTvalSi 29
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gadacemaa, romelTa didi nawili swored `sazogadoebrivi mauwyeblis~ I

arxis priduqciaa_ 9 gadacema. sxva arxebis gadacemaTa raodenoba ki
aseTia: “saqarTvelo” _ 13 gadacemaa, `mze” _ 3 da `imedi” _ 2. siaSi
`wiTeli zona” saerTod ver moxvda.
am sakiTxis warmatebiT gadawyveta dasavleTis bevri qveynisTvis
ufro iolicaa _ teqnika da materialuri SesaZleblobebi imis
saSualebas iZleva, rom operatiulad, gadacemis damTavrebisTanave
ganisazRvros ama Tu im gadacemis reitingi. cxadia, reitingis
gaidealeba ar aris swori, radgan mas aqvs rogorc dadebiTi, ise
uaryofiTi mxare _ masze dayrdnobiT SeiZleba masobriv auditoriaze
aviRoT orientacia. (saubari gvaqvs `sazogadoebriv mauwyebelze”,
`rusTavi-2” ki, radgan komerciuli televiziia, Cven masTan am mxriv
pretenzia arc gvaqvs).
sociologebi miiCneven, rom: `anketaSi gamoyenebuli kiTxvebis
klasifikacia SeiZleba Sinaarsiis mixedviT (kiTxvebi cnobierebis, qcevis
faqtebis da respondentis pirovnebis Sesaxeb), formis mixedviT (Ria,
daxuruli, pirdapiri, iribi), funqciis mixedviT (ZiriTadi da
araZiriTadi).” (koba noniaSvili, 2009: 126).Ganketireba mosaxerxebelia
ekonomikurobisa da operatiulobis TvalsazrisiTac_ misi meSveobiT
mokle droSi SesaZlebelia adamianTa didi raodenobis gamokiTxva,
romelSic anketiorTa mcire raodenoba iRebs monawileobas. metic, isini
zogjer arc figurireben. Aarsebobs anketirebis sxvadasxva saxe,
magaliTad, jgufuri, individualuri, dasarigebeli, safosto da sxva.
auditoriis Seswavlis mizniT gamoiyeneba aseve sxva meTodebi _
mayurebelTa werilebi, Sexvedrebi, konferenciebi da sxv. saerTod,
auditoriis Seswavlis arc-erTi meTodi ar iZleva cal-calke srul da
WeSmarit suraTs.
es mxolod arsebuli meTodebis kompleqsuri gamoyenebiTaa
SesaZlebeli. saerTod, satelevizio auditoria (da maT Soris
kinogadacemebisac) Zalian Wrelia _ mayureblebs Soris sxvadasxva
asakis, Pprofesiis, da a.S adamianebs vxvdebiT, kinoauditoria masTan
SedarebiT ufro diferencirebulia.
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. SemTxveviTi ar aris is faqtic, rom dasavleTis bevr qveyanaSi

Zalian did Tanxas ixdian auditoriis yovelmxrivi SeswavlisaTvis.
reitingiT rom gadacemis xarisxi ar ganisazRvreba, es yvelasTvis
cnobili faqtia. magaliTad, rusuli telearxi ` Культура” ar warmoadgens
reitingul arxs, rasac aRiareben am qveynis telemkvlevarnic
(“Телерадиоэфир”: 2005).
teleauditoriis Sesaxeb saubari daviwyeT imiT, rom sabWoTa
periodSi auditoriis Seswavla aravis ainteresebda, radgan maT
moTxovnebs arc aravin gaiTvaliswinebda. auditoriis seriozuli
kvlevebi, rogorc Cans, arc axla aris aqtualuri. teleprograma ki
iqmneba auditoriisaTvis. aqedan gamomdinare, Tamamad SeiZleba visaubroT
maTi urTierTzemoqmedebis Sesaxeb _ teleprograma gavlenas axdens
mayurebelze da auditoria xels uwyobs saekrano produqciis Seqmnas.
swored xels uwyobs da ara gansazRvravs satelevizio programebis
formirebas, radgan es sakiTxi ukavSirdeba mraval faqtors. magaliTad,
qveynis politikur, ekonomikur, kulturul da sxv. mdgomareobas.
`ukukavSiri SesaZlebelia SeizRudos ideologiur-politikuri
viTarebiT, cenzuriT, administraciis biurokratiuli interesebiT. aseT
SemTxvevebSi sazogadoebrioba teleprogramebze ver moaxdens aSkara
zemoqmedebas. Aama Tu im qveynis kulturuli tradiciebic aseve SeiZleba
moqmedebdnen mauwyeblobis TavSekavebis faqtorad”. (n. leoniZe, 2002: 595).
D
 138

