LESSON 7 SUMMARIZING FINDINGS THROUGH

NARRATIVE AND VISUAL/GRAPHIC FORMS

What I Know
Directions: Read the following statements and answer the following questions. Write the
letter of your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Which of the methods of displaying data uses pie slices?

a. Bar graph c. Pictograph
b. Line graph d. Pie chart

2. It is a graph that uses symbols to present and compare data. These graphs are often
used where there are people who need to understand things, even if they do not read
or speak the language.
a. Bar graph c. Pie graph
b. Line graph d. Pictograph

3. This refers to the systematic representation of data with rows and columns.
a. Graphs c. Charts
b. Tables d. Tally Marks

4. These are often used to make a frequency distribution table.

a. Tally Marks c. Tables
b. Line graph d. Charts

5. The graph shows the number of visitors at a museum over six days. Find the
weekday when there was the greatest number of visitors in a day?

a. Thursday c. Friday
b. Wednesday d. Saturday
 LESSON 7 SUMMARIZING FINDINGS THROUGH NARRATIVE AND
VISUAL/GRAPHIC FORMS

What’s In
Directions: Study the definition and word forms. Then, arrange the letters in bold to form the
correct word for each item below. Write the word on a separate paper.

1. The act of examining a process YUESRV

or questioning a selected sample
of individuals to obtain data about SURVEY
a service, product, or process.

2. A data collection method where PXMTNEIREE

you as a researcher change
some variables and observe their EXPERIMENT
effect on other variables.

3. A data collection method, by TIBOVAESRNO

which you gather knowledge of
the researched phenomenon
OBSERVATIONS
through making observations of NDTSERONPSE
the phenomena, as and when it
4. The people who actually take
occurs.
RESPONDENTS
part in the survey.
OLAUNPTIPO
5. The group of individuals who are
trying to research by conducting POPULATION
a survey.
TIRAODMZNIANO
6. A process of randomly assigning
RNDOMIZATION
subjects to treatment groups.

IONLIPERCAT
7. The ability to reproduce the
experiment under similar REPLICATION
conditions.

8. Used when it is important to have FIEDTRSATI MLEPSA

members from multiple segments STRATIFIED
of the population. SAMPLE

9. Can be used when the population RETSLUC INGMLPSA

naturally falls into subgroups with CLUSTER SAMPLING
similar characteristics.
MAICYSSETT
10. Involves assigning a number to
INGMLPSA
each member of the population
and ordering them in some way. SYSTEMATIC
What’s New SAMPLING

Directions: Identify the type of graphical representation used in the following pictures
below. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.
 1. 2. 3.

TALLY MARKS LINE GRAPH PIE GRAPH

4. 5.

PICTOGRAPH TABLE

Reporting and Discussing Findings

Discuss Findings
These are the key points you need to follow to make the summary of your findings
understandable and reliable.

Use the first person to describe the findings
Consistently use this to refer to your
research and refer to previous research by
name, place, or time (CITATION)
Ex. My data shows…
Ex. This study…
The findings of this research…
Smith and Geva found that…
A previous study in Belgrade

Ex.
Make reference to similarities or differences Similar research carried out in the 1980s
in approach or findings showed that…

Use the present perfect tense to highlight Ex.

the recent relevance of your research in The study has shown a prevalence rate of
comparison with earlier research, referring 2.5 which is greater than that found by
to it in the simple. Smith and Geva in their Belgrade study.
Using cautious language
As a researcher, you are expected to distinguish carefully between:
 the knowledge you are sure of because you have reliable evidence for it
 other knowledge you are less sure of
 other knowledge you think is only within the realms of possibility

Therefore, very strong claims, like the one below, are rare in academic writing.
 Reducing fat intake lowers the risk of heart disease.

A claim like this which implies that the statement is true in every case cannot be
supported with evidence. Claims should therefore be specific, and the level of certainty must
match the level of evidence.

There are many methods used in academic writing to qualify a claim.

1. Indicate the degree of probability (note how the claim progressively weakens).

It is certain that

It is very probable / highly likely that

It is likely that reducing fat intake lowers
the risk of heart disease
It is possible that
It is unlikely that

Reducing fat intake lowers the risk of heart disease.

