evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i BwZnvm

cÖvPxb hyM
Ph©vc`

➢ evsjv fvlvi Avw` mvwnwZ¨K wb`k©b|

➢ iPbvKvj: cÖPwjZ aviYv Abyhvqx, 10-12 kZK|
650-1200 wLª÷vã (W. gyn¤§` knx`yjøvn&i g‡Z)|
950-1200 wLª÷vã (mybxwZKygvi P‡Ævcva¨v‡qi g‡Z)
➢ Avwe®‹…Z nq 1907 mv‡j| nicÖmv` kv¯¿x †bcvj ivR`iev‡ii Mªš’kvjvq Ph©vc‡`i cyw_ Lyu‡R cvb
Ges Abywjwc K‡i wb‡q Av‡mb|
➢ nicÖmv` kv¯¿x KZ©…K Avwe®‹…Z cyw_i bvg wQj Ph©vPh©wewbðq|
➢ g~j cyw_‡Z c` _vKvi K_v wQj 50 wU| K‡qKwU c„ôv nvwi‡q hvIqvi Kvi‡Y wKQy c` cvIqv
hvqwb| 46 wU c~Y© c` Ges 1 wU LwÐZ c` cvIqv †M‡Q|
➢ iPwqZv 24 Rb e‡j D‡jøL cvIqv hvq|
➢ Avw`Kwe jyB cv| me©vwaK c` iPbv K‡i‡Qb Kvý cv (13wU)| wØZxq me©vwaK c‡`i iPwqZv fymyKy
cv(8wU)|
➢ Ab¨vb¨ c`KZ©v: kei cv, min cv, †XY&Xb cv, gxb cv, RjÜi cv, kvwšÍ cv, weiƒ cv cÖgyL|
➢ 1916 mv‡j Ph©vi cyw_¸‡jv Mªš’vKv‡i cÖKvwkZ nq ÔnvRvi eQ‡ii cyivY ev½vjv fvlvq †eŠ× Mvb I
†`vnvÕ bv‡g| G‡Z Ph©vMxwZi cvkvcvwk Acåsk fvlvq iwPZ AviI K‡qKwU Mv‡bi cyw_ msKwjZ
n‡qwQj|
➢ Avwe®‹Z©v nicÖmv` kv¯¿x Ph©vMxwZi fvlv‡K cÖvPxb evsjv e‡j gZ w`‡qwQ‡jb| cieZ©xKv‡j
mybxwZKygvi P‡Ævcva¨vq, W. gyn¤§` knx`yjøvn&, cÖ‡evaP›`ª evMPx, myKygvi †mb cÖgyL M‡elK
fvlvZvwË¡K we‡køl‡Yi gva¨‡g cÖgvY K‡ib, Ph©vc‡` evsjv fvlvi cÖvPxb iƒc msiw¶Z i‡q‡Q|
c`¸‡jvi e¨vKiYixwZ I evKfw½ GKvšÍB evsjv fvlvi ˆewkó¨ aviY K‡i|
➢ Ph©vc` g~jZ GKwU Mv‡bi eB‡qi cyw_| msKjbRvZxq Mªš’|
➢ iPwqZvMY mnRcwš’ †eŠ× ag©vPvh©| †eŠ× a‡g©i g~javiv I bMimgvR †_‡K wePz¨Z|
➢ †jŠwKK fvlvq M~p ag©xq Z‡Ë¡i cªKvk| iƒc‡Ki Avei‡Y †eŠ× ag©g‡Zi wewfbœ c×wZ ev ÔhvbÕ (
mnRhvb, eRªhvb, KvjPµhvb BZ¨vw`)-Gi Av‡jvPbv D‡V G‡m‡Q|
➢ ag©xq wewa Abymv‡i gvby‡li Kx Kx AvPiY Kiv DwPZ Ges Kx Kiv DwPZ bq, KweZvi Quv‡P †mB
Dc‡`k ewY©Z n‡q‡Q|
➢ mvs‡KwZK fvlv| mvavi‡Yi wbKU `y‡e©va¨ | nicÖmv` kv¯¿x G‡K AwfwnZ K‡i‡Qb Ômܨv fvlvÕ ev
ÔAv‡jv-Avuavwi fvlvÕ e‡j|
➢ fvi‡Zi c~ev©Âj I cÖvwšÍK AiY¨ A‡ji wPÎ|
➢ AšÍ¨R m¤úª`v‡qi Rxebe¨e¯’v| evDj, nvwo, †Wvg, evM`x, Puvovj, gv‡jv, gywP, †g_i, †e‡` kei,
ïuwo BZ¨vw` †ckvRxexi D‡jøL cvIqv hvq|
➢ ag©cÖPv‡ii duv‡K mgvRRxe‡bi wPÎ dywU‡q Zy‡j‡Qb—c~e© fvi‡Zi cÖvPxb †hŠ_ cwievi I Mvn©¯’¨
Rxe‡bi wPÎ| mgKvjxb cÖvwšÍK Rb‡Mvôxi Rxeb-RxweKv, kªg I wekªvg, Rb¥-g„Zz¨, c~Rv-AP©bv-
Drme, mvgvwRK ixwZbxwZ, gZ-wek¦vm, AvPvi-ms¯‹vi, Lv`¨`ªe¨, †cvkvK-cwi”Q` BZ¨vw` wel‡qi
wkím¤§Z weeiY cvIqv hvq|
➢ iPwqZv‡`i RxebvwfÁZv Ges fv‡ei ev¯Íe cÖwZdjb|
➢ MxwZKweZv| `yB ai‡bi Q›`: 1) cqvi 2) wÎc`x| 17 wU ivM-ivwMbxi D‡jøL i‡q‡Q|