daskvna

imis gasarkvevad, Tu ra adgili uWiravs mxatvrul kinematografs

saqarTvelos televiziaSi da ra funqciebs asrulebs is, dakvirveba
vawarmoeT or ZiriTad arxze _`sazogadoebrivi mauwyeblis~ I arxsa da
komerciul telekompania `rusTavi-2”-ze. dasaxuli miznis misaRwevad
ganvixileT komunikaciur procesSi Semavali samive ZiriTadi elementi _
informaciis wyaro (Cvens SemTxvevaSi is mxatvruli kinoa), komunikatori
(televizia) da mimRebi (satelevizio auditoria).
aucileblad CavTvaleT gveCvenebina, Tu ras warmoadgens
kinoxelovneba televiziisgan damoukideblad _ ra rolis Sesruleba
SeuZlia mas. kerZod ki, davadgineT: kinematografi, iseve rogorc
xelovnebis sxva dargebi, mniSnelovan rols asrulebs adamianTa
esTetikuri gemovnebis CamoyalibebaSi. aseve mas aqvs SemecnebiTi,
gasarTobi, ideologiuri funqciebi. es xSirad kombinirebulad xdeba.
xelovnebis am dargis SesaZleblobebi imdenad didia, rom mas sabWoTa
wyobis dros komunisturi ideologiis gasavrceleblad iyenebdnen da
igi xSirad SiSvel propagandaSi gadadioda. es ki xelovnebis
nimuSisTvis namdvilad ar aris kargi maxasiaTebeli. amas ver ascdeboda
qarTuli kinematografic, rasac marto cenzuras ver davabralebT,
radgan TviTon filmis reJisorzec bevri ram aris damokidebuli. Tumca,
qarTuli kinematografisTvis SiSveli propagandistuli meTodebis
gamoyeneba damaxasiaTebel da Cveul Tvisebad mainc ar SeiZleba
CaiTvalos.
bevri mecnieri ikvlevda da axlac ikvlevs kinos sazogadoebaze
zemoqmedebis faqtors, saidanac sabolood im daskvnis gakeTeba
SeiZleba, rom _ kino zegavlenas axdens adamianebze, magram misi
meSveobiT msoflmxedvelobis srul Secvlaze saubari ukve
moZvelebulad iTvleba. Mmagram faqtia, rom msoflios mraval qveyanaSi
xelovnebis am dargSi uzarmazar Tanxebs deben dResac, radgan ician,
rom kinos materialuri Semosavlis motanis garda, efeqturi zemoqmedeba
SeuZlia sazogadoebriv cnobierebaze.
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televiziis Sesaxeb saubridan ki davadgineT, rom is, rac namdvili

