1.

Introduction to Biology:

- Branches of Biology

- Biological Molecules (Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids)

- Cell Theory and Cell Structure

2. Cell Biology:

- Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

- Cell Membrane Structure and Function

- Cell Organelles (Nucleus, Mitochondria, Endoplasmic Reticulum, Golgi Apparatus, Lysosomes,

Vacuoles, Plastids)

- Cytoplasm and Cytoskeleton

- Cell Division (Mitosis and Meiosis)

3. Genetics and Molecular Biology:

- DNA Structure, Replication, and Repair

- Central Dogma (DNA to RNA to Protein)

- Transcription and Translation

- Gene Expression Regulation (Promoters, Enhancers, Silencers, and Operators)

- Genetic Code and Mutations

4. Evolution and Classification:

- History of Life (Geological Time Scale, Fossils, and Biological Evolution)

- Evolutionary Theory (Natural Selection, Adaptation, and Speciation)

- Classification Systems (Linnaean Taxonomy and Cladistics)

- Phylogenetic Trees and Evolutionary Relationships

5. Microbiology:

- Prokaryotes (Bacteria and Archaea)

- Viruses (Structure, Replication, and Classification)

- Fungi (Structure, Reproduction, and Classification)

- Parasites (Protozoa, Helminths, and Ectoparasites)

- Microbial Ecology and Biotechnology

6. Plant Biology:

- Plant Structure and Function (Roots, Stems, Leaves, Flowers, Fruits, and Seeds)

- Plant Reproduction (Sexual and Asexual)

- Plant Life Cycles (Angiosperms, Gymnosperms, Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, and Thallophytes)

- Plant Adaptations and Classification

7. Animal Biology:

- Animal Structure and Function (Integumentary, Skeletal, Muscular, Sensory, Respiratory,

Circulatory, Lymphatic, Digestive, Urinary, and