Second Law

and
Entropy
John C. Chai
Professor
Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering
UAE University
 First Law of Thermodynamics
Recap
Closed system
𝑸𝒊𝒏 − 𝑸𝒐𝒖𝒕 + 𝑾𝒊𝒏 − 𝑾𝒐𝒖𝒕 = ∆𝑬𝒔𝒚𝒔
∆𝑬𝒔𝒚𝒔 = 𝒎∆𝒖 + 𝒎∆ 𝒑𝒆 + 𝒎∆ 𝒌𝒆

Open system
𝑸ሶ 𝒊𝒏 − 𝑸ሶ 𝒐𝒖𝒕 + 𝑾ሶ 𝒊𝒏 − 𝑾ሶ 𝒐𝒖𝒕 = ∆𝑬ሶ 𝑪𝑽

∆𝑬ሶ 𝑪𝑽 = 𝒎∆𝒉
ሶ ሶ 𝒑𝒆 + 𝒎∆
+ 𝒎∆ ሶ 𝒌𝒆
𝒎ሶ 𝒊𝒏 = 𝒎ሶ 𝒐𝒖𝒕 = 𝒎ሶ
John C. Chai Second Law and Entropy 2
 First Law of Thermodynamics
Example R – 2
Air enters a hair dryer at 20°C and leaves at 60°C through a
circular outlet of 50mm diameter. If the outlet velocity is 15m/s
and the inlet velocity is 0m/s, calculate the rate of heat input to
the dryer.
𝒌𝒈 𝒌𝑱
𝝆 = 𝟏. 𝟐 𝟑 𝑪𝑷 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟎𝟓
𝒎 𝒌𝒈 ∙ 𝑲

John C. Chai Second Law and Entropy 3

 First Law of Thermodynamics
Example R – 2 (Cont’d)
Open system
𝟐
𝟏 𝑻𝟐 = 𝟔𝟎𝒐 𝑪
𝑻𝟏 = 𝟐𝟎𝒐 𝑪
𝒎
𝒎 𝑸ሶ 𝒊𝒏 𝑽𝟐 = 𝟏𝟓
𝑽𝟏 = 𝟎 𝒔
𝒔
𝒅𝟐 = 𝟓𝟎𝒎𝒎

John C. Chai Second Law and Entropy 4

 First Law of Thermodynamics
Example R – 2 (Cont’d)

𝒌𝑱 𝑱
𝑪𝑷 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟎𝟓 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟓
𝒌𝒈 ∙𝒐 𝑪 𝒌𝒈 ∙𝒐 𝑪

𝒅𝟐 = 𝟓𝟎𝒎𝒎 = 𝟓𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝒎

John C. Chai Second Law and Entropy 5

 First Law of Thermodynamics
Example R – 2 (Cont’d)
First law for open system
𝑸ሶ 𝒊𝒏 − 𝑸ሶ 𝒐𝒖𝒕 + 𝑾ሶ 𝒊𝒏 − 𝑾ሶ 𝒐𝒖𝒕 = 𝒎∆𝒉
ሶ ሶ 𝒑𝒆 + 𝒎∆
+ 𝒎∆ ሶ 𝒌𝒆

𝟐
𝟏 𝑻𝟐 = 𝟔𝟎𝒐 𝑪
𝑻𝟏 = 𝟐𝟎𝒐 𝑪
𝒎
𝒎 𝑸ሶ 𝒊𝒏 𝑽𝟐 = 𝟏𝟓
𝑽𝟏 = 𝟎 𝒔
𝒔 𝒅𝟐 = 𝟓𝟎𝒎𝒎

John C. Chai Second Law and Entropy 6

 First Law of Thermodynamics
Example R – 2 (Cont’d)
First law for open system
𝑸ሶ 𝒊𝒏 = 𝒎∆𝒉
ሶ ሶ 𝒌𝒆
+ 𝒎∆
𝟏 𝟐
𝑸ሶ 𝒊𝒏 = 𝒎ሶ 𝒉𝟐 − 𝒉𝟏 ሶ 𝟐
+ 𝒎 𝑽𝟐 − 𝑽𝟐
𝟐
For ideal gas
𝒉𝟐 − 𝒉𝟏 = 𝑪𝒑 𝑻𝟐 − 𝑻𝟏
𝟏 𝟐
𝑸ሶ 𝒊𝒏 = 𝒎𝑪
ሶ 𝒑 𝑻𝟐 − 𝑻𝟏 + 𝒎ሶ 𝑽𝟐 − 𝑽𝟐𝟐
𝟐

John C. Chai Second Law and Entropy 7

 First Law of Thermodynamics
Example R – 2 (Cont’d)
𝟏 𝟐
𝑸ሶ 𝒊𝒏 = 𝒎𝑪
ሶ 𝒑 𝑻𝟐 − 𝑻𝟏 + 𝒎ሶ 𝑽𝟐 − 𝑽𝟐𝟐
𝟐
𝑱 𝟏 𝒎 𝟐 𝒎 𝟐
𝑸ሶ 𝒊𝒏 = 𝒎ሶ 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟓 𝒐 +𝒎ሶ
𝟔𝟎 − 𝟐𝟎 𝑪 𝟏𝟓 − 𝟎
𝒌𝒈 ∙𝒐 𝑪 𝟐 𝒔 𝒔
Need 𝒎ሶ

John C. Chai Second Law and Entropy 8

 First Law of Thermodynamics
Example R – 2 (Cont’d)
𝒎ሶ = 𝝆𝑨𝟐 𝑽𝟐

𝒌𝒈 𝒎
𝒎ሶ = 𝟏. 𝟐 𝟑 𝑨𝟐 𝟏𝟓
𝒎 𝒔
Need 𝑨𝟐

John C. Chai Second Law and Entropy 9

 First Law of Thermodynamics
Example R – 2 (Cont’d)
Find 𝑨𝟐
𝝅 𝟐
𝑨 𝟐 = 𝒅𝟐
𝟒
𝝅 𝟐
= 𝟓𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝒎
𝒅𝟐 𝟒
= 𝟏. 𝟗𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝒎𝟐

John C. Chai Second Law and Entropy 10

 First Law of Thermodynamics
Example R – 2 (Cont’d)

𝑨𝒔𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒓𝒆 = 𝒅𝟐

𝝅 𝟐 𝟑. 𝟏𝟒 𝟐
𝒅 𝒅 𝑨𝒄𝒊𝒓𝒄𝒍𝒆 = 𝒅 = 𝒅
𝟒 𝟒
𝟑 𝟐
≅ 𝒅 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓𝒅𝟐
𝟒

𝑨𝒄𝒊𝒓𝒄𝒍𝒆 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓𝑨𝒔𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒓𝒆
𝒅
John C. Chai Second Law and Entropy 11
 First Law of Thermodynamics
Example R – 2 (Cont’d)
𝒌𝒈 𝒎
𝒎ሶ = 𝟏. 𝟐 𝟑 𝑨𝟐 𝟏𝟓
𝒎 𝒔
𝒌𝒈 −𝟑 𝟐
𝒎
𝒎ሶ = 𝟏. 𝟐 𝟑 𝟏. 𝟗𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎 𝒎 𝟏𝟓
𝒎 𝒔

𝒌𝒈
𝒎ሶ = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟓
𝒔

John C. Chai Second Law and Entropy 12

 First Law of Thermodynamics
Example R – 2 (Cont’d)
𝑱 𝟏 𝒎 𝟐 𝒎 𝟐
𝑸ሶ 𝒊𝒏 = 𝒎ሶ 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟓 𝒐
𝟔𝟎 − 𝟐𝟎 𝑪+𝒎ሶ 𝟏𝟓 − 𝟎
𝒌𝒈 ∙𝒐 𝑪 𝟐 𝒔 𝒔
𝒌𝒈 𝑱
𝑸ሶ 𝒊𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟓 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟓 𝟔𝟎 − 𝟐𝟎 𝒐 𝑪
𝒔 𝒌𝒈 ∙𝒐 𝑪
𝒌𝒈 𝟏 𝒎 𝟐 𝒎 𝟐
+ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟓 𝟏𝟓 − 𝟎
𝒔 𝟐 𝒔 𝒔

𝑱 𝑱 𝑱
𝑸ሶ 𝒊𝒏 = 𝟏𝟒𝟎𝟎 + 𝟑. 𝟗 = 𝟏𝟒𝟎𝟒 = 𝟏𝟒𝟎𝟒𝑾
𝒔 𝒔 𝒔
John C. Chai Second Law and Entropy 13
 Second Law and Entropy
Objectives
• What is the function of second law
• Define entropy and its usage

John C. Chai Second Law and Entropy 14

 Basic Question
Why Some Process Possible and Others Impossible?
Possible

+ →

John C. Chai Second Law and Entropy 15

 Basic Question
Why Some Process Possible and Others Impossible? (Cont’d)
Impossible

+ ←

John C. Chai Second Law and Entropy 16

 Scope and Limitation
Ideal Gas

𝑷𝑽 = 𝒎𝑹𝑻 (SL – 1)

P = absolute pressure [Pa]

V = volume [m3]
m = mass [kg]
R = gas constant [kJ/kg K]
T = absolute temperature [K]

John C. Chai Second Law and Entropy 17

 Carnot Cycle
Heat Engine & Refrigerator
Heat Engine Refrigerator

𝑻𝑯 𝑻𝑯
𝑸𝑯 𝑸𝑯
𝑾 𝑾
𝑸𝑳 𝑸𝑳
𝑻𝑳 𝑻𝑳

John C. Chai Second Law and Entropy 18

 Carnot Cycle
Thermal Efficiency
First law For a cycle
𝑸𝒊𝒏 − 𝑸𝒐𝒖𝒕 + 𝑾𝒊𝒏 − 𝑾𝒐𝒖𝒕 = 𝒎∆𝒖 + 𝒎∆ 𝒌𝒆 + 𝒎∆ 𝒑𝒆
𝑸 𝑯 − 𝑸𝑳 + 𝟎 − 𝑾 = 𝟎
𝑻𝑯
𝑾 = 𝑸𝑯 − 𝑸𝑳 (SL – 2)
𝑸𝑯
𝑾 Thermal Efficiency
𝑸𝑳
𝑫𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒅 𝑶𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝑾
𝑻𝑳 𝜼= = (SL – 3a)
𝑹𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒅 𝑰𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝑸𝑯
John C. Chai Second Law and Entropy 19
 Carnot Cycle
Thermal Efficiency (Cont’d)
𝑾 𝑸𝑯 − 𝑸𝑳
𝜼= = (SL – 3b)
𝑻𝑯 𝑸𝑯 𝑸𝑯
𝑸𝑯
𝑸𝑳
𝑾 =𝟏− (SL – 3c)
𝑸𝑯
𝑸𝑳
𝑻𝑳 𝑻𝑳
=𝟏− (SL – 3d)
𝑻𝑯

John C. Chai Second Law and Entropy 20

 Carnot Cycle
Thermal Efficiency (Cont’d)

𝑻𝑯
𝑸𝑯 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝑾 𝟐𝟎
𝜼= = = 𝟎. 𝟐
𝑾 = 𝟐𝟎 𝑸𝑯 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝑸𝑳 = 𝟖𝟎
𝑻𝑳

John C. Chai Second Law and Entropy 21

 Carnot Cycle
Thermal Efficiency (Cont’d)
Carnot said “My Carnot engine is the most efficient engine”
𝑻𝑯 𝑻𝑯
𝑸𝑯 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝑸𝑯 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝑾 = 𝟐𝟎 𝑾 = 𝟏𝟎
𝑸𝑳 = 𝟖𝟎 𝑸𝑳 = 𝟗𝟎

𝑻𝑳 𝑻𝑳

𝑾 𝟐𝟎 𝑾 𝟏𝟎
𝜼= = = 𝟎. 𝟐 𝜼= = = 𝟎. 𝟏
𝑸𝑯 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝑸𝑯 𝟏𝟎𝟎
John C. Chai Second Law and Entropy 22
 Carnot Cycle
Thermal Efficiency (Cont’d)

𝑻𝑯 𝑻𝑯
𝑸𝑯 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝑸𝑯 = 𝟓𝟎
𝑾 = 𝟐𝟎 𝑾 = 𝟏𝟎
𝑸𝑳 = 𝟖𝟎 𝑸𝑳 = 𝟒𝟎

𝑻𝑳 𝑻𝑳

𝑾 𝟐𝟎 𝑾 𝟏𝟎
𝜼= = = 𝟎. 𝟐 𝜼= = = 𝟎. 𝟐
𝑸𝑯 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝑸𝑯 𝟒𝟎
John C. Chai Second Law and Entropy 23
 Carnot Cycle
Thermal Efficiency (Cont’d)
Heat Engine Refrigerator
𝑻𝑯 𝑻𝑯
𝑸𝑯 = 𝟓𝟎 𝑸𝑯 = 𝟓𝟎
𝑾 = 𝟏𝟎 𝑾 = 𝟏𝟎
𝑸𝑳 = 𝟒𝟎 𝑸𝑳 = 𝟒𝟎
𝑻𝑳 𝑻𝑳
𝑾 𝟏𝟎
𝜼= = = 𝟎. 𝟐
𝑸𝑯 𝟓𝟎
John C. Chai Second Law and Entropy 24
 Carnot Cycle
Thermal Efficiency (Cont’d)

𝑻𝑯 𝑻𝑯 𝑻𝑯
𝑸𝑯 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝑸𝑯 = 𝟓𝟎 𝑸𝑯 = 𝟓𝟎
𝑾 = 𝟏𝟎
𝑸𝑳 = 𝟗𝟎 𝑸𝑳 = 𝟒𝟎 𝑸𝑳 = 𝟓𝟎
𝑻𝑳 𝑻𝑳 𝑻𝑳

John C. Chai Second Law and Entropy 25

 Carnot Cycle
Thermal Efficiency (Cont’d)
Carnot said “My Carnot engine is the most efficient engine”
𝑻𝑯 𝑻𝑯
𝑸𝑯 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝑸𝑯 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝑾 = 𝟐𝟎 𝑾 = 𝟒𝟎
𝑸𝑳 = 𝟖𝟎 𝑸𝑳 = 𝟔𝟎

𝑻𝑳 𝑻𝑳

𝑾 𝟐𝟎 𝑾 𝟒𝟎
𝜼= = = 𝟎. 𝟐 𝜼= = = 𝟎. 𝟒
𝑸𝑯 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝑸𝑯 𝟏𝟎𝟎
John C. Chai Second Law and Entropy 26
 Carnot Cycle
Thermal Efficiency (Cont’d)

𝑻𝑯 𝑻𝑯
𝑸𝑯 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝑸𝑯 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎
𝑾 = 𝟐𝟎 𝑾 = 𝟒𝟎
𝑸𝑳 = 𝟖𝟎 𝑸𝑳 = 𝟏𝟔𝟎

𝑻𝑳 𝑻𝑳

𝑾 𝟐𝟎 𝑾 𝟒𝟎
𝜼= = = 𝟎. 𝟐 𝜼= = = 𝟎. 𝟐
𝑸𝑯 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝑸𝑯 𝟐𝟎𝟎
John C. Chai Second Law and Entropy 27
 Carnot Cycle
Thermal Efficiency (Cont’d)
Heat Engine Refrigerator
𝑻𝑯 𝑻𝑯
𝑸𝑯 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝑸𝑯 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎
𝑾 = 𝟒𝟎 𝑾 = 𝟒𝟎
𝑸𝑳 = 𝟏𝟔𝟎 𝑸𝑳 = 𝟏𝟔𝟎
𝑻𝑳 𝑻𝑳
𝑾 𝟒𝟎
𝜼= = = 𝟎. 𝟐
𝑸𝑯 𝟐𝟎𝟎
John C. Chai Second Law and Entropy 28
 Carnot Cycle
Thermal Efficiency (Cont’d)

𝑻𝑯 𝑻𝑯 𝑻𝑯
𝑸𝑯 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝑸𝑯 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝑸𝑯 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝑾 = 𝟒𝟎
𝑸𝑳 = 𝟔𝟎 𝑸𝑳 = 𝟏𝟔𝟎 𝑸𝑳 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝑻𝑳 𝑻𝑳 𝑻𝑳

John C. Chai Second Law and Entropy 29

 Carnot Cycle
Thermal Efficiency (Cont’d)
𝑸𝑯 𝑻𝑯
𝑻𝑯 = (SL – 4)
𝑸𝑳 𝑻𝑳
𝑸𝑯
𝑾 𝑸𝑯 𝑸𝑳
− =𝟎 (SL – 5)
𝑸𝑳 𝑻𝑯 𝑻𝑳
𝑻𝑳

John C. Chai Second Law and Entropy 30

 Second Law and Entropy
Review of Previous Lecture
• Carnot engine is the most efficient engine

John C. Chai Second Law and Entropy 31

 Carnot Cycle
Thermal Efficiency (Cont’d)

𝑸𝑯 𝟏→𝟐+𝟐→𝟑+𝟑→𝟒+𝟒→𝟏
𝑻𝑯
𝑸𝑯 𝑸𝑯 𝑸𝑳
+𝟎− + 𝟎 = 𝟎 (SL – 6)
𝑾 𝑻𝑯 𝑻𝑳
𝑸𝑳
𝑸𝑳 𝑸𝑯 𝑸𝑳
− =𝟎 (SL – 7)
𝑻𝑳 𝑻𝑯 𝑻𝑳

John C. Chai Second Law and Entropy 32

 Carnot Cycle
Thermal Efficiency (Cont’d)
𝑸𝑯 𝑸𝑳
+𝟎− + 𝟎 = 𝟎 (SL – 6)
𝑸𝑯 𝑻𝑯 𝑻𝑳
𝑻𝑯
𝟒
𝑸𝑯 𝑸𝒊
෍ =𝟎 (SL – 7)
𝑾 𝑻𝒊
𝒊=𝟏
𝑸𝑳
𝑸𝑳
𝑻𝑳

John C. Chai Second Law and Entropy 33

 Carnot Cycle
Thermal Efficiency (Cont’d)
Define 𝑺 ≡ entropy
𝑸𝑯 𝑸
∆𝑺 ≡ (SL – 8)
𝑻

∆𝑺𝒄𝒚𝒄𝒍𝒆 = ∆𝑺𝟏−𝟐 + ∆𝑺𝟐−𝟑 + ∆𝑺𝟑−𝟒 + ∆𝑺𝟒−𝟏

𝑸𝑳
𝑸𝑯 𝑸𝑳
∆𝑺𝒄𝒚𝒄𝒍𝒆 = +𝟎− +𝟎=𝟎 (SL – 9)
𝑻𝑯 𝑻𝑳

John C. Chai Second Law and Entropy 34

 Carnot Cycle
Example SL – 1
Calculate the entropy change while raising the temperature
of 5 kg of water from 10oC to 20oC inside a rigid tank.
Τ 𝒐
𝑪 = 𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑱 𝒌𝒈 𝑪

𝑻𝒊 = 𝟏𝟎𝒐 𝑪 𝑻𝒇 = 𝟐𝟎𝒐 𝑪

John C. Chai Second Law and Entropy 35

 Carnot Cycle
Example SL – 1 (Cont’d)
From the definition,
𝑻𝒇
𝒅𝑸
∆𝑺𝒊→𝒇 = න (1)
𝑻
𝑻𝒊

From the first law,

𝒅𝑸 = 𝒎𝑪𝒅𝑻 (2)

John C. Chai Second Law and Entropy 36

 Carnot Cycle
Example SL – 1 (Cont’d)
Substituting Eq. (2) into Eq. (1)
𝑻𝒇
𝒅𝑻
∆𝑺𝒊→𝒇 = 𝒎𝑪 න
𝑻
𝑻𝒊

𝑻𝒇
∆𝑺𝒊→𝒇 = 𝒎𝑪 ln
𝑻𝒊
𝟐𝟗𝟑 𝑱
∆𝑺𝒊→𝒇 = 𝟓 𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎 ln = 𝟔𝟗𝟓 𝒐 > 𝟎
𝟐𝟖𝟑 𝑪
John C. Chai Second Law and Entropy 37
 Carnot Cycle
Example SL – 2
Calculate the entropy change while decreasing the
temperature of 5 kg of water from 20oC to 10oC inside a
Τ 𝒐
rigid tank. 𝑪 = 𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑱 𝒌𝒈 𝑪

𝑻𝒊 = 𝟐𝟎𝒐 𝑪 𝑻𝒇 = 𝟏𝟎𝒐 𝑪

John C. Chai Second Law and Entropy 38

 Carnot Cycle
Example SL – 3

Calculate the entropy change while 1kg of air expands from

1 m3 to 5 m3 at constant temperature. For air, 𝑹 =
𝟐𝟖𝟕 𝑱Τ 𝒌𝒈 ∙ 𝑲

John C. Chai Second Law and Entropy 39

 Carnot Cycle
Example SL – 3 (Cont’d)
From the definition,
𝑽𝒇
𝒅𝑸
∆𝑺𝒊→𝒇 = න (1)
𝑻
𝑽𝒊

From the first law,

𝒅𝑸 = 𝑷𝒅𝑽 (2)

John C. Chai Second Law and Entropy 40

 Carnot Cycle
Example SL – 3 (Cont’d)
Substituting Eq. (2) into Eq. (1)
𝑽𝒇
𝑷𝒅𝑽
∆𝑺𝒊→𝒇 = න (3)
𝑻
𝑽𝒊

For an ideal gas

𝑷𝑽 = 𝒎𝑹𝑻
𝑷 𝒎𝑹
= (4)
𝑻 𝑽
John C. Chai Second Law and Entropy 41
 Carnot Cycle
Example SL – 3 (Cont’d)
Substituting Eq. (4) into Eq. (3)
𝑽𝒇
𝑷𝒅𝑽
∆𝑺𝒊→𝒇 = න
𝑻
𝑽𝒊
𝑽𝒇
𝒅𝑽
= න 𝒎𝑹
𝑽
𝑽𝒊
𝑽𝒇
= 𝒎𝑹 ln (5)
𝑽𝒊
John C. Chai Second Law and Entropy 42
 Carnot Cycle
Example SL – 3 (Cont’d)
𝑽𝒇
∆𝑺𝒊→𝒇 = 𝒎𝑹 ln (5)
𝑽𝒊

𝟓
= 𝟏 𝟐𝟖𝟕 ln
𝟏
𝑱
= 𝟒𝟔𝟐
𝑲

John C. Chai Second Law and Entropy 43

 Second Law of Thermodynamics
Statement

A process is

≥𝟎 𝑷𝒐𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒃𝒍𝒆
∆𝑺𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒔𝒆 ቊ (SL – 10)
< 𝟎 𝑰𝒎𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒃𝒍𝒆

John C. Chai Second Law and Entropy 44

 Second Law of Thermodynamics
Example SL – 4
Show the following

𝑻𝑯 𝑻𝑯
𝑸𝑯 𝑸𝑯

𝑸𝑳 𝑸𝑳
𝑻𝑳 𝑻𝑳

Possible Impossible
John C. Chai Second Law and Entropy 45
 Second Law of Thermodynamics
Example SL – 4 (Cont’d)
∆𝑺𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒔𝒆 = ∆𝑺𝑯 + ∆𝑺𝑳
𝑻𝑯
𝑸𝑯 −𝑸𝑯 𝑸𝑳
= + (SL – 11)
𝑻𝑯 𝑻𝑳
𝑸𝑳 From first law,
𝑻𝑳 𝑸𝑯 = 𝑸𝑳 (SL – 12)

John C. Chai Second Law and Entropy 46

 Second Law of Thermodynamics
Example SL – 4 (Cont’d)
Using Eq. (SL – 12) in Eq. (SL – 11)
−𝑸𝑳 𝑸𝑳
𝑻𝑯 ∆𝑺𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒔𝒆 = + (SL – 13)
𝑻𝑯 𝑻𝑳
𝑸𝑯 Since 𝑻𝑯 > 𝑻𝑳
𝑸𝑳 −𝑸𝑳
>
𝑸𝑳 𝑻𝑳 𝑻𝑯
𝑻𝑳 Therefore,
−𝑸𝑳 𝑸𝑳
∆𝑺𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒔𝒆 = + >𝟎
𝑻𝑯 𝑻𝑳
John C. Chai Second Law and Entropy 47
 Second Law of Thermodynamics
Example SL – 4
∆𝑺𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒔𝒆 = ∆𝑺𝑯 + ∆𝑺𝑳
𝑻𝑯
𝑸𝑯 −𝑸𝑳 𝑸𝑯
= + (SL – 13)
𝑻𝑳 𝑻𝑯
𝑸𝑳 From first law,
𝑻𝑳 𝑸𝑯 = 𝑸𝑳 (SL – 14)

John C. Chai Second Law and Entropy 48

 Second Law of Thermodynamics
Example SL – 4 (Cont’d)
Using Eq. (SL – 14) in Eq. (SL – 13)
𝑸𝑳 𝑸𝑳
𝑻𝑯 ∆𝑺𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒔𝒆 = − (SL – 15)
𝑻𝑯 𝑻𝑳
𝑸𝑯 Since 𝑻𝑯 > 𝑻𝑳
𝑸𝑳 −𝑸𝑳
>
𝑸𝑳 𝑻𝑳 𝑻𝑯
𝑻𝑳 Therefore,
−𝑸𝑳 𝑸𝑯
∆𝑺𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒔𝒆 = + <𝟎
𝑻𝑳 𝑻𝑯
John C. Chai Second Law and Entropy 49
 Carnot Cycle
Example SL – 5

5kg of water at 20oC is mixed with 5kg of water at 40oC.

Assuming no losses to the surroundings, (1) find the final
temperature and (2) show that the process is possible.
𝑪 = 𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑱Τ 𝒌𝒈𝒐 𝑪

John C. Chai Second Law and Entropy 50

 Second Law of Thermodynamics
Example SL – 5 (Cont’d)
Possible ∆𝑺𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒔𝒆 > 𝟎

𝟐𝒎
+ → 𝑻𝒇
𝒎 𝒎
𝑻𝟏 𝑻𝟐

𝑻𝟏 + 𝑻𝟐
From First Law, 𝑻𝒇 = = 𝟑𝟎𝒐 𝑪 (1)
𝟐
John C. Chai Second Law and Entropy 51
 Second Law of Thermodynamics
Example SL – 5 (Cont’d)

𝟐𝒎
+ → 𝑻𝒇
𝒎 𝒎
𝑻𝟏 𝑻𝟐

∆𝑺𝟏 + ∆𝑺𝟐 = ∆𝑺𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 (2)

John C. Chai Second Law and Entropy 52

 Second Law of Thermodynamics
Example SL – 5 (Cont’d)
∆𝑺𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 = ∆𝑺𝟏 + ∆𝑺𝟏 (2)
𝑻𝒇 𝑻𝒇
𝒅𝑸 𝒅𝑸
∆𝑺𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 = න + න (3)
𝑻 𝑻
𝑻𝟏 𝑻𝟐

From First Law,

𝒅𝑸 = 𝒎𝑪𝒅𝑻 (4)

John C. Chai Second Law and Entropy 53

 Second Law of Thermodynamics
Example SL – 5 (Cont’d)
𝑻𝒇 𝑻𝒇
𝒅𝑸 𝒅𝑸
∆𝑺𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 = න + න (3)
𝑻 𝑻
𝑻𝟏 𝑻𝟐

Substitute Eq. (4) into Eq. (3)

𝑻𝒇 𝑻𝒇
𝒅𝑻 𝒅𝑻
∆𝑺𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 = 𝒎𝑪 න + න
𝑻 𝑻
𝑻𝟏 𝑻𝟏

John C. Chai Second Law and Entropy 54

 Second Law of Thermodynamics
Example SL – 5 (Cont’d)
𝑻𝒇 𝑻𝒇
𝒅𝑻 𝒅𝑻
∆𝑺𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 = 𝒎𝑪 න + න
𝑻 𝑻
𝑻𝟏 𝑻𝟐

𝑻𝒇 𝑻𝒇
∆𝑺𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 = 𝒎𝑪 ln + ln
𝑻𝟏 𝑻𝟐
𝟑𝟎𝟑 𝟑𝟎𝟑
∆𝑺𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 = 𝟓 𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎 ln + ln
𝟐𝟗𝟑 𝟑𝟏𝟑
𝑱
= 𝟐𝟏. 𝟖 > 𝟎
𝑲
John C. Chai Second Law and Entropy 55
 Second Law and Entropy
Closing Remarks
• Should know what is the function of second law
• Know how is entropy defined and its usage

John C. Chai Second Law and Entropy 56

 Second Law and Entropy
Formulae

John C. Chai Second Law and Entropy 57

 Second Law and Entropy
Formulae (Cont’d)

𝑸𝒊𝒏 − 𝑸𝒐𝒖𝒕 + 𝑾𝒊𝒏 − 𝑾𝒐𝒖𝒕 = ∆𝑬𝒔𝒚𝒔

𝑾𝒊𝒏 − 𝑾𝒐𝒖𝒕 = ∆𝑬𝒔𝒚𝒔

John C. Chai Second Law and Entropy 58

 Second Law and Entropy
Formulae (Cont’d)
Work

𝑸𝒊𝒏 − 𝑸𝒐𝒖𝒕 + 𝑾𝒊𝒏 − 𝑾𝒐𝒖𝒕 = ∆𝑬𝒔𝒚𝒔

John C. Chai Second Law and Entropy 59

 Second Law and Entropy
Formulae (Cont’d)
∆𝑬𝒔𝒚𝒔 = 𝒎∆𝒖 + 𝒎∆ 𝒑𝒆 + 𝒎∆ 𝒌𝒆
∆𝑬𝒔𝒚𝒔 = 𝒎𝑪𝒗 ∆𝑻 = 𝟎
Ideal gas or liquid

John C. Chai Second Law and Entropy 60

 Second Law and Entropy
Formulae (Cont’d)

Do you need a formula for this?

Can you explain why?

John C. Chai Second Law and Entropy 61