kinoxelovnebisTvis miuRebelia _ anu SiSveli propaganda _
televiziisTvis Cveulebrivi movlenaa. sityva `propaganda~ saqarTvelos
televiziasTan mimarTebaSic (bevri postsabWoTa respublikis msgavsad)
marTlac naadrevad miviwyebulad SeiZleba CaiTvalos. Tumca,
Tanamedrove periodis propaganda gansxvavdeba Zvelisagan. magaliTad, is
ise martivi ar aris, sxvadasxva saxiT gvxdeba da sxva. saqarTvelos
televizia Seiqmna sabWoTa periodSi da is, bunebrivia, sabWoTa kavSiris
darRvevamde komunisturi ideologiis propagandas eweoda. Tumca, is
masobrivi informaciis da propagandis mZlavr saSualebad garkveuli
wlebis Semdeg Camoyalibda. P(pirvel periodSi ki ZiriTadad xelovnebis
sxvadasxva dargis nawarmoebTa gavrcelebis saSualebas warmoadgenda).
sabWoTa kavSiris daSlidan 15 wlis Semdeg saqarTvelos televiziis
`pirveli arxi~ `sazogadoebriv mauwyeblad~ gadaiqca, magram
demokratiis deficiti aris dResac (dakvirvebis dasawyisSic da
boloSic sityvis Tavisuflebis naklebobis dasamtkiceblad moviSvelieT
erTi da igive saerTaSoriso organizaciis _`fridom hausis~ Sefasebebi).
Tu sabWoTa periodSi da Tundac 90-aTian wlebSi, saqarTvelos
televiziis `pirveli arxi~ da aseve `rusTavi-2~ sazogadoebrivi azris
Seqmnas ZiriTadad sainformacio gadacemebiTa da sxvadasxva saxis
publicisturi gadacemebiT cdilobda, bolo wlebSi orive arxze dRiTi-
dRe izrdeba gasarTobi gadacemebis ricxvi da mniSvnelovanwilad
swored maTi meSveobiT xorcieldeba sazogadoebrivi azris formireba.
rac Seexeba mxatvrul kinematografs televiziaSi, igi pirvel
rigSi, mowodebulia kulturul-saganmanaTleblo (SemecnebiTi) funqciis
Sesasruleblad.Mmagram sabWoTa periodSi socialisturi sistemis
ideologiis propagandistadac mogvevlina da amisTvis iqmneboda rogorc
calkeuli gadacemebi, ise specialuri rubrikebi da es arc aris
gasakviri _ kino, romelic isedac didi Zalaa sazogadoebriv
cnobierebaze zemoqmedebisaTvis, YTu mcire ekranze garkveulwilad
hkargavs Tavis esTetikur Rirebulebas, samagierod satelevizio
meqanizmSi moxvedrisas iZens Jurnalistikis funqciebsac da amitom is
televiziaSi sxva Ffunqciebis SesrulebasTan erTad, SesaZlebelia,
 140

