CFD EM C1 IntroductionToFM

Nguyễn Thanh Nhã 9/22/2020
Lecture note
COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS - CFD

TÍNH TOÁN ĐỘNG LỰC HỌC LƯU CHẤT
Nguyễn Thanh Nhã, PhD

Department of Engineering Mechanics – Faculty of Applied Science – 106B4
Phone: Office: (84.8) 38 647 256 – Ext: 5306; 0908.568181
Email: nhanguyen@hcmut.edu.vn;
Sites: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9733-5189, https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Nguyen_Nha2
FB: Nhã Nguyễn
Ho Chi Minh city, 2020 2020
CONTENTS
Chapter 1. Introduction to Fluid Mechanics
Chapter 2. Basic concepts in Fluid Dynamics
Chapter 3. Fundamental of Fluid Dynamics
Chapter 4. Finite Difference Method
Chapter 5. Finite Volume Method
Chapter 6. Solve CFD problems with ANSYS/CFX
Chapter 7. Create CFD mesh with ICEM
Chapter 8. Apply CFD in engineering
2020
nhanguyen@hcmut.edu.vn 1
Chapter 1.
Introduction to Fluid Mechanics
1.1. Fluid mechanics
1.2. Continuum assumption
1.3. History of fluid mechanics

1.4. State variables and material properties
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Fluid mechanics
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Fluid mechanics
Continuum mechanics
Fluid mechanics Solid mechanics
Liquid Gas • Rigid body

(water, oil) (air, O2, H2, N2) • Deformable body
- Volume is hard to be - Volume is easy to be
changed under pressure changed under pressure
and temperature and temperature
- Incompressible fluid - Compressible fluid
• The difference between a gas and a liquid is:

 surface tension will play an important role at the free surface of a liquid,
 while a gas will always occupy all the available volume, without
apparition of a free surface.
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Fluid mechanics
Liquids
• Newtonian fluids: viscosity remains constant, no
matter the amount of shear applied for a constant vx
temperature. These fluids have a linear relationship  
between viscosity and shear stress (Newton's law of y
viscosity).
o Examples: water, mineral oil, gasoline, alcohol
• Non-Newtonian fluids: does not

follow Newton's law of viscosity,
the viscosity of non-Newtonian
fluids is dependent on shear rate
or shear rate history.
o Examples: toothpaste, silicon,
honey, butter, yogurt…
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Fluid mechanics
Fluid statics
• A branch of fluid mechanics, studies fluids at rest
• A fluid at rest has no shear stress. Consequently,
any force developed is only due to normal stresses
i.e, pressure
• Hydrostatic condition
Fluid dynamics
• Subdiscipline of fluid mechanics that describes the flow
of fluids - liquids and gases
• Fluid dynamics studies many characteristic of fluid
flow, such as:
 Compressible / Incompressible flow
 Newtonian / Non-Newtonian fluids
 Steady / Transient flow
 Laminar / Turbulance flow
 Subsonic / Sonic / Transonic / Supersonic flow
 Magnetic flow…
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Fluid mechanics
APPLICATION
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Continuum assumption
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• Any fluid is constituted by individual molecules. The state and movement of this
fluid can be described by considering the individual movements of all
molecules together with their mutual interactions and by finally summing up
all individual contributions.
• It is much too difficult and cumbersome for many practical applications:

billions of individual molecules must be considered before obtaining the
resulting flow conditions at macroscopic scale
• Therefore, Fluid Dynamics do not consider individual molecules in a fluid.

Instead, the so-called Continuum Assumption is employed.
• From the point of view of Fluid Dynamics, there are no “molecular bricks” and
no “holes” within a fluid: it is a continuum state; all flow variables can be defined
at any point within this fluid.
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• From the point of view of Fluid Dynamics, a “point” is associated with a finite
volume. A point for Fluid Dynamics, which will be called more usually a fluid
element, is associated with a volume Vc, very very small but Vc > 0!
• Indeed, the volume is chosen and a huge quantity of individual molecules are
always contained within this volume.
• It is possible to “smooth out” the fast and chaotic variations associated with
individual molecules to obtain macroscopic fluid properties like density, pressure,
temperature or velocity.
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• The appropriate volume Vc of a fluid element depends on local flow conditions

o When considering the upper atmosphere (a very diluted gas, extremely low
density), a volume Vc of several cubic meters or even more will be required
to accumulate a sufficient number of molecules.
• In order to define the validity of Fluid Dynamics concepts, the Knudsen number
is introduced.
  : is the mean free path of the fluid particles (i.e.,
Kn  the mean travel distance of a molecule between
two collisions with another molecule
L
L: a characteristic (macroscopic) length scale of the
considered flow
• The mean free path can be computed for an ideal gas using following equation
k BT kB : Boltzmann constant