ga¨ hyM

➢ ÔAÜKvi hyMÕ ev mwÜ hyM: 1201-1350 wLª÷vã| G-mgqc‡e© iwPZ †Kv‡bv mvwnwZ¨K wb`k©b
wbwðZfv‡e cvIqv hvqwb| mybxwZKygvi P‡Ævcva¨vq, myKygvi †mb cÖgyL M‡elK GwU‡K ÔAÜKvi
hyMÕ wn‡m‡e wPwýZ K‡i‡Qb|
➢ ÔAÜKvi hyMÕ-Gi aviYv A¯^xKvi K‡i‡Qb IqvwKj Avng`, Avng` kixd cÖgyL M‡elK|
➢ Avw`-ga¨ hy‡M (1201-1350 wLª.) iwPZ e‡j g‡b Kiv nq: k~Y¨c~ivY, †mK ïf`qv
➢ k~Y¨c~ivY: ivgvB cwЇZi fwYZvq iwPZ| k~Y¨gq †`eZv ag©VvKy‡ii c~Rv-c×wZ ewY©Z n‡q‡Q|
Abygvb Kiv nq 13 kZ‡Ki iPbv| Z‡e myKygvi †m‡bi `vwe, GwU 16-18 kZ‡K iwPZ n‡q‡Q|
 ➢ †mK ïf`qv: iPwqZv njvq~a wgkª| Abygvb Kiv nq, GwU 1206 wLª÷v‡ãi c‡i †Kv‡bv GK
mg‡q iwPZ| Z‡e myKygvi †m‡bi g‡Z, 14-15 kZ‡Ki iPbv| †kL RvjvjDwÏb Zv‡eªRx bvgK
GK cx‡ii A‡jŠwKK gvnv‡Z¥¨i eY©bv|

kªxK„òKxË©b

➢ wØZxq Avw` mvwnwZ¨K wb`k©b|

➢ iPwqZv: eoy PÐx`vm|
➢ iPbvKvj: AvbygvwbK 14-15 kZK| cÖvß cyw_wU 15 kZ‡Ki †kl ch©v‡q AbywjwLZ|
➢ Avwe®‹vi K‡ib emšÍiÄb ivq weØØjøf| 1909 mv‡j euvKyov †Rjvi ebweòycy‡ii KvQvKvwQ KuvwKj¨v
Mªv‡g GB cyw_wU Lyu‡R cvb| 1916 mv‡j kªxK„òKxË©b bv‡g cÖKvwkZ nq|
➢ g~jZ Kve¨, Z‡e bvU‡Ki ˆewkó¨ we`¨gvb| eY©bv, bvU¨ixwZ I Mv‡bi mswgkªY| bvUMxwZ ejv
hvq| Mv‡bi gva¨‡g cwi‡ekb Kiv n‡Zv|
➢ 13 wU LÐ| Rb¥ LÐ, Zv¤^yj LÐ, †bŠKv LÐ, eskx LÐ, ivav wein BZ¨vw`|
➢ evsjv fvlvq ivav-K„ò‡K †K›`ª K‡i iwPZ cª_g Kve¨| Mªvg¨ ivLvjevjK K„‡òi m‡½ †Mvcea~
ivavi mgvR-wbw›`Z cÖYqKvwnwb, hv‡Z kixix AvKl©YB gyL¨| we‡qvMvšÍK cwiYwZ|
➢ cyivY, cªPwjZ †jvKKvwnwb I cªvPxb mvwn‡Z¨i mgš^q|
➢ wZbwU PwiÎ: ivav, K„ò, eovwq|
➢ †jŠwKK wek¦vm, ˆelwqK Rxebhvc‡bi wPÎ, iPwqZvi Rxeb‡ev‡ai cwiPq cvIqv hvq|

ˆeòe c`vejx

➢ Ôga¨ hyMÕ-Gi †kªô aviv ejv nq |

➢ m~Pbv 14 kZ‡Ki †k‡li w`‡K ev 15 kZ‡Ki ïiæ‡Z e‡j aviYv Kiv nq| 18 kZK ch©šÍ iwPZ
n‡q‡Q|
➢ ivav-K„‡òi wein-gayi cÖYqjxjv‡K †K›`ª K‡i iwPZ MxwZKweZv| ivav-K„‡òi iƒcgy»Zv, AbyivM,
Av‡¶c, gvb-Awfgvb, Avkv-AvKv•¶v, DrKÉv, D”Q¡vm, wgjb, wein BZ¨vw` Abyf~wZi cÖKvk
†c‡q‡Q LÐ LÐ c‡`|
➢ `ywU ce©: 1) cÖvK&-ˆPZb¨ hyM 2) ˆPZb¨-cieZ©x hyM
➢ D‡b¥l-c‡e©i Kwe we`¨vcwZ I PÐx`vm| 14-16 kZ‡K Zuv‡`i iwPZ kZvwaK ivav-K„òwelqK
c`-MxwZ cvIqv hvq| G¸‡jv gvbexq cÖYqi‡m wm³, ag©xq ZË¡K_vi evnb bq|
➢ kªx‰PZb¨‡`e‡K (1486-1533) †K›`ª K‡i †MŠoxq ˆeòe ag©m¤úª`vq M‡o I‡V 16 I 17 kZ‡K|
ˆeòe ZË¡ cÖPv‡ii D‡Ï‡k¨ AmsL¨ c` iwPZ n‡q‡Q| G-c‡e©i cÖavb Kwe Ávb`vm I †Mvwe›``vm|
➢ ˆeòe ZË¡ Abymv‡i, ivav m„wói cÖZxK—RxevZ¥v Ges K„ò n‡jv mªóvi cÖZxK—cigvZ¥v| m„wói
m‡½ mªóªvi wbZ¨ m¤úK©, Gi cÖKvk N‡U‡Q ivav-K„‡òi cÖYqKvwnwbi iƒc‡Ki ga¨ w`‡q|
➢ ZË¡ Qvwc‡q gvbexq Av‡e`bB gyL¨ n‡q D‡V‡Q cvVK‡`i Kv‡Q| me©Kvjxb me©Rbxb Av‡e`b|
➢ wewfbœ c‡e© fvM Kiv nq: c~e©ivM, iƒcvbyivM, eskx, Av‡¶c, wgjb, wein, fve mw¤§jb,
AvZ¥wb‡e`b BZ¨vw`| mewgwj‡q Ac~e© MxwZbvU¨ ejv P‡j|
➢ cuvP ai‡bi im cwi‡ekb: kvšÍ, `vm¨, evrmj¨, mL¨, gayi |
➢ Ab¨vb¨ Kwe: AbšÍ `vm, †jvPb `vm, ejivg `vm, Zyjmx `vm, †kL Rvjvj, bvwmi gvgy`, †kLi
ivq, ˆmq` AvjvIj cÖgyL|