sazogadoebrivi azris Sesaqmneladac iyos gamoyenebuli. Cven Tavidanve

miviCnieT, rom televiziis sxva Taviseburebebs Soris, amas iwvevs
simultanuroba, ris gamoc mravali filmic ki (ukomentarod) mimdinare
movlenebTan kavSirSi ganixileba mayureblis mier (cxadia, yoveli
kinofilmis dakavSireba raime faqtTan uazrobaa). amaSi davrwmudiT
svadasxva dros Sesaferisi kinosuraTebis mag. daZabul periodebSi,
omebis dros patriotul Temaze gadaRebuli filmebis intensiuri
Cvenebis magaliTze, romelic am periodebSi marTlac sazogadoebrivi
azris Sesaqmnelad iyo gamiznuli. Tumca, vfiqrobT, rom amaSic
zomierebis dacvaa saWiro, radgan yvelaferi gadametebuli,
fsiqologebis mtkicebiTac, ukureaqcias iwvevs da mas bumerangis efeqts
uwodeben. magaliTad, am azrs anviTarebs socialuri fsiqologiis
warmomadgeneli robert Caldini, romelsac kvlevebi aqvs swored
gavlenebis fsiqologiaze (Роберт Чалдини, “Психология влияния” 2003).
cxadia, mniSvnelovania is faqti, rom kinofilmebi da
kinogadacemebic programis nawilia da maTzec aisaxeba televiziis
politika. teleprogramas warmoadgens yvelaferi is, rac eTerSi
gadaicema. is moicavs informacias, Caweril, Tu pirdapir gadacemebs,
calkeul gadacemebs, Tu ciklebs, seriebs da serialebs, mxatvrul,
dokumentur, multiplikaciur filmebs da sxv. masSi gaerTianebulia
sxvadasxa tipis, saxis, formis gadacemebi. televizia sazogadoebriv
cnobierebaze moqmedebs masSi Semavali TiToeuli elementiT da maTi
mTlianobiT, radgan isini erTmaneTTan arian dakavSirebulni.
televiziaSi kinematografis ideologiuri funqciis gaZliereba
ganpirobebulia rubrikebis arsebobiT. amaSi davrwmundiT Tundac
kinogadacema `fsiqos” (“rusTavi_2”) magaliTze.
mravali funqciis Sesruleba efeqturad SeiZleba kinofragmentebis
meSveobiT. _ maT iSvelieben sainformacio, Tu sxvadasxva saxis
publicistur, gasarTob da sxv. gadacemebSi, reklamebSi, klipebSi.
filmis nawyveti xan TviTon am filmis popularizacias emsaxureba
(reklama), xan reJisoris, an msaxiobis Semoqmedebis mniSvnelovan
detalebs gvaxsenebs (SemecnebiTi funqcia), sxva SemTxvevaSi ki
 141

SesaZlebelia, zneobrivi saqcielis, patriotuli grZnobebis gaZlierebas

emsaxurebodes ( propagandistuli funqcia) Dda a.S.
aseve Zalian did rols asrulebs kinogadacemebSi wamyvanis
arseboba (pirvel rigSi, igi xels uwyobs mayureblis kulturuli donis
amaRlebas), romelsac mniSvnelovani gavlenis moxdena SeuZlia
auditoriaze da Cven vnaxeT kinomcodne g. gvaxariam mowveul stumrebTan
mizanmimarTuli saubrebiT rogor Sedegs miaRwia igive `fsiqoSi~
`vardebis revoluciis” dros. roca televiziaSi kinos ideologiuri
mxaris zrdis sakiTxi SeviswavleT, CvenTvis saintereso iyo im faqtis
aRmoCena, rom is Tvisebebi, rasac bolSevikebi kinoxelovnebas meti
propagandisTvis xelovnurad matebdndnen, bunebrivad gaaCnia televizias.
kerZod: samoqalaqo omis wlebSi agit-matareblebiTa da agit-gemebiT
ganapira mxareebSi operatiulad da xSir-Sirad CahondaT revoluciuri
suliskveTebis filmebi, romelic gamarTuli RonisZiebis programis
nawili iyo. am filmebis demonstracias ki win uZRoda gamocdili da
avtoritetuli oratorebis Sesavali saubrebi. Yyvelaferi es televiziis
swored is specifikuri Taviseburebebia, riTac, Cveni azriT, izrdeba
kinos ideologiuri mxare (propagandistuli funqcia) televiziaSi.
kinos meSveobiT sazogadoebrivi azris Seqmnis faqtori, cxadia,
ukavSirdeba imas, rom teleauditoria bevrad aRemateba kinoauditorias.
Aanu, sazogadoebrivi azris Seqmnis TvalsazrisiT, kino gamravlebuli
teleekranebze marTlac Zalian did Zalad iqceva da saerTod, SegviZlia
vTqvaT, rom, rogorc r. borecki ambobs: `ara marto Jurnalistika,
aramed drama, gasarTobi Janrebi, Tundac musika da saganmanaTleblo
programebi da a.S. Seicaven ra Tavis TavSi garkveul ideologiur
potencials, sistematurad da mizandasaxulad moqmedeben ra masobrivi
auditoriis Segnebaze, warmoadgenen farTo gagebiT propagandas~
(Борецкий Р.А. 1998: 57-58).
Tanamedrove periodSi kinogadacemebis raodenoba minimumamdea dayvanili
_ `sazogadoeebriv mauwyebelze” dReisTvis (2010wels) gadis mxolod
`wiTeli zona” (igi kinogadacemis farglebSi ar jdeba da publicistur
gadacemas warmoadgens), radgan 2009 wels daixura `laterna magikac”,
 142

