UCSP TYPES OF GOVERNMENT
A. Authoritarian Government – holds power and in how to control
Institutions – inspired by the long history of their country/influenced
by other countries.
2 types of State
1. Communism – command economy
- the government manages all the resources
2. Democracy – capitalist economy
- citizens are given much freedom to choose for themselves.
POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS, STATE INSTITUTIONS
1. Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) – helps the
government to maintain peace and order throughout its territory.
2. Local Government Units (LGU) – created to cater to the needs
of the local Brgy/community.
3. Department of Education (DepEd) – ensures quality education
BRANCH OF THE GOVERNMENT
1. Legislative – creates law(most powerful)
- house of representatives, senate, congress
2. Judicial – Interpret
- supreme court(judges & attorneys)
- makes sure that the law is aligned with the constitution
3. Executive – implements laws
- President, VP, cabinets
State – organized political community acting under government
- Philippines
Government – employed by the government through laws
- democratic
Nation – large geographical territory
- common identity (culture, ethnicity)
- Filipino
ARTICLE 2 OF 19997: Declaration of policies
3 MAJOR POLITICAL FUNCTIONS OF STATE
1. Maintain control over violence
2. Allocate resources
3. Identity of the people
ELEMENTS OF STATE
1. Population – people who can make state
2. Territory – land, water, and airspace
3. Government – Machinery of the state
4. Sovereignty – freedom of the countries to control and decide
the society.
ROLES OF STATE
1. Provide security for external aggression
2. Provide security for internal aggression
3. Grants and guarantees the rights of the people
4. Issues and regulates currency and coinance
5. Creation of necessary conditions for socio & political
development
6. Grant citizenship and protects
Non-Government Organizations – are made to modify many of our
demands.
the assume are those who govern.
1. Monarchy – supreme power (for life/addiction) LESSON 3: FUNCTIONS & IMPORTANCE OF EDUCATION
- 2 types: Education – derived from the Latin word ‘’edu care’’ which means
1. Constitutional – has limited power ‘’to train’’.
2. Absolute – unlimited power(Islamic countries) - the act/process of imparting or acquiring general knowledge
2. Totalitarianism – regulates nearly every aspect of public - Social institutions taught children to acquire knowledge and gain
and private life. skills and cultural norms. (Dr. William Little, 2014)
B. Oligarchic Government – the power of effectively with a small Alvin Toffler – an American writer and futurist
elite segment ‘’ The illiterate of the 21st century will not be those who cannot read
- distinguish by royalty/wealth and write, but those who cannot learn, unlearn, and re-learn.
- several powerful people can rule The System of Education in the Philippines
- Theocracy – religious basis FORMAL - Standardized method of hierarchically structured and
C. Democracy – Government is held by the majority of citizens progressive schooling that corresponds and progressive schooling
within a country. that corresponds to the general notion of the elementary and
2 Types of Democracy: secondary tertiary level of education.
- Direct – Switzerland ! Primary & secondary is only compulsory for students. !
- Representative – Philippines NON-FORMAL – refers to any organized educational activity
Abraham Lincoln – Government of the people, by the people, and outside the established formal system.
for the people. Example: Vocational Education
INFORMAL – a lifelong process whereby every individual acquires
NON-STATE INSTITUTIONS
from daily experiences, values, attitudes, etc.
- People organizations that participate in international affairs, but
are not affiliated with any state/nation. LEGAL PROVISIONS OF EDUCATION
Includes: Article 26: Section 1: Everyone has the right to education. Education
Banks – keep money, avail different kinds of loans, and exchange shall be free, at least in the elementary and fundamental stages. Technical
currencies. and professional education shall be made generally available and higher
- Financial Institutions education shall be equally accessible to all based on merit.
- Deposit and lending Section 2: education shall be directed to the full development of
Corporation – owned by a group of people but has a separate human personality
legal identity. Section 3: Parents have a prior right to choose the kind of
- gives opportunities, gaining stockholders and shareholders education that shall be given to their children.
1987 PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION
- offer better goods and services.
Trade Union – created to protect the labor force of the country Section 1: The state shall protect and promote the right of all
citizens to quality education at all levels and shall take appropriate
- labor welfare(focus)
Cooperatives – made up of people with common interests to work steps to make such education accessible to all.
Section 2: The state shall establish and maintain a system of free
together for easy services.
- created to help and empower one another with a minimum help public education at the elementary and high school levels.
from the government.
Development Agencies – works as a bank that provides financial FUNCTIONS OF EDUCATION
Socialization - an essential ingredient in creating a society
assistance to important projects.
