evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i BwZnvm: AvaywbK hyM (1801-1947)

➢ BD‡ivcxq‡`i AvMgb|
➢ gy`ªYh‡š¿i cÖPjb|
➢ mvgwqKc‡Îi cÖmvi|
➢ cvðvZ¨ wk¶v I ms¯‹…wZi cÖfve|

❖ mvwnZ¨ ÔMxZÕ nIqvi gva¨g †_‡K µgk ÔcvVÕ-Gi gva¨‡g cwiYZ nj|
❖ Bs‡iwR wkwÿZ bvMwiK ga¨weË †kÖwY ˆZwi nj| G-‡kÖwYB g~jZ wQj 19-20 kZ‡K ÔAvaywbKÕ evsjv
mvwn‡Z¨i iPwqZv Ges cvVK|

KweZv

➢ Ck¦iP›`ª ¸ß‡K (1812-1858) ejv nq ÔhyMmwܶ‡Yi KweÕ| Zuvi AvMgb `yB hy‡Mi ga¨eZ©x
mg‡q| Zuvi cÖavb K…wZZ¡: ¯^‡`kcªxwZ-welqK KweZv iPbv|

➢ gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `Ë (1824-1876): evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i cª_g ÔAvaywbKÕ Kwe|

cÖPwjZ a¨vb-aviYvi wecix‡Z bZyb Av`‡k©i wewbg©vY| m‡PZbfv‡e gvbegwngv cÖPvi K‡i‡Qb|
cvðvZ¨ mvwn‡Z¨i ixwZ AbymiY|
evsjv fvlvq gnvKve¨ I m‡bU cªeZ©b K‡ib||
AwgÎv¶i Q›` cªeZ©b K‡ib|
me©‡kªô KxwZ© †gNbv`ea Kve¨ (1861)|
Ab¨vb¨ Kve¨: wZ‡jvËgvm¤¢e Kve¨, eªRv½bv Kve¨, exiv½bv Kve¨, PZy`©kc`x KweZvejx|

➢ wenvixjvj PµeZ©x: ÔAvaywbKÕ evsjv MxwZKweZvi cªeZ©K| Zuv‡K Ô‡fv‡ii cvwLÕ wn‡m‡e AwfwnZ
K‡i‡Qb iex›`ªbv_ VvKyi| Zuvi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Kve¨: e½my›`ix, mvi`vg½j, mv‡ai Avmb BZ¨vw`|
➢ iex›`ªbv_ VvKyi (1861-1941): †ivg¨vw›UK MxwZKweZvi iPwqZv| cªvq mËi eQ‡ii KweRxeb|
wewPÎ wel‡q wewfbœ Avw½‡K AmsL¨ KweZv iPbv K‡i‡Qb| gZ¨©cªxwZ, gvbe‡cªg, wbmM©cªxwZ,
Ck¦i‡PZbv, cyivY, BwZnvm, cª_g wek¦hy×, Ges cªvZ¨wnK Rxe‡bi bvbv welq‡K †K›`ª K‡i KweZv
iPbv K‡i‡Qb|

weL¨vZ Kve¨: Kwo I †Kvgj, gvbmx, †mvbvi Zix, wPÎv, ¶wYKv, MxZvÄwj, ejvKv, cybð, †kl
†jLv BZ¨vw`|
1913 mv‡j mvwn‡Z¨ †bv‡ej cyi®‹vi jvf K‡ib cª_g Gkxq mvwnwZ¨K wn‡m‡e| MxZvÄwj I Ab¨vb¨
Kve¨ †_‡K Bs‡iwR fvlvq Ab~w`Z 103 wU KweZvi msKjb Song Offerings Kv‡e¨i Rb¨|

➢ KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg (1899-1976): iex›`ª-KweZvi cªfve †_‡K gy³ n‡q bZybZ¡ G‡b PgK m„wó
K‡ib| Awfbe kãPqb, Af~Zc~e© MwZgq Q›`, ¯^Zš¿ fvlvixwZ| Ôwe‡`ªvnx KweÕ bv‡g L¨vZ|
ivR‰bwZK civaxbZv, mvgvwRK †kvlY, ag©xq Kyms¯‹vi, mv¤úª`vwqKZv, AšÍ‡ii `xbZv-msKxY©Zvi
weiæ‡× cªwZev` Rvwb‡q‡Qb| mvg¨, m¤úªxwZ I gvbe‡cª‡gi KweZv wj‡L‡Qb|

weL¨vZ Kve¨: AwMœ-exYv, †`vjb-Puvcv, we‡li euvkx, fvOvi Mvb, QvqvbU, mvg¨ev`x, wmÜy-wn‡jøvj,
PµevK BZ¨vw`|