g½jKve¨

➢ Ab¨Zg †kªô aviv|

➢ 13-18 kZK ch©šÍ iwPZ|
➢ ag©welqK AvL¨vbKve¨| wn›`y †`e-‡`exi e›`bvm~PK `xN© KvwnwbKve¨|
➢ cvjv-AvKv‡i iwPZ my`xN© MxwZKvwnwb|
➢ mvaviYZ 4 L‡Ð wef³: 1) e›`bv 2) Mª‡š’vrcwËi KviY 3) †`eLÐ 4) biLÐ
➢ †`eZv‡`i gvnvZ¥¨ eY©bv gyL¨ D‡Ïk¨ n‡jI mvaviY gvby‡li ˆelwqK Rxebhvc‡bi we¯ÍvwiZ eY©bv
cvIqv hvq| mgKvjxb mgv‡R cªPwjZ ixwZbxwZ, AvPvi-Abyôvb, iÜb-cªYvjx, e¨vemvq-evwYR¨
BZ¨vw`i Abycy•L weeiY|
➢ Ôga¨hy‡MÕi Dcb¨vm ejv hvq|
➢ PwiÎmg~n ewYK ev AšÍ¨R m¤úª`vqfy³|
➢ cÖavb aviv: PÐxg½j, gbmvg½j, wkeg½j, ag©g½j, KvwjKvg½j BZ¨vw`|
➢ †h-‡`eZvi c~Rv cÖPv‡ii Rb¨ Kve¨wU iwPZ n‡Zv, †m-‡`eZvi bvgvbymv‡i Kv‡e¨i bvg ivLv n‡Zv|
➢ PÐxg½j: †`ex PÐxi c~Rv cÖPv‡ii D‡Ï‡k¨ iwPZ|
wZb c‡e© web¨¯Í : 1) †`ex LÐ 2) Av‡LwUK LЗKvj‡KZy-dyjøivi Kvwnwb 3) ewYK LЗ
abcwZ-jnbv-Lyjøivi Kvwnwb|
Avw`Kwe gvwYK `Ë|
†kªô Kwe gyKy›`ivg PµeZ©x| Dcvwa KweK¼Y|
Ab¨vb¨ Kwe: wØR gvae, wØR ivg‡`e, fviZP›`ª ivq cÖgyL|
➢ gbmvg½j: gbmv‡`exi c~Rv cÖPv‡ii D‡Ï‡k¨ iwPZ|
Puv` m`vMi I †eûjv-jwL›`i‡K wb‡q Kvwnwb AvewZ©Z|
Avw`Kwe Kvbvnwi `Ë| †kªô Kwe weRq¸ß, Zuvi Kv‡e¨i bvg cÙvcyivY|
Ab¨vb¨ Kwe: bvivqY †`e, wecÖ`vm wcwcjvB, †KZKv`vm †¶gvb›` cÖgyL|
➢ Abœ`vg½j: †`ex Abœ`vi gwngvKxZ©b|
g½jKve¨ avivi me©‡kl wb`k©b| Awfbe Kve¨| †gŠwjK iPbv|
iPwqZv: fviZP›`ª ivq¸YvKi (1707-1760)| b`xqvi gnvivR K„òP‡›`ªi ivRmfvi Kwe wQ‡jb|
Ôga¨hy‡MÕi me©‡kl cÖavb Kwe|
wZbwU ce©: 1) Abœ`vg½j 2) we`¨vmy›`i Kvwnwb 3) gvbwmsn-fevb›` DcvL¨vb
myjwjZ, myZx¶è fvlvfw½| AmvaviY nvm¨i‡mi cwi‡ekbv|
weL¨vZ PiY: Avgvi mšÍvb †hb _v‡K `y‡a-fv‡Z|

Abyev` mvwnZ¨

➢ m~Pbv: 14-15 kZ‡K|

➢ Bwjqvm kvnx es‡ki myjZvb‡`i c„ô‡cvlKZvq ïiæ| c‡i †nv‡mb kvnx es‡ki kvm‡Kiv
c„ô‡cvlKZv Ae¨vnZ †i‡L‡Qb|
➢ 4 wU fvlvi mvwnZ¨ †_‡K Ab~w`Z n‡q‡Q: ms¯‹…Z, Aviwe, dviwm, wnw›`|
 ➢ fvevbyev` | wfbœ †`k-Kvj-fvlvi AvL¨vb‡K mvejxj evsjvq evOvwji N‡ivqv cwi‡e‡k Dc¯’vcb|
➢ `ywU aviv: 1) ag©kv¯¿ ev †cŠivwYK AvL¨vb 2) †ivgvÝg~jK cªY‡qvcvL¨vb

ag©kv¯¿ ev †cŠivwYK AvL¨vb

➢ ms¯‹…Z fvlv †_‡K Ab~w`Z| wn›`y KweMY Abyev` K‡i‡Qb|

➢ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Mªš’: ivgvqY, gnvfviZ, fvMeZ
➢ ivgvqY evsjvq cÖ_g Abyev` K‡ib K„wËevm ISv| wZwb evsjv ivgvq‡Yi †kªô Kwe|
➢ gnvfviZ evsjvq cÖ_g Abyev` K‡ib Kex›`ª ci‡gk¦i| Z‡e evsjv fvlvq gnvfvi‡Zi †kªô
Abyev`K Kvkxivg `vm|
➢ fvMeZ evsjvq Abyev` K‡ib gvjvai emy| Zuvi Ab~w`Z Mª‡š’i bvg kªxK„òweRq|

