LUMBER

INSTRUCTOR: ENGR. MINETTE MERCA

Wood is a fibrous substance which compose the trunk and branches of the tree that lies
between the pith and the bark. Wood because of its strength, light weight, durability and
ease of fastening has become one of the most important building material.

Terms:
1. Lumber
2. Rough Lumber
3. Surface or dressed Lumber
4. s2s; s4s
5. Slab
6. Timber
7. Plank
8. Board
9. Flitch
10.Fine Grained
11.Straight Grained
12.Crooked or Cross-Grained
CLASSIFICATION OF WOOD

Wood used in building construction are those which grows larger by addition of layer on the
outer surface each year known to botanist as Exogens.

Wood are classified according to:

1. Mode of Growth
a) exogenoues – outward growing trees which are most preferred for lumbering
b) endogeneous - inside growing trees which are not preferred for lumbering
because they protect a soft center core
2. Density
a) soft
b) hard
3. Leaves
a) needle shape
b) broad shape
CLASSIFICATION OF WOOD
Wood are classified according to:
4. Shade or color
a) white
b) yellow
c) red
d) brown
e) black
5. Grain
a) straight
b) cross
c) fine
d) coarse
6. Nature of the surface when sawed
a) plain
b) grained
c) figured or marked
METHODS OF SAWING LOGS
Lumbering is the term applied to the operations performed in preparing the wood for
commercial purposes.
Logging is the process or operation of cutting the logs into commercial sizes of lumber.

The methods and manner of log sawing are:

1. Plain or Bastard Sawing
2. Quarter or Rift Sawing
a) Radial
b) Tangential
c) Quarter Tangential
d) Combined Radial and Tangetial
DEFECTS IN WOOD
Defects are irregularities found in wood. The most common defects in wood are:
1. Caused by abnormal growth
a) Heart shakes
b) wind shakes or cup shakes
c) star shakes
d) knots
2. Due to deterioration
a) dry rot
b) wet rot
UNIT OF MEASURE OF LUMBER

Board foot is the unit of measure used in computing volume of lumber.

One board foot simply mean one square foot by one inch thick or equivalent to 144
cubic inches.
The width and thickness of the commercial lumber are expressed in inches while the
length are in feet of even number.
Board foot is found by dividing the product of the thickness times the width and the
length by 12.

Example: Find the board foot of 5 pieces 2’’x6’’x14’ lumber

UNIT OF MEASURE OF LUMBER

How to determine board foot in a log

𝐷 − 4 2𝐿
𝐵𝑑. 𝐹𝑡. 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 =
16
where D is the smaller diameter of the log, L is the length of the log, 4 is the slab
reduction allowance

example: find the total board foot of lumber that could be derived from a 28 inches
diameter log by 20 feet long
UNIT OF MEASURE OF LUMBER

Board foot method is simply finding the total board foot of sawed lumber multiplied
by the agreed unit price.
Pulgada system is computed by multiplying the width in inches by the length of
lumber in meter, the result is then multiplied by the unit price.

Example:
In slicing a 6’’x6’’x3.00 m to a 2’’x6’’x3.00m lumber, how much will it cost if the unit
price is 50 centavos per Pulgada?
WOOD POST

Example: Determine the length of wooden post required.

GIRDER
GIRDER
GIRDER

What girder length shall be ordered?

Post dimension 0.3m x 0.3m
FLOOR JOIST AND T&G FLOORING

Floor joist is a structural member of a building that carries wood flooring.

T&G is the popular name for Tongue and Groove wooden board used for flooring,
ceiling forms etc.
FLOOR JOIST AND T&G FLOORING
CEILING JOIST

Ceiling Joist is a structural member in building construction that holds the ceiling board,
otherwise known as the nailing strip.

Example: Find the total board foot required for a 7.00 x 4.00 meter bedroom using 2”x2”
ceiling joist spaced at .40x.40 m on center.
CEILING BOARD

Example:
An office room with a general
dimension of 6.00mx9.60meters
specify the use of a 0.6x1.2m ceiling
board. Find the number of pieces
required.
 THANKS
VIVA CIVIL!