Reducing fat intake could/might lower the risk of heart disease
Reducing fat intake may lower the risk of heart disease.
2. Distance yourself.
a) From the claim
Reducing fat intake appears to lower the risk of heart disease.
It seemsOr b) Fromfat
that reducing theintake
data,lowers
by showing its of
the risk limitations
heart disease.
Some studies
researchers suggest that reducing fat intake
indicate that reducing fat intake lowers the lowers
risk ofthe riskdisease.
heart of heart
disease.
For this age group, reducing fat intake lowers the risk of heart disease.
In most of the cases studied, reducing fat intake lowered the risk of heart
disease.
3. Use a qualifying verb.
Reducing fat intake tends to lower the risk of heart disease.
Reducing fat intake contributes to lowering the risk of heart disease.
4. In practice, a combination of these methods is often used.
The majority of studies indicate that for this age group, reducing fat intake
contributes to lowering the risk of heart disease.

Graphical Method of Presenting the Data

To be able to create and present an organized picture of information from a research report,
it is important to use certain techniques to communicate findings and interpretations of research
studies into visual form. The common techniques being used to display results are tabular,
textual, and graphical methods.

Tally marks
- These are often used to make a frequency distribution table. For example, let’s say you
survey several families and find out how many gadgets they own. The results are 3, 0, 1, 4,
4, 1, 2, 0, 2, 2, 0, 2, 0, 1, 3, 1, 2, 1, 1, 3. The frequency distribution table will make the data
 easier to understand.

Number of Gadgets Tally Frequency

0 IIII 4
1 IIII-I 6
2 IIII 5
3 III 3
4 II 2
Pictograph
- You can also present your data using tables and charts. Pictograph is a way of showing data
using images. Each picture represents a certain frequency.

Month Computers Sold

January

February

March

April

Legend: - 10 computers - 5 computers

Tables
- provide exact values and illustrate results efficiently as they enable the researcher to present
a large amount of space.
- The data, usually shown as specific numerical figures, are arranged in an orderly display of
rows and columns to aid in comparison.
- Therefore, the readability of both the results and analyses of variance is enhanced.

The following must be observed in the use of the table:

1. Precise values are better than rounded-off values for they may display patterns and
exceptions.
2. Comparing numbers down a column is better than across a row.
3. Column and row averages provide a visual focus that allows easy inspection of data

 After the presentation of the table, there is a need for a written analysis. The use of different
colors is also encouraged for every column or row to make the data stand out.

Tables can be used in the following scenarios:

1. A single category is to be presented in different points. One example is the category of
performance at different points. One example is the category of performance at different levels.
2. An exact value like the weighted mean or frequency must be emphasized.
3. The data set contains few numbers

A good table must include the following parts:

1. Title Number and Title - places above the table, usually written right after the table
number.
2. Caption Subhead - refers to columns and rows
3. Body - contains all the data under each subhead
 4. Source - indicates if the data is secondary, and it should be acknowledged How are
we going to summarize findings from a report using Tables?
Table 1
Sample Weighted Mean of the Responses of the Grade-VI Teachers Regarding Clinical Supervision
during Post-Conference.

Behavioral Responses Weighted Mean Verbal Interpretation

1. Accepts all comments and suggestions of the

supervisor. 4.49 Very Apparent

2. Reacts positively to the feedbacks 4.85 Very Apparent

3. Feels nervous 3.03 Apparent
4. Responds normally, thinking of clinical supervision as a
regular process. 3.97 Satisfactory Apparent

5. Shows gratitude to the supervisor for the pointers given

to improve certain areas 4.67 Very Apparent

Average Weighted Mean 4.2 Very Apparent

“Reacts positively to the feedback” is the indicator with the highest weighted mean of 4.85 with an
interpretation of “Very Apparent” while the indicator; “Feels nervous”, has the lowest weighted mean of 3.03 and is
verbally interpreted as “Apparent”. This variable has an average weighted mean of 4.2 and verbally interpreted as “Very
Apparent”

Table 2
Profile of Students According to Gender
Gender Frequency Percentage
Male 120 40%
Female 180 60%
Total 300 100%
Among 300 respondents, 120 (40%) are males and 180 (60%) are females)

Graph or Chart
o portrays the visual presentation of data using symbols, such as lines, dots, bars, or
slices. It depicts a trend of a certain set of measurements or shows the comparison
between two or more sets of data or quantities (Pictograph, Pie chart, Bar graph,
Line graph/Time Series,
Pie Chart
A pie chart is usually used to show how parts of a whole compare to each other and to the
whole. The entire circle represents the total, and the parts are proportional to the amount of the total
they represent.

