Academic year: 2023-2024

GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC PEN

DEPARTMENT OF INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL ENGINEERING

A Micro Project Report on

“prepare a report on abnormalities found in ECG/EEG/EMG waveforms by
collecting different samples”

Class: IC6I

Submitted By

Sr.No. Name of Students Roll No.

1. Bhavesh posha kurangali 3401

2. Aaditya hemant mahadik 3402

3. Neha prakash bandhankar 3403

Guided By
Mr. V. G. Suryavanshi
 GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC PEN

2023-2024

DEPARTMENT OF INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that following student of Third Year Instrumentation And Control
Engineering completed the project work on “prepare a report on abnormalities
found in ECG/EEG/EMG waveforms by collecting different samples”as a
partial fulfilment and academic requirement for Diploma in Instrumentation and
Control Engineering as prescribed by MSBTE.

Sr.No. Name of Students Roll No.

1. Bhavesh posha kurangali 3401

2. Aaditya hemant mahadik 3402

3. Neha prakash bandhankar 3403

Mr. V.G.Suryavanshi Smt. Jyoti J. Mane

(Micro-Project Guide) (Head of Department)

Dr. Nitin G. Kulkarni

( Principal of Government Polytechnic, Pen)
 ACKNOWLEDGEMEMT

It is with profoundly sense of gratitude that we acknowledge from our guide Mr.V.G.
Suryavanshi he has been guide in the true sense of word a guide who satisfaction from our word
& progress.We are highly obliged to Smt. Jyoti J.Mane head of Instrumentation Department for
aberrance & good co-operation given to us fur bringing this project to almost standard.
We are grateful to our principal Dr.Nitin G. Kulkarni for proceeding acknowledgement to
us in the connection of this project concluding. We appreciate the assistance of all staff that helps
us in for their sincere& obliging help to make our project successfully.
 Part- A
“prepare a report on abnormalities found in ECG/EEG/EMG waveforms by
collecting different samples”

1.0 Aim of the Microproject:-

 To study about the abnormalities found in ECG/EMG/EEG.

2.0 Course Outcome:

 To collect information about ECG/EMG/EEG and collect different samples .

3.0 Brief Introduction :

Electrocardiography is the process of producing an electrocardiogram, a recording of the
heart's electrical activity through repeated cardiac cycles. It is an electrogram of the heart which
is a graph of voltage versus time of the electrical activity of the heart using electrodes placed on
the skin.

Electromyography (EMG) measures muscle response or electrical activity in response to a

nerve's stimulation of the muscle. The test is used to help detect neuromuscular abnormalities.
During the test, one or more small needles (also called electrodes) are inserted through the skin
into the muscle

An electroencephalogram (EEG) is a recording of brain activity. During this painless test,

small sensors are attached to the scalp to pick up the electrical signals produced by the brain.
These signals are recorded by a machine and are looked at by a doctor.

 What are abnormal waveforms in ECG/EMG/EEG ..…?

Electrocardiographic abnormalities include first-degree heart block, right and left bundle
branch block, premature atrial and ventricular contractions, nonspecific T-wave changes, and
evidence of ventricular hypertrophy.

An abnormal EMG result may be a sign of a muscle or nerve disorder, such as: Polymyositis.
This is an inflammatory muscle disease that causes decreased muscle power. Muscular
dystrophy..

Abnormal waveforms seen in an EEG recording include epileptiform and non-epileptiform

abnormalities. In order to identify abnormal waveforms in EEG, the reader should have a basic
understanding of the normal EEG pattern in various physiological states in children and adults.1
4.0 Action Plan:-
Name of
responsible team
Sr.No Details of activity Planned start Planned end member
date date

1. Searching the topic 01/01/2023 03/01/2023 All Group

Members

2. Searching 12/08/2023 13/08/2023 All Group

Information of Members
project

3. Preparation of 19/08/2023 20/08/2023 All Group

Micro-project Members
proposal

4. Searching the 02/09/2023 03/09/2023 All Group

model/Circuit Members
diagram

5. Create a Model 16/09/2023 17/09/2023 All Group

Members

6. Preparation of 30/09/2023 01/10/2023 All Group

Micro-project Report Members

7. Checking of Report 21/10/2023 22/10/2023 All Group

from teacher and Members
finalization of report

8. Submitting Micro- 04/11/2023 08/11/2023 All Group

project Members
5.0 Resources Required

Sr.no. Component Specifications Qty

1. ECG/EEG/EMG samples - 1

2. Computer Dell 1

Guided By
Mr.V.G.Suryavanshi
 Part B
1.0 Aim of the Microproject:-
 To study about the abnormalities found in ECG/EMG/EEG.

2.0 Course Outcome:

 To collect information about ECG/EMG/EEG and collect different samples .

3.0 Brief Introduction :

Abnormal waveforms seen on an electroencephalogram (EEG) recording include epileptiform
and non-epileptiform abnormalities. In order to identify abnormal waveforms indicative of
disease on an EEG, the reader should have a basic understanding of the normal EEG pattern in
various physiological states in children and adults. The electroencephalographer is expected to
have the significant skills to recognize artifacts, and also have a thorough understanding of
normal benign variants. This activity reviews the abnormal waveforms in EEG recordings to help
review these abnormalities for the clinical provider and improve patient outcomes.

Objectives:
 Identify various epileptiform abnormalities noted on EEG recordings.
 Outline the specific electrographic features of epileptiform abnormalities noted on EEG
recordings.
 Describe non-epileptiform abnormalities noted on EEG recordings.
 Review the clinical significance of epileptiform abnormalities noted on EEG recordings.

Function
EEG has many potential uses:
 To distinguish epileptic seizures from psychogenic non-epileptic seizures, syncope (fainting),
sub-cortical movement disorders, and migraine variants.
 To differentiate encephalopathy from psychiatric syndromes like catatonia.
 To provide ancillary brain death testing.
 To determine whether to wean anti-epileptic medications.
 To characterize seizures to determine the most appropriate anti-epileptic medication.
Issues of Concern
Even normal EEG waveforms can be considered potentially abnormal, depending upon various
factors. For example, alpha waves are seen over the posterior head regions in a normal awake
person and considered as the posterior background rhythm. However, in certain comatose states,
there can be diffuse alpha activity (alpha comma) and may be considered pathognomonic. Delta
waves can be seen in drowsiness and also in very young children; however, the appearance of
focal delta activity can be abnormal (see below). Beta activity is present in the frontal regions of
the brain and can spread posteriorly in early sleep. Focal beta activity sometimes seen in
structural lesions and also in various epilepsies (generalized fast activity/GFA). Medications like
sedatives (phenobarbital, benzodiazepines) commonly cause diffuse beta activity.
Triphasic waves: Triphasic waves were initially described in 1950 by Foley, and in 1955
Bickford and Butt gave it the name. Triphasic waves were first believed to be pathognomic of
hepatic encephalopathy. However, these are nonspecific and can be seen in any metabolic
encephalopathy. They are high amplitude sharp waves, with the duration of each phase longer
than the next. They are sharply contoured with three phases. The first phase is always negative,
hence the name triphasic waves. Triphasic waves are seen diffusely with bifrontal predominance
and are synchronous. They are not seen in an awake state. They are seen in patients with altered
levels of consciousness. It is hypothesized that they occur due to structural or metabolic
abnormalities at the thalamocortical levels due to the changes in the thalamocortical relays.
Interictal Epileptiform Discharges (IED)
Interictal epileptiform discharge is an abnormal synchronous electrical discharge generated by a
group of neurons in the region of the epileptic focus. They represent the epileptic focus in
patients with seizures. They have a low sensitivity in routine 30 minute EEG recording, and the
yield increases with repeat EEG and prolonged EEG recordings. The presence of IED in
a routine EEG in children with a new-onset seizure is 18% to 56%, while in adults, it is 12% to
50%. Though uncommon, they can occur in healthy persons without a history of seizures. IEDs
can be subdivided into spikes or sharps.

 Spike and wave: Spikes are very short in duration, with a sharp-pointed peak duration of 20
to 70 milliseconds. A spike is followed by a wave component, and this is generated by
GABA-b mediated currents.
 Sharps: Sharps are longer in duration than a spike and last 70 to 200 milliseconds.

The following patterns of interictal epileptiform discharges may be seen:

 Hz and spike-wave: These are typical for absence seizures but can also occur in other types
of generalized seizures. The waking background EEG activity is normal. The spike-and-
wave is a bi-synchronous, symmetric discharge of sudden onset and resolution with a
frequency of 3.5 Hz to 4 Hz at the onset, slowing to 2.5 Hz to 3 Hz at resolution. The
greatest amplitude is at the superior frontal electrodes. The EEG discharges are reactive and
 inhibited by eye-opening and alertness. Hyperventilation and hypoglycemia readily activate
them. While they are felt to be subclinical, response testing may demonstrate a subtle
decline in maximal alertness. These occur secondary to thalamocortical oscillations, which is
the same mechanism that results in sleep spindles.
 Centro-temporal spikes/ Rolandic spikes: These are seen in benign focal epilepsy of
childhood with centrotemporal spikes (BECTS). Epileptic spikes characterized by horizontal
dipoles are common and usually have maximal negativity in the centrotemporal area and
positivity in the frontal area. The EEG discharges may be unilateral, bilateral, or have
shifting laterality and often asynchronous between the hemispheres. Hyperventilation and
photic stimulation do not affect the EEG discharges, drowsiness and sleep activate these
spikes.[10] More than 1 seizure focus may be noted, and occasionally, the spike shifts its
location toward or away from the centrotemporal area. Seizures are usually brief focal and
also secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures and seen in sleep, and infrequently during
wakefulness.
 Epileptic encephalopathy with continuous spike-and-wave during sleep (CSWS):
Continuous spike and wave activity is seen during sleep. This can be seen in many different
seizure subtypes and epilepsy syndromes. It can be caused by structural abnormalities of the
brain, genetic abnormalities, and metabolic derangements.
 Slow spike and waves: These bilaterally synchronous discharges occur in the symptomatic
generalized epilepsies and are the typical EEG feature of children with Lennox–Gastaut
syndrome(LGS). The frequency of these discharges is commonly in the range of 1 Hz to 2.5
Hz. Slow spike-and-wave may evolve from a previously normal EEG or patterns of
hypsarrhythmia (seen in infantile spasms) or multiple independent sharp-wave foci. The
waking background shows generalized slowing. There can be augmentation in sleep to
electrical status epilepticus (ESES).The spikes have an amplitude emphasis in the frontal and
temporal regions.
Non-epileptiform Abnormalities
 Slowing: Slowing in the EEG indicates cerebral dysfunction. Slowing can be described as
'polymorphic' based upon the shape of waveforms, and 'rhythmic' based upon the frequency.
It is generally accepted that polymorphic slowing is seen in structural dysfunction, and
rhythmic slowing may be much more indicative of underlying epileptiform dysfunction.
Slowing can be either diffuse or focal, depending on the location or extent of the brain
involved.
 Diffuse slowing: Diffuse slowing indicates global cerebral dysfunction. The slowing can be
in the theta or delta ranges. The slowing can be high or low amplitude. Several etiologies
can cause diffuse slowing, including sedative medications, metabolic encephalopathy, toxic
encephalopathy, cerebral infections like meningoencephalitis, or deep midline brainstem
structural lesions.
 Focal slowing: Focal slowing indicates focal cerebral dysfunction. This can be continuous
or intermittent.
Continuous focal slowing is often indicative of structural abnormalities and can be seen in
conditions like brain tumors, stroke, traumatic brain injury, intracerebral hemorrhage, etc.

Other Diffuse or Focal Abnormal Patterns in EEG

 Electrocerebral inactivity (ECI): In ECI, no detectable EEG activity is noted at a
sensitivity of 2 microvolts. Electrocerebral inactivity can be used as a supportive test in the
diagnosis of brain death. It is not specific to brain death and can be seen with deep sedation
and severe hypothermia and some metabolic disorders. When performing recording as an
ancillary test to determine brain death, certain criteria need to be met, which include 30
minutes of good quality EEG, a complete set of scalp electrodes must be used with the
interelectrode impedances between 100 to 10,000 Ohms. Interelectrode distance must be at
least 10cms.
 Burst suppression pattern: Burst suppression is characterized by brief bursts of
electrographic activity. The bursts may be sharp waves, spikes, or slow waves. The bursts
are seen intermittently in a background of isoelectric EEG. It represents a state of cortical
hyperexcitability due to compromised inhibition. They can be seen as a medication effect of
sedative drugs, hypothermia, metabolic disorders, and anoxic brain injury from cardiac
arrest. Further deepening of coma from burst suppression results in severe low amplitude
slowing with no reactivity, the EEG appears relatively flat. Burst suppression is often
medically induced in the medical management of refractory status epilepticus. The goal is to
keep the bursts to 1 per page or less. Myoclonic jerks may be seen accompanying the bursts
in anoxic brain injury.
 Breach rhythm: This does not in itself mean any electrical or structural abnormality, but
rather a focal abnormal morphology and change in voltage seen over areas of cranial or scalp
defects. This is related to decreased impedance in capturing the signal from the cortex,
where the overlying bone or tissue is lacking.

Clinic Significance
Understanding abnormal EEG waveforms and differentiating them from normal EEG variations
is very important. A normal EEG does not rule out epilepsy, as the sensitivity of an EEG to
identify epilepsy is less than 50%. Further, it is also important to understand that even healthy
volunteers may have interictal discharges and other EEG abnormalities. Hence unneeded EEG
testing can lead to unnecessary and erroneous diagnoses and cause potential harm from
treatments if not interpreted properly.
Furthermore, abnormalities like breach rhythm (normal rhythm seen with skull defects) can have
focal, sharply contoured morphology. While several EEG characteristics differentiate breach
rhythm from epileptiform abnormalities, clinical information of a prior craniotomy or magnetic
resonance imaging (MRI) abnormalities showing a skull defect can help with accurate
interpretation. Hence, the abnormalities noted on the EEG must always be clinically correlated.
Actual Procedure followed:-
1. We search the information on the internet.
2. Then we collect some data.
3. We research some information related to them.
4. We prepared report using collected data.
5. Type the project report.
6. We checked the report from teacher and finalization.
7. Submitting micro-project report.

Actual Resources :
SR.NO Name of Resource/material Specifications Quantity

1. Laptop Windows 10 1
2. Google Chrome - 1

Skill Developed / learning out of this Micro-Project:

Our leadership developed when we work for microproject with our team members. Our
communication skill developed.

Reference:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557655/