UTS FINALS!

They transmit the information to the brain for

processing and carry back the information to
specific parts of the body. All messages are carried
via electrical or neural impulses.

THE LEARNING PROCESS

Learning is often defined as arelatively

permanent change ofbehavior and
mental processes as aresult of practice
or experience.

The idea that a change in mental

representations can also be considered
as a form of learning

Latent learning. It is possible that

one’s new learning may be reflected in
one’s behavior at a later time even if
never seen at all. This

Learning is a result of both practice and

experience

Understanding the learning process METACOGNITION “thinking about

entails knowing the mechanisms by
which the brain functions to store and
organize all the information we learn.
thinking.”
The term was first suggested in the late
1970s by John Flavell (1928 – present),
a developmental psychologist.

● “awareness and management of

one’s own thought
● “knowledge and control
children have over their own
thinking and learning activities.”
● is thought to be a component of
self-regulated learning.

1
UTS FINALS!
Self-regulation
involves not just monitoring and
managing our cognitive processes but
also the “awareness of and control
over one’s emotions, motivations,
behavior, and environment as related
to learning” (Nilson, 2009).
Metacognition and self-regulation
allows us to take control of our own
learning.
Knowing how we learn and being
aware of the factors that might affect
the learning process make it easy for to
continually adopt effective learning
strategies
Motivation is also a key factor in
determining whether we can carry
outthese strategies.
2
UTS FINALS!

➢ Effective learning strategies can be is not limited to

taught, but these cannot be carried out strictly studying a
unless we are motivated to do lesson but may
something about improving our also incorporate
learning. any other learning
strategies, such as
Educational psychologists believe that practice testing,
students should not only be taught the rereading, among
lesson content but also be equipped others.
with effective strategies for learning.
Interleaved new technique in
One of the problems in terms of practice studying.
learning is students’ not being aware
of the different learning strategies or involves studying
their not being able to grasp benefits different lesson
theycould get from adopting those alternately with
strategies one another as
(Dunlonsky, Rawson, Marsh,Nathan, & Willingham, compared with
2013) block studying, or
studying one
Some of the commonly used learning
strategies are summarization, lesson at a time.
highlighting and underlining, rereading,
and using mnemonics and imagery This facilitates
better processing
of information
since students can
readily make
comparisons of
the different or
Practice testing in between study
topics
sessions helps
students to Elaborative Asking “why"
mentally organize interrogation questions about
information the information
learned, which can one has learned
then lead to better facilitates critical
retention and final thinking and
test performance. allows to come up
with ideas and
analysis co pared
Distributed Spreading out
with when one just
practice learning sessions
passively accepts
lends to longer
the facts he or she
retention and is
has learned.
more encouraged
than studying a Self-explanation Asking students to
bunch of lessons explain how they
in one duration. have come up with

3
UTS FINALS!

an answer to a
question or a Roughly similar to a purpose or aim, the
solution to a anticipated result which guides
problem allows reaction, or an end, which is an object,
them to make either a physical object or an abstract
connections object, that has intrinsic value.
between previous
learning and new Serves as our motivation that pushes
information. us to exert more effort and
persistence to achieve it.
Learning never ends; thus, employing
effective learning strategies is deemed
necessary.

No matter where we may find

ourselves – in the classroom, at the
workplace, or in any other learning
environment – if we are equipped
with different learning techniques,
we will surely have a successful and
fulfilling learning experience.