600
1200
Figure 1. Sample Total Population of Enrolment of Senior High School (Grade 11) Students for School Year
1400
2014-2015
The Pie chart shows that the highest enrolment of senior high school (Grade 11)
students is recorded in the second Firstsemester of the school year 2014-2015 with 1400
Second Summer
enrolees while the lowest enrolment is listed in the summer term with 600 enrolees.

Bar Graph
uses bars to compare categories of data. It may be drawn vertically or horizontally.

vertical bar graph is best to use when comparing means or percentages between
distinct categories. The categories are measured independently and compared with one
another.
 Number of Computers Sold
APRIL
MARCH
FEBRUARY
JANUARY
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

horizontal bar graph may contain more than five categories. A bar graph is plotted
on either the x-axis or y-axis.

100
Grade (%)
80
60
40
20
0
English Mathematics Social Science Management
Axis Title

Figure 2. Sample Level of Performance (%) of Senior High School (Grade 11) Students in
Various Subjects
The bar graph shows that the senior high school (Grade 11) students have the
highest level of performance in their Management subject with an average grade of 95%
while the English subject has the lowest level of performance with an average grade of 75%.
The two subjects, Mathematics and Social Science have performance levels between the
average grades of 80% to 85%.

Line Graph / Time Series

graphical presentation of data that shows a continuous change or trend. It may show an
ascending or descending trend.
The graph below shows how people buy music. Summarize the information by
selecting and reporting the main features and make comparisons where relevant.

Now let us sum up what you learned from our lesson by answering the questions below.

1. What are the different types of graphical representation of data?

2. What is the importance of these graphical methods in presenting the data?

What’s More
A. Directions: Study the graph and the text below and answer the questions that follow.
Choose the correct answer and write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.
 The pie chart shows teenagers’ answers to a survey for New Normal Teenage Time
magazine, which asked them if they do anything else while they watch T.V. It can be seen
that over three-quarters of those surveyed do other things simultaneously.
Over half said they either ate or checked their mobile phone or tablet, while they were
watching TV, while perhaps unsurprisingly, only a few teenagers said that they read, did
exercise or listened to music while watching TV. Eight percent talked to their families and
another 8% said they often did homework and watched TV at the same time. It is not clear in
the pie chart if they did more than one additional activity at once.
In conclusion, a large proportion of families watch TV while they are eating, while
almost a third of young people divide their attention between several screens at the same
time. This figure may reflect a general trend towards less formal family mealtimes and a
greater level of multi-tasking. However, a significant number of teenagers still focus fully on
the television when they are watching.

1. The proportion of teenagers that did something else while watching TV was
___.
A. more than 50 percent
B. more than 75 percent
C. more than 80 percent
2. We don't know from the survey results ___ while watching TV.
A. what percentage of teenagers read
B. if teenagers talk to their families
C. if teenagers do more than one other activity

3. The most common activities to do while watching TV were ___.

A. chatting to families and reading
B. eating and checking phones or tablets
C. eating and chatting to families

4. The top two activities done while watching TV could show ___.
A. a general trend
B. a very surprising change
C. that teenagers’ habits are the same as they’ve always been

5. The proportion of teenagers that do nothing else while they watch TV is ___.
A. surprisingly small
B. unknown
C. significant

B. Directions: Create a graphical representation of the given data below. Follow

what is indicated after each description.