➢ RmxgD`&`xb (1903-1976): ÔcjøxKweÕ bv‡g L¨vZ| MÖvgRxe‡bi we¯ÍvwiZ I ev¯ÍewfwËK

Dc¯’vcbv| e¨wZµg ai‡bi KweZv| weL¨vZ Kve¨: ivLvjx, bKmx Kuv_vi gvV, evjyPi, †mvRb
evw`qvi NvU, myPqbx BZ¨vw`|

➢ AvaywbKZvev`x Kwe‡Mvôx: wek kZ‡Ki we‡ki `k‡K GK`j ZiæY Kwe‡Mvôxi Avwef©ve N‡U, hviv
m‡PZbfv‡e iex›`ª-ixwZi ejq †f‡O bZyb ai‡bi Kve¨Kjv wbg©vY K‡ib|
BD‡iv‡ci AvaywbKZvev`x KweZvi Av`k© AbymiY K‡i‡Qb|
 bMiRxe‡bi Aemv`, K¬vwšÍ, nZvkv, Ae¶q, AšÍtmvik~b¨Zvi wPÎ Zy‡j a‡ib| mZ¨-my›`i-Kj¨vY
welqK aviYvi wecix‡Z Rxe‡bi mg¯Í Amy›`i-AKj¨vY I †bwZevPK welq‡K KweZvq ¯’vb
w`‡q‡Qb|
`y‡e©va¨, RwUj ai‡bi KweZv wj‡L‡Qb| M`¨Q‡›`i e¨envi ïiæ K‡ib|
Zuv‡`i hvÎv ïiæ K‡jøvj (1923) cwÎKv‡K †K›`ª K‡i| G-Kvi‡Y K‡jøvj‡Mvôx bv‡gI WvKv nq|

cªavb Kwe: eyׇ`e emy, Rxebvb›` `vk, myax›`ªbv_ `Ë, weòy †`, Awgq PµeZ©x|

➢ Rxebvb›` `vk (1899-1954): AvaywbKZvev`x Kwe‡`i g‡a¨ me‡P‡q L¨vwZgvb| cÖK…wZ‡K

Aej¤^b K‡i Av‡jv-Avuavwi‡Z Av”Qbœ, inm¨gq KweZvi fzeb wbgv©b K‡i‡Qb| bMiRxe‡bi
welv`gqZv †_‡K gyw³ †c‡Z AvkÖq Lyu‡R‡Qb cÖK…wZ‡Z|
weL¨vZ Kve¨: a~mi cvÐywjwc, ebjZv †mb, iƒcmx evsjv, mvZwU Zvivi wZwgi, †ejv A‡ejv
Kvj‡ejv, mseZ© BZ¨vw`|

M`¨mvwnZ¨

➢ †dvU© DBwjqvg K‡j‡Ri D‡`¨v‡M 1801 mvj †_‡K cªvwZôvwbKfv‡e evsjv M‡`¨i PP©v ïiæ nq|
➢ Ck¦iP›`ª we`¨vmvMi‡K evsjv fvlvi cª_g mv_©K M`¨wkíx ejv nq| Zuvi cª‡Póvq evsjv M`¨ mvwnZ¨
iPbvi Dc‡hvMx gva¨g n‡q I‡V|

Dcb¨vm

➢ cª_g Dcb¨vm iPbvi cªqvm †`Lv hvq c¨vixPuv` wg‡Îi Avjv‡ji N‡ii `yjvj (1958) -G| KjKvZv
A‡ji K_¨fvlvq iwPZ mgKvjxb mgvRwPÎ|
➢ ew¼gP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq (1838-1894): cª_g mv_©K evsjv Dcb¨v‡mi iPwqZv wn‡m‡e ¯^xK„Z| cª_g
Dcb¨vm `y‡M©kbw›`bx (1865)|
NUbv-mwbœ‡ek, PwiÎ-wPÎY, eY©bvixwZ BZ¨vw` w`K †_‡K Bs‡iwR mvwn‡Z¨i Av`k© AbymiY
K‡i‡Qb|
 Kvwnwbcªavb ev NUbvcªavb Dcb¨vm|
BwZnvm I Kíbvi wgkª‡Y †ivgvÝag©x Dcb¨vm, mvgvwRK Dcb¨vm, ivR‰bwZK Av`k© cªPv‡ii
D‡Ï‡k¨ iwPZ Dcb¨vm|
weL¨vZ Dcb¨vm: KcvjKyÐjv, wele„¶, K„òKv‡šÍi DBj, ivRwmsn, Avb›`gV, †`ex †PŠayivYx
BZ¨vw`|