4
UTS FINALS!
How to draft effective goals: .
1. Set Specific Goals .
a. goals are very specific, it
will be easier to know
what steps to take to
achieve a desired
outcome.
b. Know what we want and
then we can go for it (or
them) in a constructive
and productive way.
2. Set Mastery goals rather than
performance goals .
3. Make difficult but attainable
goals .
a. Higher or more difficult
goals pose more
challenges than easy
ones.
b. We should not limit
ourselves when setting
goals; we should explore
how much we can do.
4. Setting goals should be
invested with commitment
a. Setting goals comes with
the commitment that we
will really exert effort to
achieve it.
b. The more we place
importance on a goal,
the more we can remain
focused and motivated
in achieving the goal
despite setbacks we may
experience along the
way.
5. Goals come with a deadline .
a. Deadlines are important
for helping you achieve
both large and small
goals.
b. Motivates one think out
of the box in order to
find a way of going
about the project, it
helps one to place its
priority appropriately
concerning the project
and it helps to push
6. Provide feedback upon goal
attainment .
a. Feedbacks provide an
evaluation on how well
we are doing. This
motivates us to continue
the good work.
b. Also allows us to assess
the strategies employed
for goal attainment.
7. Goals have an affective
component
a. Successfully achieving a
goal can contribute to a
sense of competence
and satisfaction.
b. The outcome of goal
attainment leads to
either positive or
negative emotions,
which can affect our
attitude toward the next
goal.
Self Efficacy and Human Agency
Self-Efficacy defined as "a person's sense
of being able to deal effectively with a
particular task" (Woolfolk).
Human Agency - "The capacity to
coordinate learning skills, motivation and
emotions to reach your goal."
The difference between the two being
that self-efficacy actually affects human
agency
. Depending on how well you think you
can do something, your human agency
which controls making choices will be
affected.
5
UTS FINALS!

Are self-efficacy and self-esteem the
same?
No, just because you know that you are
good at Math, this doesn't mean that you
necessarily have high self esteem.
It just meansthat in that particular area
(Math, for example) you know that you
are able to do it
Albert Bandura
● December 4, 1925 – Present
● Is an influential social cognitive
psychologist who is perhaps
best known for his social
learning theory, the concept of
self-efficacy.
● His famous Bobo doll
experiments.
● Often described as the greatest
psychologistalive today.
Contributors of Self-Efficacy
Mastery Experiences
● "Our own direct experiences"
(This is the most powerful
source)
● Provide person with the most
efficient way of gaining
selfefficacy
● . To have a resilient sense of
self-efficacy requires experience
in overcoming obstacles
through effort and perseverance
reactions of others.
● Social learning theory explains
human behavior in terms of
continuous reciprocal
interaction between cognitive,
behavioral, and environmental
influences.
Physical and Emotional States
● A state of arousal characterized
by alteration of feeling tone
and by physiologic behavioral
changes
● The external manifestation of
emotion is called affect
● a pervasive and sustained
emotional state, mood. Joy,
grief, fear, and anger are
examples of emotions.
Summary: This chapter points out the
importance of goals and gives us tips
on how to set effective goals.
● not just meant to be written
down but should be worked
on.
● Goal setting requires one full
commitment and
determination to take on
necessary steps to make those
goals a reality.
● Thus, successfully achieving
desired goals also depends on
the person's self efficacy and
agency

Social Modeling
● Also termed social learning, is
a theory developed by Albert
Bandura that states we can
learn behavior by observing
the actions of others
● The importance of observing
and modeling the behaviors,
attitudes, and emotional

6
UTS FINALS!
– Comprises our emotional,
psychological, and social well-being
. – Helps determine how we handle
stress, relate to others, and make
choices.
– Important at every stage of life, from
childhood and adolescence through
adulthood.
Positive Mental Health allows
– ▪ Realization of full potential
– ▪ Cope with the stresses of life
– ▪ Work productively
– ▪ Make meaningful contributions to
their communities
Promoting healthy lifestyle is incomplete
without promoting mental health
PROMOTING MENTAL HEALTH
– ▪ Prevention of mental disorders
– ▪ Looking at the relationship between
mental well-being and:
– ▪ Physical health
– ▪ Behavioral problems
– ▪ Violence
– ▪ Child abuse
– ▪ Drug and alcohol misuse
– ▪ Living and working
conditions (homelessness,
poverty, and unemployment)
It means addressing the mental health
impact of public policies, programs,
and plan
Stress Refers to the body's reaction to
circumstances that are, realistic or
perceptually, beyond one's capacity.A
negative emotional state occurring in
response to events that are perceived as
taxing or exceeding a person's resources
or ability to cope.
Sources of Stress
– Life events and change
– Traumatic Events
– Daily Hassles (minor annoyances)
– Work Stress
Types of Stress –
TYPE 1 STRESS - Immediate and
identifiable; the bodily sensations from
a traffic accident, shocking news etc.
the fight or flight response: the effects
are typically dramatic and short-lived –
TYPE 2 STRESS - The source may be
unclear, not immediate, and sometimes
not recognizable; chronic conflict or
overwork, continuous worry etc. effects
are on-going and long-term.
TWO SIDES OF STRESS
Good Stress (Arousal) – Helps you stay
focused, energetic, and alert by helping
you rise to meet challenges,
presentation at work – Sharpens your
concentration when you are attempting
to complete work projects.
Unhealthy stress – Can cause major
damage to your health, mood,
productivity, relationships, and quality
of life. – Can become chronic
Health problems
7
UTS FINALS!