†ivgvÝg~jK cÖY‡qvcvL¨vb

➢ dviwm, Aviwe I wnw›` fvlvi Kvwnwb †_‡K Ab~w`Z| Abyev` K‡i‡Qb gymjgvb KweMY|
➢ hy×-weMªn, †cªg, AwfhvÎv, ag©xq †PZbv‡K †K›`ª K‡i iwPZ `xN© KvwnwbKve¨|
➢ mvaviY bi-bvix‡K †K›`ª K‡i iwPZ| Zv‡`i Kvgbv-evmbv, Avkv-AvKv•¶v, wgjb-wein, Ø›Ø-
msNvqZB gyL¨ welq|
➢ kvn gyn¤§` mMxi: cªvPxbZg gymjgvb Kwe| 14-15 kZ‡Ki Kwe| Kv‡e¨i bvg BDmyd-‡Rv‡jLv|
➢ AvjvIj: 17 kZ‡Ki Kwe| Ôga¨hy‡MÕi †kªô gymjgvb Kwe ejv nq|
➢ AvivKvb ivRmfvi Kwe wQ‡jb|
➢ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Kve¨: cÙveZx, mqdjg~jK-ew`D¾vgvj, nß cqKi, †Zvndv, `viv-‡mKv›`vibvgv,
mZx-gqbv (†kl Ask) BZ¨vw`|
➢ Abyev`g~jK n‡jI †gŠwjKZvi ¯^v¶i †i‡L‡Qb|
➢ †kªô Kve¨ cÙveZx| wnw›` Kwe gvwjK gyn¤§` Rvqmxi c`ygveZ †_‡K Ab~w`Z|
➢ AvjvI‡ji Kv‡e¨i fvlv Aj¼vieûj, ms¯‹…Z-cªfvweZ|
➢ Ab¨vb¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Kwe I Kve¨: †`ŠjZ DRxi evnivg Lv‡bi jvBjx-gRby, ˆRbywχbi imyjweRq,
ˆmq` myjZv‡bi bexesk, k‡ewgivR, imyjweRq BZ¨vw`, Ave`yj nvwK‡gi BDmyd-Ry‡jLv,
b~ibvgv, Kvievjv BZ¨vw`|
KweMvb I †`vfvlx cyw_mvwnZ¨

➢ Ôga¨hy‡MÕi me©‡kl aviv|

➢ 18 kZ‡Ki ga¨fvM †_‡K 19 kZ‡Ki cÖvi¤¢ ch©šÍ DrK„ó mvwn‡Z¨i wb`k©b cvIqv hvq bv| G-
Kvjce©‡K †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv mgv‡jvPK ÔwØZxq AÜKvi hyMÕ ev ÔAe¶‡qi hyMÕ e‡j AvL¨vwqZ
K‡i‡Qb| ÔmwÜÿ‡Yi hy&MÕ-I ejv n‡q _v‡K| G hy‡M cªvß mvwnwZ¨K wb`k©b KweMvb I †`vfvlx
cyw_|

KweMvb

➢ ni-cve©Zx, ivav-K„òwelqK Kvwnwb wb‡q `yB `‡ji Kwe‡`i g‡a¨ Mv‡bi jovB| cªkœ-DËig~jK|
cªkœ‡K ÔPvcvbÕ Ges DËi‡K ÔD‡ZviÕ ejv nq|
➢ cvjv Mvb ev wePvi Mvb bv‡g cwiwPZ|
➢ fv‡ei MfxiZv wQj bv| wec¶ `j‡K civwRZ Ges `k©K‡`i g‡bviÄb KivB wQj gyL¨ D‡Ïk¨|
➢ gy‡L gy‡L iwPZ I cªPvwiZ n‡Zv, †Kv‡bv cyw_ cvIqv hvqwb|
➢ cªKvi‡f`: ZR©v, cuvPvwj, †LDo, AvLovB, nvd-AvLovB, Xc, Uàv, KxZ©b BZ¨vw`|
➢ Avw`Kwe †MvuRjv ¸B|
➢ weL¨vZ KweIqvjv: ivgwbwa ¸ß, A¨v›Uwb wdwiw½, ivg emy, niæ VvKyi, fevbxevey, †fvjv gqiv,
†Kóv gywP, `vkiw_ ivq cªgyL|
➢ ivgwbwa ¸ß ev wbayevey Uàv Mv‡bi RbK|
➢ `vkiw_ ivq weL¨vZ wQ‡jb cuvPvwj Mv‡bi iPwqZv wn‡m‡e|
➢ mgKv‡j me‡P‡q Rbwcªq KweIqvjv wQ‡jb fevbxevey|