➢ iex›`ªbv_ VvKyi: ¯^Kvjag©x ev¯Í‡evwPZ AvaywbK Dcb¨v‡mi cªPjb K‡ib| fviZe‡l©i HwZnvwmK,
mvgvwRK, mvs¯‹…wZK, ivR‰bwZK cªf„wZ wel‡q wewea cª‡kœi DËi Lyu‡R‡Qb|
gb¯ÍË¡cªavb I PwiÎcªavb Dcb¨vm iPbvi m~Pbv Zuvi nv‡Z|
cª_g Dcb¨vm: †eŠVvKyivYxi nvU|
weL¨vZ Dcb¨vm: †Pv‡Li evwj, †Mviv, N‡i-evB‡i, PZyi½, †hvMv‡hvM, †k‡li KweZv BZ¨vw`|

➢ kirP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq (1876-1938): me‡P‡q Rbwcªq K_vwkíx|

mvaviY evOvwj cªvZ¨wnK Rxe‡bi myL-`ytL, e¨_v-‡e`bv, cvc-c~Y¨, DÌvb-cZ‡bi Kvwnwb dywU‡q
Zy‡j‡Qb mij, gayi, cªvÄj fvlvq| mgv‡R hviv Ae‡nwjZ, wbh©vwZZ; Zv‡`i‡K mvwn‡Z¨ Dc¯’vcb
K‡i‡Qb gwngvwš^Z iƒ‡c|
weL¨vZ Dcb¨vm: Ai¶Yxqv, cjøxmgvR, †`e`vm, PwiÎnxb, M„n`vn, c‡_i `vex, kªxKvšÍ BZ¨vw`|

➢ wef~wZf~lY e‡›`¨vcva¨vq (1894-1950): Mªvgevsjvi Aciƒc cªK„wZ I Mvn©¯¨’ Rxe‡bi Abycg wPÎ
dzwU‡q Zz‡j‡Qb|
Zuvi Agi KxwZ©: c‡_i cuvPvjx (1929)|
Ab¨vb¨ weL¨vZ Dcb¨vm: AcivwRZ, AviY¨K, BQvgZx, `„wócª`xc, Av`k© wn›`y †nv‡Uj BZ¨vw`|

➢ Zvivk¼i e‡›`¨vcva¨vq (1998-1971): gnvKve¨ag©x Dcb¨vm iPbv K‡i‡Qb| ivp evsjvi

†fŠ‡MvwjK, mvgvwRK, ivR‰bwZK wPÎ dywU‡q Zy‡j‡Qb| fviZe‡l©i ¯^vaxbZv Av‡›`vjb,
mgvRe¨e¯’vi cwieZ©b BZ¨vw` ¸iæZ¡ †c‡q‡Q|
weL¨vZ Dcb¨vm: avÎx‡`eZv, MY‡`eZv, cÂMªvg, Kwe, nuvmyjx euv‡Ki DcK_v, mßc`x, wePviK
BZ¨vw`|
 ➢ gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq (1908-1956): K‡jøvj‡Mvôxi Ab¨Zg cªavb K_vmvwnwZ¨K|
wewfbœ cvðvZ¨ gZev` †hgb: dª‡qWxRg, gvK©mev` BZ¨vw` Aej¤^b K‡i Dcb¨vm iPbv K‡i‡Qb|
cª_g ch©v‡q gvby‡li Ae‡PZb g‡bi inm¨ AbymÜvb K‡i‡Qb, wØZxq ch©v‡q mgv‡Ri †kªwYmsMªvg‡K
wkíiƒc w`‡q‡Qb|
weL¨vZ Dcb¨vm: w`evivwÎi Kve¨, cyZyjbv‡Pi BwZK_v, cÙvb`xi gvwS, PZy‡®‹vY, Awnsmv,
kniZjx, wPý, `c©Y BZ¨vw`|

†QvUMí

➢ iex›`ªbv_ VvKyi‡K ejv nq evsjv †QvUM‡íi RbK I mv_©K iPwqZv|

19 kZ‡Ki †kl `k‡K †QvUMí iPbv ïiæ K‡ib| kZvwaK †QvUMí iPbv K‡i‡Qb| msKwjZ
n‡q‡Q Mí¸”Q (1926)-‡Z|
AwaKvsk Mí wj‡L‡Qb Mªvgevsjvi gvwU-gvbyl I cªK„wZ‡K †K›`ª K‡i| KjKvZvi ga¨weË Rxe‡bi
wPÎI D‡V G‡m‡Q| MxwZgq fvlvq `vk©wbK Dcjwä dzwU‡q Zz‡j‡Qb|

➢ kirP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq: Dcb¨v‡mi g‡Zv †QvUM‡íI mgv‡Ri Z_vKw_Z bxPRvwZi iƒp Rxebev¯ÍeZv
Ges Zv‡`i Pwi‡Îi gnr w`K¸‡jv Zy‡j a‡i‡Qb| Mí ejvi mij fw½i ¸‡Y cvV‡Ki mgv`i jvf
K‡i‡Qb| D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Mí: gw›`i, g‡nk, wejvmx, AfvMxi ¯^M©, Avuav‡i Av‡jv, gvgjvi dj,
Abyivav BZ¨vw`|

➢ wef~wZf~lY e‡›`¨vcva¨vq: Avengvb evsjvi PvjwPÎ I cªvK„wZK †mŠ›`h©‡K wkíiƒc w`‡q‡Qb|

D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Mí: cyuBgvPv, wKbœi`j, Zvjbegx BZ¨vw`|

➢ Zvivk¼i e‡›`¨vcva¨vq: ivp evsjvi bvbv †kªwY-‡ckvi bibvixi myL-`yt‡Li Kvwnwb wee„Z K‡i‡Qb|
gvwS, †e‡`, WvK-niKiv, †e‡b, jvwVqvj, cvnviv`vi, WvKvZ, KqjvLwbi kªwgK, evM`x, †evógx,
eªvþY, Rwg`vi, gnvRb cªf„wZ wewPÎ ai‡bi gvby‡li †`Lv cvB| cªwm× Mí: imKwj, ZvwiYx gvwS,
 bvix I bvwMbx, Qjbvgqx, WvK-niKiv, AMª`vbx, cÙeD, AvLovB‡qi `xwN, RjmvNi, ivqevwo
BZ¨vw`|
➢ gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq: gb¯ÍË¡ we‡kølY| †kªwYmsMªvg|
weL¨vZ Mí: AZmxgvgx, cªv‰MwZnvwmK, mixm„c, mgy‡`ªi ¯^v`, njy` †cvov, Kyô‡ivMxi †eŠ, ˆkjR
wkjv, AvR Kvj ciïi Mí, nviv‡bi bvZRvgvB, †QvU eKyjcy‡ii hvÎx BZ¨vw`|

➢ ebdyj (1899-1979): cªK„Z bvg ejvBPuv` gy‡Lvcva¨vq|

Awfbe aviv cªeZ©b K‡ib| AYyMí ejv nq| `ªæZ m~Pbv I PgKcª` mgvwß|
AwZ ¶y`ª cwim‡i †Kv‡bv we‡kl NUbv ev Abyf~wZ dywU‡q Zy‡j‡Qb| AvcvZZy”Q NUbvi g‡a¨
cªwZdwjZ n‡q‡Q wPišÍb RxebmZ¨|
cªwm× Mí: †PvL †Mj, mgvavb, Agjv, †Luw`, weavZv, wbgMvQ, K¨vbfvmvi, ˆRweK wbqg, gvby‡li
gb, ZvRgnj BZ¨vw`|
➢ bvivqY M‡½vcva¨vq (1918-1970): wØZxq wek¦hy×, cÂv‡ki gš^šÍi, gnvgvwi, `ywf©¶Kvjxb iƒp
ev¯ÍeZv Zuvi M‡íi g~j DcRxe¨| AmvaviY bvUKxqZv I PgKcª` mgvwß j¶ Kiv hvq|
D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Mí: exZsm, nvo, `ytkvmb, †Uvc, cy®‹iv, eb-‡R¨vrmœv BZ¨vw`|

bvUK

➢ cªvK&-weªwUk hy‡M Avgv‡`i mgv‡R cªPwjZ cuvPvwj, cvjvMvb, hvÎv BZ¨vw`‡Z bvUKxq ˆewkó¨
we`¨gvb wQj| †hgb: kªxK„òKxË©b, g½jKve¨ bvU¨¸Ym¤úbœ iPbv
➢ 19 kZ‡K cvðvZ¨ag©x bvUK iPbv Ges gÂvq‡bi cªPjb ïiæ|