2 d 2 p
Fluid Dynamics deal with problems corresponding to Kn≪
1, sometimes up to Kn< 1,
Statistical physics must be employed if Kn≥ 1;
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History of fluid mechanics
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• Archimedes (285 – 212 B.C.) postulated the

parallelogram law for addition of vectors and the laws
of buoyancy and applied them to floating and
submerged objects
• Leonardo da Vinci (1452 – 1519) stated the equation

of conservation of mass in one-dimensional
steady-state flow. He experimented with waves, jets,
hydraulic jumps, eddy formation, etc.
• Isaac Newton (1642 – 1727) postulated his laws of

motion and the law of viscosity of linear fluids, now
called newtonian. The theory first yield the frictionless
assumption which led to several beautiful
mathematical solutions
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• Leonhard Euler (1707 – 1783) developed both the differential equations of
motion and their integral form, now called Bernoulli equation.
• Osborne Reynolds (1842 – 1912) published the classic pipe experiment and
showed the importance of the dimensionless Reynolds number, named after him.
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• Claude-Louis Navier (1785 – 1836) and George Gabriel Stokes (1819 – 1903)
added newtonian viscous term to the equation of motion, the fluid motion governing
equation, i.e., Navier-Stokes equation is named after them.
• Ludwig Prandtl (1875 – 1953) pointed out that fluid flows

with small viscosity, such as water flows and airflows, can
be divided into a thin viscous layer (or boundary layer)
near solid surfaces and interfaces, patched onto a nearly
inviscid outer layer, where the Euler and Bernoulli
equations apply.
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State variables and material properties
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Mass density: mass per unit volume
container Closed
containers
V1, M
V, M V2, M
V, M
solid liquid gas

M kg

M

M 1 
M 2    
V V V1 V2 m3
Specific weight: weight per unit volume
  g   
m kg N

s 2 m3 m3
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Pressure
• Absolute pressure: zero-referenced against a perfect vacuum, using an
absolute scale, equal to gauge pressure plus atmospheric pressure.
pa  pg  pref pg : gauge pressure, relative pressure
pref : atmospheric pressure, reference pressure
• Gauge pressure: zero-referenced against ambient air pressure,

negative signs are usually omitted.
pg  0 : absolute pressure is larger than reference pressure
pg  0 : absolute pressure is smaler than reference pressure, (vacuum gauge)
• Differential pressure: the difference in pressure between two points
NOTE: For most working fluids in a closed system, gauge

pressure measurement prevails. Pressure instruments
connected to the system will indicate pressures relative to the
current atmospheric pressure
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Pressure
N
SI unit:  p   Pa
m2
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Temperature
Temperature conversions
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Viscosity
• The viscosity of a fluid is the measure of its resistance to gradual
deformation by shear stress or tensile stress.
• Viscosity is the property of a fluid which opposes the relative motion

between two surfaces of the fluid that are moving at different velocities.
• Viscosity means friction between the molecules of fluid
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Viscosity
• Between layers which have differnet velocity, a drag force of faster layer
on the slower layer appears due to friction
du
u
dz
 u
du
u
dz
• Isaac Newton expressed the viscous forces

by the differential equation
u
 
y

local shear velocity
: dynamic viscosity of the fluid     Pa  s

2020

CFD EM C1 IntroductionToFM

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Nguyễn Thanh Nhã 9/22/2020

COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS - CFD

Nguyễn Thanh Nhã, PhD

Ho Chi Minh city, 2020 2020

Chapter 1. Introduction to Fluid Mechanics

Chapter 2. Basic concepts in Fluid Dynamics

Chapter 3. Fundamental of Fluid Dynamics

Chapter 4. Finite Difference Method

Chapter 5. Finite Volume Method

Chapter 6. Solve CFD problems with ANSYS/CFX

Chapter 7. Create CFD mesh with ICEM

Chapter 8. Apply CFD in engineering

1.2. Continuum assumption

1.3. History of fluid mechanics

Chapter 1. Introduction to Fluid Mechanics

Chapter 1. Introduction to Fluid Mechanics

Fluid mechanics Solid mechanics

Liquid Gas • Rigid body

• The difference between a gas and a liquid is:

Chapter 1. Introduction to Fluid Mechanics

• Non-Newtonian fluids: does not

Chapter 1. Introduction to Fluid Mechanics

Chapter 1. Introduction to Fluid Mechanics

Chapter 1. Introduction to Fluid Mechanics

Chapter 1. Introduction to Fluid Mechanics

• It is much too difficult and cumbersome for many practical applications:

• Therefore, Fluid Dynamics do not consider individual molecules in a fluid.

Chapter 1. Introduction to Fluid Mechanics

Chapter 1. Introduction to Fluid Mechanics

• The appropriate volume Vc of a fluid element depends on local flow conditions

Chapter 1. Introduction to Fluid Mechanics

History of fluid mechanics

Chapter 1. Introduction to Fluid Mechanics

• Archimedes (285 – 212 B.C.) postulated the

• Leonardo da Vinci (1452 – 1519) stated the equation

• Isaac Newton (1642 – 1727) postulated his laws of

Chapter 1. Introduction to Fluid Mechanics

Chapter 1. Introduction to Fluid Mechanics

• Ludwig Prandtl (1875 – 1953) pointed out that fluid flows

Chapter 1. Introduction to Fluid Mechanics

State variables and material properties

Chapter 1. Introduction to Fluid Mechanics

solid liquid gas

Specific weight: weight per unit volume

Chapter 1. Introduction to Fluid Mechanics

• Gauge pressure: zero-referenced against ambient air pressure,

• Differential pressure: the difference in pressure between two points

NOTE: For most working fluids in a closed system, gauge

Chapter 1. Introduction to Fluid Mechanics

Chapter 1. Introduction to Fluid Mechanics

Chapter 1. Introduction to Fluid Mechanics

• Viscosity is the property of a fluid which opposes the relative motion

• Viscosity means friction between the molecules of fluid

Chapter 1. Introduction to Fluid Mechanics

• Isaac Newton expressed the viscous forces

: dynamic viscosity of the fluid     Pa  s

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