gadacema, romelic Zvel msoflio kinoxelovnebas xelaxla acnobda

auditorias (kulturul-saganmanaTleblo funqcia) da, rac yvelaze
mTavaria, aziarebda mas axalgazrda Taobas. Tumca, isic aRvniSneT, rom
es kinogadacemac xandaxan socialur-politikur problemebsac
exmaureboda.
rac Seexeba `rusTavi-2s”, aq axali kinogadacema, mas Semdeg rac
`fsiqo” gauqmda, aRar Seqmnila. samagierod, orive telearxze Zalian
didi raodenobiT aris warmodgenili teleserialebi da gansakuTrebiT
e.w. `sapnis operebi”, romelTa umravlesoba laTino-amerikul produqcias
ganekuTvneba (amerikaSi da ruseTSi ZiriTadad sakuTar serialebs
aCveneben). aqac moxda meore ukiduresobaSi gadavardna da sabWoTa
periodSi dagmobilma `sapnis operebma” walekes orive telekompaniis
teleekranebi, riTac, Cveni (aseve sxva mkvlevarTa) azriT, xdeba
adamianebis cnobierebis manipulireba. vinaidan serialebi maskulturas
ganekuTvneba, mniSvnelovnad CavTvaleT imis aRniSvnac, rom terminis _
`masobrivi kultura”_ASemoReba ekuTvniT germanel filosofosebs
(romlebic cnobili arian frankfurtis skolis saxelwodebiT) da, rac
yvelaze mTavaria, is Tavdapirvelad ukavSirdeboda propagandis
nacistur manqanas. ( “Медиа” Под редакцией Адама Бриггза и Поля Кобли, 2005).
mayurebeli ki mas saqarTveloSi bevri aRmoaCnda gansakuTrebiT
imitom, rom qveyanaSi mZime socialuri da politikuri viTarebaa (Tumca,
es imas ar niSnavs, rom mas sxva qveynebSi ar uyureben) da adamianebi
sxvebis cxovrebis istoriebiT erTobian., rasac adastureben
fsiqologebic. garda amisa, saqarTveloSiMmayurebeli teleserialebs
hyavs im mizeziTac, rom didi arCevanis saSualeba arc aris.
SesaZlebelia, mdgomareobis gamosworeba im gziT, rom (Tu ase
aucilebelia) maTTvis Seiqmnas specialuri arxebi. amiT sxva adamianebi
mainc ar dazaraldebian. SeiZleba erT-erTi gza isic iyos, rom `sapnis
operebisTvis” praim Taimi ki ar gamoiyos, aramed dRis saaTebSi moinaxos
adgili (ase xdeba magaliTad, amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi) _
diasaxlisebisa da pensionerebisTvis. Tu yvelaferi es teleserialebis
reitingis gamo xdeba (reklamebi ki didad gansazRvravs telekompaniebis
 143

finansur mxares), maSin es unda exebodes `rusTavi-2”-s da ara

`sazogadoebriv mauwyebels”. sxvaTa Soris, amerikuli PBS- Tvis
specialurad iReben kargi xarisxis filmebs da gadacemebs.
misasalmebel faqtad miviCnieT is, rom bolo wlebSi orive
telearxze SabaT-kviras adgili daeTmo qarTul kinoxelovnebasac. am
mxriv gansakuTrebiT did saqmes akeTebs sapatriarqos televizia
`erTsulovneba~.
Cvens naSromSi televiziaSi filmis demonstrirebis sakiTxi
daviwyeT imiT, rom saqarTvelos televiziaSi Tavdapirvelad aCvenebdnen
qarTul da rusul filmebs, rasac SigadaSig sxva sabWoTa
respublikebis da socialisturi qveynebis kinoxelovnebac emateboda.
kapitalisturi qveynebis kinoproduqcia ki ZiriTadad maTsave
gasakicxad gamoiyeneboda. dRes ra kinorepertuars sTavazobs qarTvel
telemayurebels Cvens mier ganxiluli televiziebi? Mmoxda meore
ukiduresobaSi gadavardna da orive telekompaniam _ “sazogadoebrivi
mauwyeblis~ I arxma da `rusTavi-2-ma” didi adgili dauTmo sxvadasxva
qveynis filmebs ( gansakuTrebiT bevria amerikuli produqcia), iseTebsac,
romlebic ar gamoirCevian maRali ideur-mxatvruli doniT _ trilerebi,
melodramebi da a.S. (rusuli kinematografi ki saerTod gaqra
teleekranidan). yuradReba gavamaxvileT im faqtzec, rac, Cveni azriT,
Zalian uSlis xels am filmebis aRqmas _ sazRvargareTuli
kinofilmebis demonstrireba subtitrebiT Cveulebriv movlenad iqca (es
stili gansakuTrebiT damkvidrda 2010 wlidan), rac, vfiqrobT,
gaumarTlebelia imitom, rom kinoxelovnebisTvis vizualuri mxare
Zalian mniSvnelovania, (televiziaze metadac). Fferebis, Suq-Crdilebis,
montaJis da sxv. gareSe kinoxelovneba araferia. is mayureblis
dakvirvebul Tvals iTxovs, rasac ver moaxerxebs adamiani, romelic
Sinaarsis gasagebad titris swrafi kiTxviT aris dakavebuli.
teleprograma iqmneba auditoriisaTvis. Aaqedan gamomdinare,
SeiZleba vilaparakoT maTi urTierTzemoqmedebis Sesaxeb _
teleprograma gavlenas axdens mayurebelze da auditoria xels uwyobs
saekrano produqciis Seqmnas, magram, cxadia isic, rom es sakiTxi
 144

ukavSirdeba mraval faqtors, magaliTad, qveynis politikur, ekonomikur,

kulturul da sxv. mdgomareobas. ramdenad aris Seswavlili auditoria
da misi moTxovnebi? sabWoTa kavSiris dros auditoriis Seswavla
atarebda formalur xasiaTs, radgan televizia Tavisufali ar iyo da
mas mkacrad gansazRvruli funqciebi hqonda Sesasrulebeli. Bbolo
wlebSi auditoriis Seswavla yvela telearxze ZiriTadad xdeba
marketingis samsaxurisa da sxvadasxva saagentoebis mier, romlebic
adgenen gadacemebis reitings. es sakmarisi ar aris da saWiroa
auditoriis kompleqsuri kvleva. SemTxveviTi ar aris is faqtic, rom
dasavleTis bevr qveyanaSi Zalian did Tanxas ixdian auditoriis
yovelmxrivi SeswavlisaTvis. reitingiT rom gadacemis xarisxi ar
ganisazRvreba, es yvelasTvis cnobili faqtia. magaliTad, rusuli
telearxi ` Культура” ar warmoadgens reitingul arxs, rasac aRiareben am
qveynis telemkvlevarnic, magram mis daxurvaze aravin saubrobs
(“Телерадиоэфир”: 2005) da meorec, Tu adamianebs xSirad miewodeba kargi
filmi, maRali donis kinogadacema, romelic, cxadia, yurebad dros gava,
maSin aseTi saxis gadacemaTa auditoriac gaizrdeba Dda satelevizio
programaSi mxatvruli kinematografis kulturul-saganmanaTleblo
funqciaze saubaric ar gaWirdeba.
 145

gamoyenebuli literatura:

erTi avtoris wigni:

1. amirejibi n. `droTa ekrani~, Tbilisi, “xelovneba,” 1990
2.Aamirejibi n. “sinematografidan kinematografamde,” Tbilisi,
gamomcemloba `ganaTleba” 1990
3. baqraZe a. `kino, Teatri~, Tbilisi, “xelovneba,”1989
4. doliZe g. v. i. `lenini da kinos sakiTxebi~, Tbilisi, `xelovneba~ 1974
5. TvalWreliZe t. `kinematografiuli Ziebani”, Tb, “xelovneba”, 1989
6. TaTaraSvili n. `teleJurnalistikis sakiTxebi” Tsu, 2003
7. kukava T. `eTika”, Tbilisi,1998
8. leoniZe n `televiziis moambe~, Tbilisi, 1987;
9. leoniZe n. `teleJurnalistika” Tbilisi, Tsu, 2002
10. noniaSvili k. `sociologiuri kvlevis meTodebi”, 2009
11. Jvania g. `qarTuli dokumenturi kino”, 1970
12. frangiSvili a `fsiqologiuri narkvevebi”Tbilisi, 1987
13. fromi e. `avtoritaruli sindisi” Tbilisi, 1998
14. qecbaia k. `Jurnalistikis sociologia~ Tb 2003
15. CarTolani g. `tele-radio Jurnalistika”, naw. I Tbilisi, 2008;

ori avtoris wignebi:

16. bil kovaCi, tom rozenstili `Jurnalistikis elementebi~ 2006
17. deflori m. denisi e. `masobrivi komunikaciis gaazrebisaTvis”, 2009
18. surgulaZe r, iberi e, `masobrivi komunikacia”, Tb 2003

ramdenime avtoris wignebi:

19. `kinoxelovnebis problemebi”, (ena, struqtura, sociologia), Tsu, 1992
20. `pirovneba, kultura sazogadoeba”, Tbilisi, 2010
21. `Jurnalisturi eTika”, demokratiul inovaciaTa centri, 2003
22. `satelevizio Jurnalistika~, Tbilisi, 1998:
23. `tele_radioJurnalistikis sakiTxebi”, t. I Tb, 1996
24. `tele_radioJurnalistikis sakiTxebi”, t. II Tbilisi,1997:.
 146

25. tele-radioJurnalistikis sakiTxebi, t. III, Tb 1998

26. tele-radioJurnalistikis sakiTxebi, t. IV Tbilisi, 1999
27. tele–radioJurnalistikis sakiTxebi, t. V, Tbilisi, 2001
28. tele–radioJurnalistikis sakiTxebi, t. VI, Tbilisi, 2003
29. tele-radioJurnalistikis sakiTxebi, t.VII, Tbilisi, 2005
30. qarumiZe z. niJaraZe g. gvaxaria g. buxrikiZe d. lorTqifaniZe a.
”dakarguli sivrcis ZiebaSi” (kulturis politika postsabWoTa
saqarTveloSi), Tb, 2010

Jurnal-gazeTebi:
31. gazeTi `alia”1996 4 ivnisi (g. gvaxarias statia `Tavisuflebis SiSi`
32. gazeTi `alia”1996 11 ivnisi (g. gvaxarias statia `amoiReT bewvi
Tvalidan da ise uyureT fasbinderis filmebs”)
33. gazeTi `axali Taoba”1997 30 dekemberi: 6
34. gazeTi `7 dRe, 1998, 5-6 ianvari #1
35. Jurnali “kino” 1986 #2
36. Jurnali `kino`, 1990 #1
37. Jurnali `droSa” 1988
38. Jurnali `amarta” 2001, zafxuli
39. Jurnali `cxeli Sokoladi”, 2007 #47
40. Jurnali `cxeli Sokoladi” 2010 #57
41. Jurnali `Tavisufleba”, 2004, seqtemberi

literatura ucxo enaze (erTi avtori)

42. Беляев И.К. “Введение в режиссуру”, часть I, частьII М. 1998:
43. Цвик В,” Реклама как вид журналистики”, 2001
44. Врус Льюис,” Диктор телевидения”,М, 1973:
45. Вайсвельд И. “Кино как вид искусства“, издание ”Знание”.1983
46. Голядкин Н. А .”ТВ информация США”, 1995
47. Почепцов. Г. Г “Информационные войны” М. 2000:
48. Саппак Вл. “Телевидение и мы”, Москва, “ Искусство,” 1988
 147

49.Утилова Н. И. “Монтаж как средство художественной выразительности” часть I, часть

II М. 1998
50. Эллиот Аронсон, “Овщественное животное ( Введение в социальную психологию)” М,
1998
51. Эрик Фихтелиус, “Десять заповедей журналистики,” 2003
52.Патрик Шампань “Делать мнение: новая политическая игра”), Москва,1997
53 Саруханов В. А. “Азбука телевидения,” Изд “Аспект Пресс,” 2003
54.Прохоров Е. П “Введение в теорию журналистики”, М, 1998
55.Прохоров Е. П “Исследуя журналистику” М,”РИП- Холдинг”, 2006
56 Чалдини.Роберт, “Психология влияния”,М , 2003
57. Ворецкий Р. А. “В Бермудском треугольнике ТВ”,Изд.” Икар,” 1994
58. Вайсвельд И. “ Кино как вид искусства” Издательство “Знание”, Москва, 1983
59. Майкл Рабигер “Монтаж” ( режиссура документального кино) Москва ,1999
60. Фрейлих С. И .”Теория кино” Москва “Альма Матер” 2005
61. Вориснев С. В. “Социология коммуникации”, Москва “Юнити” 2003
62. Цвик В. Л. “Телевивизионная журналистика”, М 2004
63.Марк Тангеит “Медиагиганты” М 2006
64. Robert J. Wagman, “The First Amendment Book” New York, 1991
65.Edward Jay Whetmore, “Mediamerika, mediaworld” California State University at
Dominguez Hills, 1995

literatura ucxo enaze (ramdenime avtori):

66. “40 мнений о телевидении”,Москва “Искусство,” 1978
67 “Наш друг_телевидение”, Москва, “Искусство”, .1983
68. “Медиа”( Под редакцией Адама Бриггза и Поля Кобли), 2005
69. Телерадиоэфир (Под редакцией Я. Н. Засурского) 2005
70. Матвеева Л. В, Аникеева Т.Я, Мочалова Ю.В. “Психология телевизионнной
коммуникации” Москва,”Юнити”, 2002
71.Уильям Уэллс, Джон Бернет, Сандра Мориарти,”Реклама- принципы и практика”
Санкт-Петербург “ Питер” 2001
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Lleqsikonebi
79.socialur da politikur terminTa leqsikoni-cnobari, gamomcemloba
`logos presi~ 2004

Jurnal-gazeTebi ucxo enaze:

80. Теле-радио эфир,1991 январь
81. Теле-радио эфир, 1991 #2
82. Теле-радио эфир,1991 апрель
83. Теле-радио эфир,1991 август.
84. ТВ парк 1996, N48:
85. Журналист, 1974 #10

veb gverdebi:
86.www. rustavi2.com
87.www..gpb.ge
88. :www.ebertpresents.com

saarqivo masala:
89 fondi 1978, aRwera I, saqme 369
90. fondi 1978, aRwera I, saqme 695
91. fondi 1978, aRwera I, saqme 696
92. fondi 1978, aRwera I, saqme 697
93. fondi 1978, aRwera I, saqme 705
94. fondi 1978, aRwera I, saqme 760
95. fondi 1978, aRwera I, saqme 879
96. fondi 1978, aRwera I, saqme 880