➢ gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `Ë: m¤ú~Y© cvðvZ¨ixwZi bvU¨aviv cªeZ©b K‡ib| Zuvi cª_g bvUK: kwg©ôv| Zuvi
K„òKygvix‡K evsjv fvlvi cª_g mv_©K Uª¨v‡RwW I HwZnvwmK bvUK ejv nq| wZwb evsjv fvlvq
cªnmb iPbv ïiæ K‡ib| `ywU cÖnmb: G‡KB wK e‡j mf¨Zv, eyo kvwj‡Ki Nv‡o †ivu|
➢ `xbeÜy wgÎ (1821-1873): cª_g ch©v‡qi Ab¨Zg cªavb bvU¨Kvi| mvgvwRK bvUK I cªnmb
iPbvq K„wZZ¡ †`wL‡q‡Qb|
weL¨vZ bvUK: bxj-`c©Y (1860)| cª_g weªwUk-we‡ivax bvUK| cªnmb: maevi GKv`kx, we‡q
cvMjv ey‡ov, RvgvB evwiK|

➢ wMwikP›`ª †Nvl (1844-1912): evsjv gÂbvU‡Ki wfZ gReyZ K‡i‡Qb| wZwb wQ‡jb GKvav‡i
bvU¨Kvi, cwiPvjK Ges Awf‡bZv|
HwZnvwmK, †cŠivwYK, mvgvwRK wewfbœ ai‡bi bvUK iPbv K‡i‡Qb| D‡jøL‡hvM¨ bvUK: Rbv,
mxZvi ebevm, wmivRD‡ÏŠjv, cªdyjø, ewj`vb BZ¨vw`|

➢ w؇R›`ªjvj ivq (1863-1913): cª_g ch©v‡qi Ab¨Zg kw³kvjx bvU¨Kvi| HwZnvwmK Uª¨v‡RwW
iPbvq K„wZZ¡ †`wL‡q‡Qb| ¯^‡`kcªxwZ Zuvi iPbvi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ ˆewkó¨|
weL¨vZ bvUK: mvRvnvb, b~iRvnvb, P›`ª¸ß|
†`k‡cªgg~jK Mvb: Ôabavb¨ cy®úfiv Avgv‡`i GB emyÜivÕ Zuvi mvRvnvb bvU‡Ki AšÍf©y³|

➢ iex›`ªbv_ VvKyi: evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i †kªô bvU¨Kvi‡`i g‡a¨ AMªMY¨|

evsjv fvlvq MxwZbvU¨, Kve¨bvU¨, bvU¨Kve¨, b„Z¨bvU¨ BZ¨vw` wewPÎ ai‡bi Avw½K cªeZ©b
K‡i‡Qb| Zuvi AwaKvsk bvUK iƒcK-mvs‡KwZKag©x| G-ai‡bi bvUK iPbvq Zuvi mvdj¨
AZyjbxq|
weL¨vZ bvUK: cªK„wZi cªwZ‡kva, gvqvi †Ljv, wemR©b, ivRv, APjvqZb, WvKNi, i³Kiex,
Zv‡mi †`k, PÐvwjKv, wPÎv½`v BZ¨vw`|

➢ weRb fÆvPvh© (1917-1978): wØZxq wek¦hy×, cÂv‡ki gš^šÍi, `ywf©‡¶i gg©š‘` wPÎ| AwZ-
bvUKxqZv eR©b K‡i RxebNwbô ev¯Íem¤§Z bvUK iPbv K‡i‡Qb|
wZwbB cª_g Mªvgevsjvi nZ`wi`ª, wbcxwoZ K„lKmgvR‡K PwiÎ wn‡m‡e bvU‡K ¯’vb w`‡q‡Qb|
e¨w³ Pwi‡Îi e`‡j ¸”Q Pwi·K †K›`ª K‡i bvUK iPbvi cªPjb ïiæ K‡ib, A_©vr Zuvi bvU‡K
cy‡iv Pvlx‡kªwYB †K›`ªxq PwiÎ| D‡jøL‡hvM¨ bvUK: Av¸b, Revbe›`x, bevbœ, giv Puv` BZ¨vw`|