†`vfvlx cyw_mvwnZ¨

➢ gymjgvb Kwe ev kv‡qi‡`i iPbv|

➢ Gi D™¢e 18 kZ‡Ki †klv‡a© Ges P‚ovšÍ weKvk N‡U‡Q 19 kZ‡Ki wØZxqvs‡k|
 ➢ evsjvi m‡½ Aviwe-dviwm k‡ãi wg‡k‡j iwPZ e‡j Ô†`vfvlx cyw_Õ ev ÔwgkªfvlvixwZi Kve¨Õ ejv
nq| ÔeUZjvi cyw_Õ-I ejv n‡q _v‡K|
➢ 18-19 kZ‡K cÖPwjZ PjwZ evsjv fvlvq iwPZ| we‡klZ evsjvi gymjgv‡biv ZLb G fvlv‡ZB
K_v ej‡Zv|
➢ bi-bvixi cªYq, BwZnvm I Kíbvi wgkª‡Y hy×-weMª‡ni eY©bv| †jŠwKK Bmjvwg Av`‡k©i cªPvi|
➢ 18-19 kZ‡Ki evOvwj gymjgvb Rb‡Mvôxi Rxebhvcb, gb-gvbwmKZvi cªwZ”Qwe dy‡U D‡V‡Q|
➢ cªavb Kwe dwKi MixeDjøvn I ˆmq` nvgRv|
➢ dwKi MixeDjøvn: cª_g Kwe| Zuvi Kve¨: BDmyd-‡Rv‡jLv, R½bvgv, †mvbvfvb, mZ¨cx‡ii cyw_,
Avwgi nvgRv (cª_g ce©) BZ¨vw`|
➢ ˆmq` nvgRvi Kve¨: gaygvjZx, ˆR¸‡bi cyw_, nv‡Zg ZvB, Avwgi nvgRv (wØZxq ce©) BZ¨vw`|

†jvKmvwnZ¨

➢ evsjvi Mªvgv‡ji wbi¶i Rbmvavi‡Yi †gŠwLK iPbv|

➢ e¨w³we‡k‡li iPbv| Z‡e gy‡L gy‡L iwPZ, MxZ I cªPvwiZ n‡Z n‡Z †MvUv mgv‡Ri m„wó‡Z
cwiYZ|
➢ cÖZ¨šÍ A‡ji mvwnZ¨Kg©|
➢ cjøxevsjvi ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡bi myL-`yt‡Li wPÎ| GKvšÍB gvbexq i‡m wm³|
➢ cÖavb AvKl©Y mijZv|
➢ Qov, MxwZKv, iƒcK_v, DcK_v, Mvb BZ¨vw`|
➢ †jvKgy‡L cªPwjZ Gme iPbv msMªn K‡i wjwLZ AvKv‡i Qvcv‡bvi D‡`¨vM M„nxZ nq 20 kZ‡K|
➢ cÖ_g I cÖavb msMªvnK P›`ªKygvi †`| wZwb gqgbwmsn AÂj †_‡K AmsL¨ MxwZKv msMªn K‡ib,
†h¸‡jv m¤úv`bv K‡i `x‡bkP›`ª †mb Mªš’vKv‡i cªKvk K‡ib ˆggbwmsn-MxwZKv bv‡g (1923
mv‡j)|
➢ ˆggbwmsn-MxwZKvi AšÍf©y³ weL¨vZ MxwZKv: gûqvi cvjv, gjyqv, †`Iqvbv gw`bv, †`Iqvbv
fvebv, P›`ªveZx, K¼ I jxjv, KvRj‡iLv BZ¨vw`|
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Mªš’|
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➢ D‡c›`ªwK‡kvi ivq‡PŠayixi msM„nxZ iƒcK_vi eB‡qi bvg UybUywbi eB|

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