Course Design and

Theories of Learning
Group Members
1. Ersi Adwitya Ayu S (1621600023)
2. Latania Farda (1621600033)
3. Alfu Kartika M (1619500067)
 WHAT IS COURSE DESIGN?
In the context of ESP, course design is a process of data collection in preparing effective
tasks, activities, and creating the collecting data to prepare effective tasks, activities, and to
create the most suitable setting for ESP learners to achieve their goals (Richards, 2001).
 The Types of ESP Course Design
Three types of ESP course design
(Hutchinson and Waters, 1987)
language-centered: identify linguistic features of target
situations in order to create syllabi and to design
instructional materials
Skills-Centered : focus on learner performance and
competence, and language skills needed
Learning-centered : the learners as well as the whole
learning context (e.g., the learning process and all
interactions among the learners and with the teacher, the
material, and learning activities
Two types of ESP courses
(Dudley-Evans and St John, 1998)
in an intensive course, the learners are immersed in the
course for a specific period of time. An extensive course
runs in conjunction with other course and takes up a small
proportion of learner’s schedule.
most ESP courses are run intensively either to prepare
students with language and skills needed for a specific
content area study or to train company staff for specific
workforce tasks. However, in most university contexts, ESP
courses are offered along with other content courses and
therefore can be considered extensive in nature
Principles of ESP Course Design
1. Content difficulty should approximate 5. Communication gaps should be
the level in their normal courses. massively exploited.

6. Method should draw inspiration from

2. Content should lead language.
content teachers.

7. Speed up learning by drawing on

3. The exercise on the material should be
the research.
authentic as well as the material itself.

8. Consider using translation as a

4. There should be massive exposure to
scaffolding for weak students.
content and language.
 The Main Elements of Course Design

Need analysis 01 02 Assessments

Learning or course Delivery method and

goal
03 04 strategies

Learning objectives
05 06 Activities
 Important of ESP
Course Design
The importance of designing ESP course aims to make the
language specifically taught fulfill the language needed in
the field to be studied by the learners. Therefore,
implementation of ESP is crucial in order to equip students
with appropriate language skill.
Example of ESP
Course Design
 Language Description
The language description is the way in which the language system is broken
down and described for the purposes of learning Terms such as structural,
functional notional properly belong to this area. They refer to ways of analyzing
and describing language. They say nothing about how the language items
described can or should be taught it is, therefore appropriate to use these terms
in conjunction with approach or method, since these latter terms indicate a way
of or attitude to teaching, An approach or method derives not from a view of
language, but from a view of learning We can identify six main stages of
development
Theories of Learning
 What is theories of learning?
"Learning is defined as a process that brings together personal and
environmental experiences and influences for acquiring, enriching or
modifying one’s knowledge, skills, values, attitudes, behavior and
worldviews," notes the International Bureau of Education. "Learning
theories develop hypotheses that describe how this process takes
place."
 Types of learning theories
01 02 03 04 05

Behaviorism Cognitive Constructivism Humanism Connectives

 The Example of Learning Theory
Theory Explanation
1. Behaviorism As Simply Psychology puts it:
"Behaviorism is only concerned
with observable stimulus-response
behaviors, as they can be studied in a
systematic and observable manner."
2. Ognitivism Learning relies on both external
factors (like information or data) and
the internal thought process.
Application
Learning is based on a system of
routines that "drill" information into a
student’s memory bank, as well as
positive feedback from teachers and
an educational institution itself. If
students do an excellent job, they
receive positive reinforcement and are
signaled out for recognition.
Developed in the 1950s, this theory
moves away from behaviorism to
focus on the mind’s role in learning.
According to the International Bureau
of Education: "In cognitive psychology,
learning is understood as the
acquisition of knowledge: the learner
is an information-processor who
absorbs information, undertakes
cognitive operations on it and stocks it
in memory."
3. Constructivism The learner builds upon his or her
previous experience and
understanding to "construct" a new
understanding.
4. Humanism A "learner-centric approach" in which
the potential is the focus rather than
the method or materials.
"The passive view of teaching views
the learner as ‘an empty vessel’ to be
filled with knowledge," explains Simply
Psychology, "whereas constructivism
states that learners construct
meaning only through active
engagement with the world (such as
experiments or real-world problem
solving)."
With the understanding that people
are inherently good, humanism
focuses on creating an environment
conducive to self-actualization. In
doing so, learners’ needs are met and
they are then free to determine their
own goals while the teacher assists in
meeting those learning goals.
5. Connectivism Informed by the digital age,
connectivism departs from
constructivism by identifying
and remediating gaps in
knowledge.
Strongly influenced by
technology, connectivism
focuses on a learner’s ability to
frequently source and update
accurate information. Knowing
how and where to find the best
information is as important as
the information itself.
Why are Learning Theories Important?

It is for this reason that teacher colleges or educator

preparation programs spend so much time having teacher
candidates study human development and multiple
learning theories. Foundational knowledge of how
humans learn, and specifically how a child learns and
develops cognitively, is essential for all educators to be
their most effective instructors in the classroom.
Thank You!
Do you have any question?