The stress response There is a cognitive

component involved in the stress
response.

Cognitive Symptoms
– Memory problems
– Inability to concentrate
– Poor judgment
– Seeing only the negative
– Anxious or racing thoughts
– Constant worrying

Emotional Symptoms
– Moodiness
– Irritability or short temper
– Agitation, inability to relax
– Feeling overwhelmed
– Sense of loneliness and
isolation
– Depression or general
unhappiness

Physical Symptoms
– Aches and pains

8
 UTS FINALS!
– Diarrhea or constipation
– Nausea, dizziness
– Chest pain, rapid heartbeat
– Loss of sex drive – Frequent
colds
Behavioral Symptoms
– Eating more or less
– Sleeping too much or too little
– Isolating yourself from others
– Procrastinating or neglecting
responsibilities
– Using alcohol, cigarettes, or
drugs to relax
– Nervous habits (e.g. nail biting,
pacing)
Ways of coping with stress
Identify the problem
Perhaps the first and most important things
to do when we are under stress is to know
what causes it.
Have a break
When you feel stressed, pause for a while,
and relax you may want to do something to
help you make up your mind.
Think positive
Whenever we are stressed, negative
thoughts and emotions can easily
overcome us. We have to be cautious when
this happens.
Channel your creativity
Tapping your artistic side gives you an
opportunity to release your tensions and
anxieties into creative output.
Get in touch with friends
Having a solid and trusted support system
helps us overcome difficulties in life
Emotional Defusing
– Write in a journal, talk with friends,
family, or counselor to let your feelings out
– Do something you enjoy like a hobby,
caring for pets, volunteer work, or creative
activity.
– Breathing exercise is a natural necessity
to life as you take in oxygen and release
carbon dioxide. By learning to normalize or
slow your breathing it can help you relax
Physical Interaction
– ▪ Exercise is a good way to manage
stress and relieve muscle tension.
– ▪ A great way this can be done is walking,
house cleaning, dancing, or working in the
yard work
. – ▪ To relax separate groups of muscles
one by one; Yoga, tai chi, and qi gong and
others are good practices
Behavioral Management
– Incorporate healthy techniques to help
soothe yourself and release tension
.– Eating healthy snacks like nuts,
apples,cheese, crackers, or vegetables
.– Practice stress-management behavior
until it becomes a habit
Depression
causes feelings of sadness and/or a loss of
interest in activities once enjoyed.
It can lead to a variety of emotional and
physical problems and can decrease a
person’s ability to function at work and at
home
Anxiety
a nervous disorder characterized by a state
9
 UTS FINALS!

of excessive uneasiness and difficulties or failure

apprehension,typically with compulsive
behavior or panic attacks
Irritability
excitatory ability that living organisms have
to respond to changes in their environment
Mood swings
can play a positive part in promoting
problem solving and introducing flexible
forward planning however when mood
swings are so strong that they are
disruptive,they may be the main part of a
bipolar disorder
Self-care and self compassion Although
stress adds color and spice to our lives we
cannot deny the fact that too much stress
can be detrimental to our health and well
being.
Sense of common humanity allows us to
recognize that all other people also have
their own battles and challenges to deal
with.
Mindfulness is a non judgemental and
open-mindstate by which we acknowledge
all our thoughts and feelings as they are.
Self-care it requires us to listen to
ourselves address your needs and give
time for ourselves caring for ourselves
gives us the opportunity to relax not
escape from problems but to replenish
ourenergy and think clearly

Self-compassion
extending compassion to oneself in
instances of perceived inadequacy,
failure,or general suffering

Self pity
taking more egocentric perspective by
focusing on our difficulties up to the point
of exaggerating our personal distress

Self-kindness
involves being understanding towards
ourselves rather than being critical
whenever we feel overwhelmed with life

10