Name: Azariah Barrett Date: January 22, 2024

Experiment #8 Title: Inverting Amplifier (Practical)

Aim: To determine the effect of negative feedback on the gain and bandwidth of
an operational (inverted) amplifier
Apparatus: Dual voltage power supply (±12V), breadboard, 741 operational
amplifier, cathode ray oscilloscope, resistors (1kΩ, 10kΩ, 100kΩ), signal
generator (0-1MHz)

Diagram: :D

Procedure:
1. Two resistors, Rf = 10kΩ and Ri = 1kΩ, were chosen, such that the
calculated gain of the amplifier was 10, and the circuit was connected on
the breadboard as shown in the diagram. The input signal was connected to
channel 1 of the oscilloscope, and the output signal was connected to
channel 2 of the oscilloscope.
2. The signal generator was set to produce a sinusoidal waveform and the
voltage amplitude was set to 0.75V.
3. The frequency of the signal generator was adjusted to 100Hz, and the
output voltage of the inverted amplifier was calculated by counting the
number of boxes the wave takes up on the screen of the oscilloscope,
dividing this number by two, and multiplying the result by the number the
“Volts/Div” dial on the oscilloscope is set to.
4. This step was repeated for frequency values of 1kHz, 10kHz, 100kHz, and
1MHz. The results were tabulated.
5. For the second part of the experiment, Rf was changed from 10kΩ to
100kΩ.
6. Steps 3 and 4 were repeated with the newly changed Rf value.
Results/Observations:
TABLE SHOWING INPUT VOLTAGE, OUTPUT VOLTAGE, VOLTAGE GAIN,
FREQUENCY, LOG OF FREQUENCY, AND LOG OF VOLTAGE GAIN FOR THE
FIRST HALF OF EXPERIMENT
Input Output Voltage Frequency/ Log of Log of
Voltage Voltage Gain Hz Frequency Voltage
(Vin) (Vout) (Vout/Vin) Gain

0.75 7.5 10.00 100 2 1.00

0.75 7.5 10.00 1,000 3 1.00

0.75 7.5 10.00 10,000 4 1.00

0.75 1.5 2.00 100,000 5 0.30

0.75 0.5 0.67 1,000,000 6 -0.17

TABLE SHOWING INPUT VOLTAGE, OUTPUT VOLTAGE, VOLTAGE GAIN,

FREQUENCY, LOG OF FREQUENCY, AND LOG OF VOLTAGE GAIN FOR THE
SECOND HALF OF EXPERIMENT
Input Output Voltage Frequency/ Log of Log of
Voltage Voltage Gain Hz Frequency Voltage
(Vin) (Vout) (Vout/Vin) Gain

0.75 12.5 16.67 100 2 1.22

0.75 12.5 16.67 1,000 3 1.22

0.75 12.5 16.67 10,000 4 1.22

0.75 1.5 2.00 100,000 5 0.30

0.75 0.5 0.67 1,000,000 6 -0.17

Discussion:
An operational amplifier is an electrical device that takes a signal and
amplifies it. The two types of operational amplifiers are inverted amplifiers,
which both invert and amplify the input signal, and non-inverted amplifiers,
which only amplify the input signal. In this experiment, an inverted amplifier was
used, meaning that the input signal was fed to the negative terminal of the
amplifier, and the positive terminal of the amplifier was grounded. The term
‘gain’ is used to refer to the magnitude by which the input signal is amplified, and
is defined as the ratio of the output voltage to the differential input voltage.
‘Bandwidth’ is used to refer to the range of frequencies over which the voltage
gain is constant. Negative feedback, as it relates to operational amplifiers,
involves feeding a portion of the output signal to the input signal; this can be
achieved using a network of resistors.
In the first part of the experiment, the resistor Ri was a 1 kilo-ohm resistor,
and Rf was a 10 kilo-ohm resistor. In the second part of the experiment, Rf was
changed to a 100 kilo-ohm resistor. The results showed that the increased
resistance of Rf saw an increase in the voltage gain across the amplifier, from 10
to 16.67.
For both parts of the experiment, the results for the output voltage
remained constant for the first three values. The values remained constant until
the frequency exceeded 100,000 (105) Hz; after that, the values decreased. This
phenomenon is known as attenuation, and occurs because of the gain bandwidth
product, which is calculated by the gain multiplied by the bandwidth [A0 •
bandwidth = 106]. The gain bandwidth product is a constant whose value is 106,
and therefore when the bandwidth exceeds 105, the gain bandwidth product is
held constant, and so the gain is forced to be lowered to abide by the equation.
This is why the values for the output voltage decrease for frequencies over 105.
In the second half of the experiment, though, the screen of the oscilloscope
showed the output signal to be a square wave, meaning that where the waveform
would normally peak, there was instead a plateau, and this action is called
clipping. This is due to a concept called saturation, which states that for an
operational amplifier, as the output voltage approaches the supply voltage, it
stops varying with increasing input voltage.

Sources of Error:
1. Electrical noise
2. Timebase center frequency
3. Bandwidth effects
Precautions:
1. The oscilloscope was calibrated before use.
2. The power source was not turned on until the circuit had been completed
and all components were connected.
3. The order of the components being turned off was the reverse order of the
components being turned on, to avoid any electrical complications.

Conclusion: The experiment showed that the effect of negative feedback on an

inverted amplifier reduced both the voltage gain and the magnitude of the output
voltage when frequencies of 100,000 Hz and over were introduced.