Civil Organizations – provide facts about the life various to Transmission of culture – through socialization in school
Social Integration – an important role in unifying individuals
influence policymaking
- academic institutions Social Placement – it prepares us for the later station(self-
actualization)
- Protect people who are left out(under privilege, indigenous)
- to expose marginalized sectors by using mass media as its
platform.
Transnational Advocacy group – influence governments to take
action of matters
- advocates progress about the issue of the society
SOCIAL CLASSES
Upper
Class
Middle Class
Lower Class
Social Mobility – is a capability to transfer from lower class to
upper class.
Social Class – categorizing people based on their power, wealth,
and privilege.
Social Stratification – defined as the hierarchical arrangement
and establishment of social categories
Upper Class – Elite individuals such as politicians
Middle Class – are mostly professional individuals, groups of
people such as lawyers, doctors, managers, etc.
The lower Class – is the skilled and unskilled artisans, farmers,
employees, and unemployed.
CHARACTERISTICS OF SOCIAL STRATIFICATION
1. Universal bur variable
2. Not a matter of individual differences
3. Persists across generation
4. A social beliefs
FORMS OF STRATIFICATION
1. Close System of stratification - In a closed system of
stratification is little or no opportunity to advance from one social
class to another. Social status is hereditary, based on a group
characteristic
The closed class system exists when a group of people are given
different opportunities, depending on the characteristics they were
born with, such as color, gender, or the economic situation of their
parents. In a closed class system, you are stuck at your level. You
can't marry people from other classes.
- example: India’s Caste System.
- this system requires ENDOGAMY – marriage within your caste
category.
2. Open System of Stratification - The Class System is one of the
best examples of an open system of stratification and is not based
solely on ascribed status at birth alone. Instead, it combines
ascribed status and personal achievement or achieved status in a
way that allows some social mobility. Statuses are not the same.
We get different statuses in different ways and chances.
- Meritocracy – a system in which social mobility is based
on personal merit and individual talent.
PERSPECTIVES UNDERSTANDING SOCIAL STRATIFICATION
FUNCTIONALISM – Social Inequality brought by social
stratification based on wealth, prestige, and power of social
groups, is indeed functional in the society to functionalism theory.
2. CONFLICT THEORY – The sociological perspective is the
opposite of the latter.
- Karl Marx viewed social stratification as a creation of
inequality between rich and poor.
3. SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONALISM - view social stratification on
a micro level where individuals affect others, whom they have
interacted with, because of their social status.
SOCIAL INEQUALITY – A state of social affairs in which there is a
difference in opportunity status and treatment. Social inequality is
the state of unequal distribution of valued goods and opportunities.
• The richest among all regions is the National Capital Region (NCR),
where the GRDP per capita as of 2018 stood at P253,893, a 40% jump
from P181,748 in 2009.
• The poorest is the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM),
with its GRDP per capita barely improving from P14,052 in 2009 to
P14,657 in 2018.
GOVERNMENT INITIATED PROGRAMS
Conditional Cash Transfer program (4P'S) - locally known as
Pantawid Pamilya Pilipino Program, or 4Ps, is a government
program that provides conditional cash grants to the poorest of the
poor in the Philippines. Households receive cash grants if children
stay in school and get regular health check-ups, have their growth
monitored, and receive vaccines.
Agrarian reform in the Philippines - seeks to solve the centuries old
problem of landlessness in rural areas. Through the
Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP) initiated in
1987, the government addressed key national goals: the promotion
of equity and social justice, food security and poverty alleviation in
the countryside.
SK Reform Act of 2015 - has the provisions that prohibits political
dynasty. It prohibits any person to run in any Sanggunian
Kabataan Office either elected or appointed if it has a relative up to
second degree in the barangay level to govermorship.
EDUCATION FOR ALL (EFA) - It articulated the country's national
goals, objectives, policies and strategies, as well as the regional
programs for implementation for the first decade of the EFA
movement. Its thrusts included Early Childhood Development,
Universalization of Quality Primary Education, and Alternative
Learning Systems.
Universal Access to Quality Tertiary Education Act - is a law that
institutionalizes free tuition and exemption from other fees in state
universities and colleges (SUCs), local universities and colleges
(LUCs) in the Philippines. The law also foresees subsidies also for
private higher education institutions.
MINORITY GROUPS
Philippine Plan for Gender-Responsive Development (PPGD) -
rests on a vision of development that is equitable sustainable, free
from violence, respectful of human rights, supportive of self-
determination and the actualization of human potentials, and
participatory and empowering.