1. There are 42, 036 barangays in the Philippines. The largest barangay in terms
of population size is Barangay 176 in Caloocan City with 247 thousand
persons. It is followed by Commonwealth in Quezon City (198, 295) and
 Batasan Hills in Quezon City (161, 409). Twelve other barangays posted a
population size of more than a hundred thousand persons. (Table)
ANSWER:
Most Populous Barangays in the
Philippines
Barangay City/ Population
Municipality
Barangay Caloocan
247,000
176 City
Commonwealth Quezon City 198,295
Batasan Hills Quezon City 161,409

2. In a recent report, the top 5 most-visited English-language websites were

google.com (GOOG), facebook.com (FB), youtube.com (YT), yahoo.com
(YAH), and wikipedia.com (WIKI). The most-visited websites for a sample of 50
Internet users follow. (Tally Marks)
YAH WIKI YT WIKI GOOG
YT YAH GOOG GOOG GOO
G
WIKI GOOG YAH YAH YAH
YAH YT GOOG YT YAH
GOOG FB FB WIKI GOOG
GOOG GOOG FB FB WIKI
FB YAH YT YAH YAH
YT GOOG YAH FB FB
WIKI GOOG YAH WIKI WIKI
YAH YT GOOG GOOG WIKI

Most Visited
ANSWER: English
Tally Frequency
Language
Websites
Google |||| |||| |||| 14
Facebook |||| || 7
Youtube |||| || 7
Yahoo |||| |||| ||| 13
Wikipedia |||| |||| 9

3. These are the percentages of the 100 students from Fortitude Senior High School
who responded to a question about their preferred distance learning modality. (Pie
graph)
30% - Modular Learning
10% - Online Learning
5% - Television
5% - radio
50%- blended learning
 ANSWER:

Distance Learning Modality

Modular Learning

Online Learning
30%
TV
50%
Radio
10%

5% 5% Blended Learning

Directions: Below is a survey report from Social Weather Surveys (SW). Create a summary of the
findings through a graphical presentation. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

SWS: 3 of 5 Pinoys believe China concealed COVID-19 info

Published July 14, 2020 2:48pm
By DONA MAGSINO, GMA News
Three out of five Filipinos believe China withheld information about COVID19, which
has already infected 12.7 million people across the globe, according to results of recent Social
Weather Stations (SWS) survey released on Tuesday.
Results of the July 2020 national mobile phone survey show 61% of the respondents
accepted the allegation made by other countries that China did not disclose full information
regarding the coronavirus, including the severity of the disease it causes and the number of
deaths there.
The survey also shows 28% of respondents strongly believe while 33% somewhat
believe the accusation against China. On the other hand, 23% expressed disbelief and 15%
were undecided.
 Assessment
Directions: Read the following statements and answer the following questions. Write the
letter of your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Which of the methods of displaying data uses pictures to represent frequency?

A. Bar graph C. Line graph
B. Pictograph D. Pie chart
2. Between which two times was the greatest increase in the number of shoppers?

A. 12pm and 1pm C. 2pm and 3pm

B. 1pm and 2pm D. 10am and 11am
3. Which is probably the most common way of displaying data?
A. Bar graph C. Line graph
B. Pictograph D. Pie chart
4. A graphical presentation of data that shows a continuous change or trend. It may
show an ascending or descending trend.
A. Bar graph C. Line graph
B. Pictograph D. Pie chart

5. What is this graph showing you?

A. The world’s population is staying the same.

B. The world’s population is going down (decreasing).
C. The world’s population was growing but now is decreasing.
D. The world’s population has been growing and will continue to grow.
 6. What age group makes up 0.2 percent of the Philippines' population in 2017?

A. Under 15 C. 60-74
B. 85+ D. not stated in the graph

7. This provides exact values and illustrates results efficiently as they enable the
researcher to present a large amount of space.
A. Chart C. Tables
B. Line Graph D. Tally Marks
8. This is best to use when comparing means or percentages between distinct
categories.
A. Line Graph C. Vertical bar graph
B. Horizontal bar graph D. Pictograph
9. This is a type of graph that may contain more than five categories and is plotted on
either the x-axis or y-axis.
A. Line Graph C. Vertical bar graph
B. Horizontal bar graph D. Pictograph
10. Which movie genre is liked best by all age groups?

A. Action C. Comedy
B. Horror D. Romance

Additional Activities
Directions: Create a summary of your findings based on the graphical presentation
presented below.
 Rubric
Needs
Very
More Fair Good Excellent Score
CRITERIA Good
Effort
1 2 3 4 5
Content
There should be originality of ideas. It is well
explained by using the data to support the
presentation.
Organization
The ideas are organized smoothly using the
different transition devices.
Language and Style
There is accuracy in grammar, spelling, and
punctuation.
There is the appropriateness of vocabulary
used.
TOTAL: