Essay questions

LEC.2

Q1. In 476, the last western emperor was deposed. Politically, the Roman Empire in the west was replaced
by a new series of Germanic Kingdoms. As the western part of the Roman Empire disintegrated, a new
civilization slowly emerged, formed by the coalescence of three major elements:(P.16)

1) the germanic people imigrated into the western empire from denmark and northen germany and
established a new kingdoms in europe.

2) as the christianity become the official religion in the roman empire. the christian church was playing
very essential role in the growth of the new civilization and developed an organized government under the
leadership of the bishop of rome who become known as the pope. Also, the curch was able to led the way
in converting the germanic people to christianity in europe.

3) The continuing attraction of the Greco-Roman cultural legacy as romans were excelled n the practical
arts of war, law, engineering and adminstration.

Q2:

Causes of the Crusades: (P.21)

1) the Seljuk Turks invaded the byzantine empire causing the Emperor of the byzantine empire to ask the
pope in rome for military assistance.

2) the turks converts to islam and had almost taken all the byzantine lands in asia minor and the holy land
( Jerusalem)

Q3) Goals of the Crusades:(P.22)

1) Religious goal: recapture the holy land taken by the seljuk turks.

2) Military goal: stop muslim attacks on the byzantine empire.

3) Personal goal: young men saw the crusades as an opportunity to gain wealth and position in society.

4) Political goal: the kings and the chruch saw the crusades as an opportunity for the knights of europe to
fight together not against each other.

Q4: Effects of the crusades: (P.28)

1) Trade:

merchants who lived in the early crusader states expanded trade as far as south east asia benefiting all
europe.

2) Society:

crusades gave those who remained at home the opportunity to manage affairs or operate shops and inns
on their own.

3) the Church:

the church's power began to decline with the failure of almost all crusades

4) Politics:
a) church power declining and powerful nobles were dead or displaced.

b) kings and monarchs began to consildate power and began to create more centralized governments.

5) Exoplorations:

this new knowledge of a world byond europe drove later europeans to trade with far away regions like
china.