Magna Carta of Women (MCW) - is a comprehensive women's
human rights law that seeks to eliminate discrimination through the
recognition, protection, fulfillment, and promotion of the rights of
Filipino women, especially those belonging in the marginalized
sectors of the society.
Republic Act 8371, known as the Indigenous Peoples Rights Act
(IPRA) - was enacted in 1997. It has been praised for its support
for the cultural integrity of indigenous peoples, the right to their
lands and the right to self-directed development of these lands.
• Republic Act No. 9442, an Act Amending Republic Act No. 7277,
Otherwise known as the Magna Carta for Disabled Persons, and
For Other Purposes' Granting Additional Privileges and Incentives
and Prohibitions on Verbal, Non-verbal Ridicule and Vilification
Against Persons with Disability.
• Its objective is to provide persons with disability, the opportunity
to participate fully into the mainstream of society by granting them
at least twenty percent (20%) discount in all basic services.
Enactment of Anti-Bullying Law - which mandates directed all
elementary and secondary schools to adopt policies to address the
existence of bullying in their respective institutions.
Analyzing Social Inequalities
The existence of minority groups in functionalist and conflict
societies are also embedded in each type of society's principles.
• In a functionalist society, minorities also play social roles that
contribute to social balance and equilibrium. However, these roles
are bound by limitations and social norms.
• In conflict societies, minority groups are seen as lower-class individuals
that will not be able to keep up with the consistent competition occurring
within the environment.
• In both societies, discrimination against minorities is possible. Inequality
among minority groups is greatly driven by global inequalities significantly
coming from the influence of richer, more influential countries.
SOCIETY’S DEVELOPMENT B) Internal Migration is a change in residence within a country and
refers to a change of residence within national boundaries, such as
• Social change, (in anthropology and sociology) refers to the
between states, provinces, cities, or municipalities.
modification of mechanisms, means methods, or systems within
the social structure, characterized by alterations in social C) Circulation Migration is a temporary movement of a person. The
relationships, social order social symbols, social organizations, change in residence is temporary due to work or study, but the
value system, or rules of behaviour. migrant will definitely return in his home community.
Examples of social change include the industrial revolution, the Transnational Migration: Overseas Filipino Workers (OFWs)
abolition of slavery, the civil rights movement and the women's
suffrage movement, etc. Overseas Filipino Workers (OFWs) - is a term often used to refer
to Filipino migrant workers, people with Filipino citizenship who
• Cultural change could be seen in the practices, institutions, technology, reside in another country for a limited period of employment. OFW
societal laws, ethos or mores (moral norms), manners, value systems, Immigrants go to other countries because of poverty. These people
customs, traditions, habits, beliefs, arts, music, and literatures. migrate for economic purposes. Their primary goal is to earn much
Some of the examples are changes in the manner of choosing a spouse larger amount of salary to support their families in their home
and adopting a new lifestyle.. (tangible and non-tangible material) country.
GLOBAL WARMING AND CLIMATE CHANGE Empowering OFWs
• Global warming is generally described as a gradual increase in the Overseas Filipino Workers' (OFWs) face a lot of challenges as they
average temperature of the Earth's atmosphere and its oceans. It is mainly seek a better opportunity abroad.
caused heat being trapped in the earth known as greenhouse effect. This
environmental change irreversible, and later is would permanently change ✓ difference in social and cultural structures of other countries
the earth's climate.
prone to violence manifested through labor exploitation, abuse of
Greenhouse Gases and Greenhouse Effect employers, leading to some legal issues.
- Greenhouse Effect is the process wherein radiation from the - Despite the difficulties faced by the OFWs, they are persistently
earth's atmosphere warms its surface to a temperature above what pursuing to work abroad to lift their families from poverty.
it would be in the absence of its atmosphere. It is caused by
greenhouse gases. - There are few non-governmental organizations that continuously
provide support system to OFWs to protect their rights, and assist
- The main greenhouse gases whose concentrations are rising are them to fulfil their employment goals while working abroad..
carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, hydrochlorofluorocarbons
(HCFCs), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) and ozone in the lower
atmosphere
INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENT
Transnational Migration: Overseas Filipino Workers (OFWs) -
Transnational Migration is a global phenomenon that is mounting
scope, complexity and impact. Migration is both a cause and effect
of broader development processes and an intrinsic feature of our
globalizing world.
Types of Mobility/Migration:
A) International Migration is the permanent transfer of residence
from one country to another. It is the change of residence over
national boundaries. An international migrant is someone who
moves to a different country.
- legal immigrants, illegal immigrants and refugee